小活络丸中乌头类生物碱成分含量测定方法的建立

目的：建立小活络丸中生物碱成分乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱与苯甲酰新乌头原碱的含量测定方法，以完善其质量标准。方法：采用高效液相色谱法， 选择PICKERING C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm，5μm）色谱柱，以甲醇、乙腈和0.1%磷酸水为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL·min^-1，柱温25 ℃，检测波长232 nm，进样量15 μL。结果：乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱及苯甲酰新乌头原碱分别在各自范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9999），平均加样回收率分别为99.8%（RSD=0.8%）、99.9%（RSD=1.0%）、100.6% （RSD=1.4%）、100.8%（RSD=1.5%）、100.9%（RSD=1.5%）、100.6%（RSD=0.8%）。5批样品中上述6个成分含量范围分别为0.5~2.9、5.4~27.4、0.5~10.5、18.8~24.6、18.8~30.2及142.4~181.6 μg·g^-1。 结论：所建立的同时测定6个生物碱含量的测定方法可准确测定小活络丸中生物碱成分的含量，有助于提高小活络丸的质量标准。     

反相离子对色谱法测定附子中生物碱成分

目的测定附子中乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱、北乌碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱和苯甲酰新乌头原碱等6种生物碱的含量。方法用反相离子对HPLC法，使用AichromBond-1 C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm ID)；流动相：乙腈-5 mmol·L^-1 NaH₂PO₄溶液，磷酸调至pH 4.5(50∶50)，内含7 mmol·L^-1 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)；检测波长：235 nm；流速：1.0 mL·min^-1；柱温：35 ℃。结果以上6种生物碱可以完全分离，准确测定。结论该方法准确度高，可应用于附子中生物碱的含量测定。     

SPE-HPLC测定风湿骨痛片中6种生物碱类物质的含量

目的 建立SPE-HPLC同时检测风湿骨痛片中6种生物碱类物质含量的方法。方法 采用Welch XB-C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以含乙腈-四氢呋喃（25：15）溶液为流动相A,以0.05%醋酸铵溶液为流动相B进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为235 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 6种生物碱在优化条件下均可有效分离,苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱和乌头碱分别在162.4~8 121 ng（r=1.000 0）、24.96~1 248 ng（r=1.000 0）、58.03~2 902 ng（r=1.000 0）、17.26~863.0 ng（r=1.000 0）、20.16~1 008 ng（r=1.000 0）和19.90~995.0 ng（r=1.000 0）内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为88%~98%,RSD为1.8%~2.4%。结论 该方法准确、可靠,适用于风湿骨痛片中生物碱类物质含量的分析。     

HPCE测定附子活性成分的血浆蛋白结合率

目的 建立适用于附子生物碱类化学成分血浆蛋白结合率的方法。方法 通过考察进样方式、电泳缓冲液组成等因素确定色谱条件,并采用该条件测定苯甲酰次乌头原碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱和苯甲酰乌头原碱的血浆蛋白结合率。结果 经考察确定色谱条件为：电压进样,缓冲液为100 mmol·L^-1硼砂-硼酸缓冲溶液（pH=9.0）∶甲醇=7∶3,分离电压为15 kV,检测波长为230 nm。在1,2,5 μg·mL^-1 3个剂量下,附子中苯甲酰次乌头原碱的蛋白结合率分别为（43.81±3.2）%,（42.51±3.6）%,（42.09±2.3）%;苯甲酰新乌头原碱的蛋白结合率分别为（39.59±4.0）%,（34.58±3.7）%,（37.02±3.0）%;苯甲酰乌头原碱的蛋白结合率分别为（48.23±4.6）%,（33.26±3.9）%,（32.60±3.8）%。结论 超滤法结合HPCE技术可作为一种新型药物蛋白结合率测定的方法。     

