完全腹腔镜规则性肝切除的解剖基础与技术问题

目的探讨腹腔镜规则性肝切除的解剖基础与技术问题。方法 2 0 0 2年 7月至2 0 0 2年 11月 ,治疗原发病灶位于左半肝但未侵及左肝门的原发性肝癌 4例、肝血管瘤 2例、肝囊肿伴感染 1例。肝切除步骤包括显露第 1肝门 ,游离肝周韧带 ,解剖并离断 2、3级肝门 3管 ,解剖第 2肝门并夹闭肝左静脉 ,离断肝实质和切断肝左静脉。结果 7例完全在腹腔镜下完成手术 ,左半肝切除 2例、左外叶切除 4例、肝方叶切除 1例。均成功地在矢状部对 2至 3级肝门的 3管进行解剖和离断。手术时间为 15 0～ 32 0min ,平均 (2 5 3± 5 9)min。出血量 2 0 0～ 10 0 0ml,平均 (4 5 0± 2 6 1)ml。结论腹腔镜规则性左肝切除术是安全可行的 ,对 2级肝门 3管的解剖和离断是行肝段或左半肝切除时控制出血的关键。     

腹腔镜肝切除16例临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜肝切除手术的解剖基础与技术问题。　方法　选择病灶位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝且肝功能Child分级B级以上 1 6例 ,其中原发性肝癌 8例 ,肝血管瘤 3例 ,左肝管胆管癌、肝细胞腺瘤、局灶性结节性增生、肝脓肿和肝囊肿伴感染各 1例。在上腹部放置 4～ 6个Trocar,应用电刀、超声刀和腔内直线形切割钉合器等多种断肝方法 ,采用钛夹夹闭、医用生物蛋白胶粘封等处理肝断面。　结果　对 1 6例在全气腹条件下完成 1 8个病灶的腹腔镜肝切除手术 ,包括左肝规则性切除 8例 ,肝局部切除 8例。手术时间 (2 0 6± 75 )min ,出血量 (35 4± 2 82 )ml,2例出血 1 0 0 0ml,术中输血 80 0ml。腹腔引流管放置时间 2天～ 4天 ,术后未发生胆漏和出血等并发症 ,术后住院 (5 8± 1 6 )天。　结论　腹腔镜肝切除手术的关键是恰当处理要切除肝的蒂部脉管 ,对次级肝门脉管的解剖分离是行肝段或左半肝切除时控制出血的关键     

腹腔镜肝癌切除术11例临床报告

目的　探讨腹腔镜肝癌切除手术的可行性与适应症。方法　 2 0 0 2年 7月～ 11月 ,经临床筛选病灶位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝的病例 11例 ,HBs Ag(+ ) 7例 ,HCVAb(+ ) 2例 ,有肝硬变者 10例 ,肝功能 Child分级 A级 6例、B级 5例 ,AFP(+ ) 4例。病灶直径大小 1.8～ 6.0 cm,平均 3 .8± 1.7cm。对于肿瘤位于左半肝实质中的肿瘤 ,选行规则性左肝切除 ;对于肿瘤位于肝脏边缘或右肝表面时 ,选用肝脏局部切除术。结果　全部 11例均成功地在完全腹腔镜下完成肝切除术 ,切除范围包括局部切除 7例 ,左肝解剖性切除 4例 ,左半肝切除 1例、左外叶切除 2例、肝方叶切除 1例。全部肿瘤完整切除 ,肿瘤包膜完整 ,无破裂。手术时间 90～ 3 2 0分钟 ,平均 2 10 .9± 71.9分钟 ,出血量 5 0～ 10 0 0 ml,平均 4 4 3 .6± 3 3 0 .5 m l。切除肝体积最大 12 cm× 8cm× 6cm3、最小 3 cm× 3 cm× 2 cm。术中未出现不能控制的并发症 ,腹腔引流管放置时间 2～ 4天。术后未发生胆漏和出血等并发症 ,术后恢复顺利 ,术后平均住院 6.4天。结论　本组研究表明腹腔镜肝癌切除术是安全可行的 ,腹腔镜肝切除的适应证可适当放宽至右肝表面或左半肝的肝癌的首选的术式     

腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术的临床体会

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术的应用价值。方法:回顾分析为38例肝疾病患者施行腹腔镜下解剖性肝切除术的临床资料。结果:38例手术均获成功,其中左肝内胆管结石21例,肝癌15例,肝血管瘤1例,肝局灶性结节性增生1例。20例单纯行腹腔镜肝切除术(laparoscopic hepatectomy,LH),6例联合行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),9例联合行胆总管切开探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE),3例联合行LC+LCBDE。解剖性肝切除术包括左外叶切除(Ⅱ+Ⅲ段)23例,左内叶切除(Ⅳ段)2例(左外叶已切除),左半肝切除(Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ段)9例,Ⅴ段切除3例,Ⅵ段切除1例。单纯解剖性肝切除术手术时间平均(170±20)min,联合LC时平均(190±27)min,联合LCBDE平均(220±45)min,联合LC+LCBDE平均(240±23)min。术中出血量平均(350±86)ml。术后无胆漏、出血等并发症发生。术后1～3 d肛门排气,5～11 d痊愈出院。随访36例6～24个月,除1例于术后1年因肿瘤复发转移死亡外,余者健在,无复发、转移,结石患者无再发。结论:腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术较好地解决了腹腔镜下肝段以上肝切除术的出血、气栓等问题,可安全用于肝段及半肝切除术,可在很大程度上取代开腹手术。     

肝内胆管和门静脉的解剖变异是左侧肝切除的危险因素

在作者过去施行的左侧肝切除病例中，术后有2例发生右后叶肝管扩张并导致死亡。认为肝内胆管和门静脉的解剖变异是这些致死性并发症的原因。本文研究了肝内胆管和门静脉的解剖变异，并对其在左侧肝切除术中的潜在危险性进行评价。对210例患者的胆管造影和动脉性门静脉造影片进行分类研究。肝管分型：互型138例，右前、右后叶肝管形成右肝管，然后在肝门区与左肝管汇合；刀型35例，左肝管和右前、右后叶肝管在肝门区以三叉状汇成肝总管；血型7例，右前或右后叶肝管在靠近肝门区汇入左肝管；IV型24例，右前或右后叶肝管在脐部或靠近脐部汇入…     

腹腔镜下规则性肝切除11例分析

目的 介绍完全腹腔镜下规则性肝切除。方法 在不阻断全肝血流的情况下，应用多种器械在腹腔镜下进行规则性肝切除11例，其中原发性肝癌4例、肝囊肿伴感染1例、肝门部胆管癌1例、肝脏炎性假瘤1例、肝脏血管瘤4例。结果 11例手术均完全在腹腔镜下顺利完成，左半肝切除3例、左外叶切除6例、肝方叶切除1例、右后叶下段切除1例。左肝各段(2、3、4段)均有独立的3级肝门结构，均可在矢状部对2至3级肝门的三管进行解剖和离断。平均手术时间215．2min，平均出血量533．3min，术后平均住院5．1d，腹腔引流管放置时间2～4d。未发生胆漏、出血、感染等并发症。结论 本组初步临床经验表明，在现有的手术器械条件及在不阻断全肝血流的情况下，可以较安全地进行腹腔镜下规则性肝切除。该方法可作为局限于左半肝病例的首选术式之一。     

肝叶血流阻断在右肝解剖性肝切除中的应用：附12例报告

目的:探讨肝叶血流阻断在右肝解剖性肝切除中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析12例患者的临床资料,其中原发性肝癌8例,肝内胆管结石4例,所有患者病变均局限在右肝肝叶或右肝仅一肝段中,术中均采用肝叶血流阻断行右肝解剖性肝切除。结果:12例患者手术均顺利完成,其中行肝V段切除1例,肝VII段切除2例,肝VIII段切除3例,右后叶切除4例,右前叶切除2例;平均手术时间(263.33±27.99)min,术中出血量(397.50±85.29)mL。术后并发胸腔积液1例,胆汁漏1例,经保守治疗治愈。所有患者均痊愈出院。结论:肝叶血流阻断在右肝解剖性肝切除中可有效控制术中出血的同时减轻对肝脏功能的损伤,安全可行。     

阻断进出载瘤肝段血管的肝段切除术(摘要)

方法:1、右侧肝段切除术①患者向左40度斜卧,经右肋缘下切口入腹探查,酌情切除右第10—6肋软骨,游离肝结肠韧带且将胆囊牵向左侧。②在肝总管后外方解剖出肝右动脉,套线,在其后方解剖出门静脉右千,如只需切除肝右前叶继续解剖出右前支门静脉,同样也可按需要解剖出右后支或右后下支门静脉,它们都在肝门横裂和右纵沟的肝实质     

完全腹腔镜下复杂肝切除术的手术技巧

<正>完全腹腔镜下复杂肝切除术指的是包括按照Couinaud分段三段以上的肝切除术或腹腔镜下操作需要一定技巧的特殊部位的肝切除术,如肝脏的Ⅳa段、右前叶、右后叶甚至尾状叶。1998年Hüscher等[1]最早报道了腹腔镜左半肝切除术,2004年O'     

腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的可行性。方法8例肝内胆管结石患者均在腹腔镜下行胆囊切除胆总管切开胆道镜取石、T管引流,其中7例同时行腹腔镜左肝外叶切除,1例行左半肝切除。结果8例手术均获成功,手术时间(285.00±37.42)min;术中出血(306.25±29.73)mL,手术后无并发症,住院时间(7.88±1.36)d;残石率0。结论腹腔镜肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石疗效好、安全,联合胆道镜取石疗效更佳。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.