一测多评法测定小活络丸中9种乌头类生物碱的含量

摘 要 目的：建立一测多评法同时测定小活络丸中9种乌头类生物碱含量。方法: 采用高效液相色谱四级杆飞行时间串联质谱（HPLC QTOF MS）法,采用Agilent ZORBAX Extend C18 RRHT（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱;流速为0.21 ml·min-1;柱温为30 ℃;以甲醇为流动相A,以水（含0.1%甲酸和2.5 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液）为流动相B,梯度洗脱。以乌头碱为内参物,测定次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱、乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱对于其的相对校正因子,并对相对校正因子进行重现性考察。利用相对校正因子计算其他8种生物碱成分的含量,同时利用外标法测定这9种成分,比较两种测定方法的差异,验证一测多评法的准确性和可行性。结果: 在线性范围内,次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱、乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱对乌头碱的相对校正因于分别为1.736、1.979、1.0471、0.9242、1.2901、1.3078、1.2859、1.0948,建立了QAMS法测定小活络丸中9种生物碱的含量,其测定值与计算值无显著差异。结论: 本文方法可用于小活络丸中乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱、乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱的含量测定。     

佳蓉片中6种乌头类生物碱的定量研究

目的分析佳蓉片中苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱6种乌头类生物碱的含量。方法采用HPLC法。色谱条件:Kromasil C 18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃(25∶15)以及0.1 mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液(每1000 mL加冰醋酸0.5 mL),梯度洗脱;流速为0.8 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃;检测波长为235 nm。结果苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱分别在4.32~432.40,1.29~128.83,1.08~108.46,1.77~177.30,0.78~78.40和1.19~119.04μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为96.46%,98.26%,98.03%,98.23%,98.86%和98.70%;RSD值分别为1.50%,1.20%,1.27%,1.06%,1.50%和1.19%;10批制剂中苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱的含量范围分别为100.32~119.18,9.35~16.02,7.99~10.87,1.54~1.85,0.87~0.99和2.21~3.27μg·g^-1。结论该方法简单、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为佳蓉片中乌头类生物碱成分的定量方法。     

场放大进样-高效毛细管电泳测定中药附子指纹图谱研究

目的 建立适用于附子药材饮片的指纹图谱法。方法 采用FASS-HPCE技术对检测条件进行优化,确立高效毛细管电泳色谱分析中药附子质量的指纹图谱方法。采用所建立的中药高效毛细管电泳指纹图谱对10个批次的附子饮片进行考察。结果 经考察确定适于附子指纹图谱研究的电泳条件为背景缓冲液100 mmol·L^-1硼砂-硼酸缓冲溶液（pH 9.0）：甲醇=7：3的电解质溶液;电压进样：20 kV,20 s;分离电压：10 kV;检测波长：230 nm;柱温：25℃。所采集的10批药材中有8个共有峰,其中的3个峰分别指认为苯甲酰次乌头原碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱,是附子主要的药效物质。结论 所建立的基于高效毛细管电泳技术的指纹图谱法作为一种快速、有效的分析方法可用于中药附子的研究。     

乌头安全有效性研究进展及其临床应用前景

目的 分析文献中乌头疗效与安全应用的研究进展、用药特点与注意事项,促进该药材及其复方制剂的临床合理与广泛的应用。方法 通过检索秦汉时期至今的主要书籍和文献,从乌头的药理作用、药效物质、炮制方法、药代动力学、民间应用、临床疗效等多方面进行系统的总结和归纳,并提出乌头安全有效的应用前景和现代制剂研制的基本要求。结果 乌头有抑瘤、镇痛、提高免疫力、抗炎等作用,其药效物质为乌头类生物碱,其毒性大小为乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱>苯甲酰乌头碱、苯甲酰新乌头碱、苯甲酰次乌头碱>乌头原碱、新乌头原碱、次乌头原碱;体内研究显示乌头在大鼠体内吸收迅速,代谢较快,但不同文献中同一成分生物半衰期数据差异较大,变化幅度分别为：乌头碱0.936~20.130 h,新乌头碱1.490~20.930 h,次乌头碱1.930~17.300 h,导致体内消除速率和蓄积时间明显不同;临床使用中出现的毒副作用主要与合理炮制、恰当配伍、正确服用、控制剂量,避免误服等操作的失当以及个体差异相关。结论 乌头应用的民间基础扎实,镇痛等疗效确切,炮制工艺、药理毒理与临床应用等数据翔实,建议加强体内研究数据的确证,开展临床安全的再评价,进一步阐明乌头的作用机制和量效关系。     

滇西乌头二萜生物碱成分研究

摘 要 目的：对毛茛科乌头属植物滇西乌头的块根进行化学成分研究。方法: 滇西乌头的干燥块根用甲醇渗漉提取,所得浸膏用1.5% HCl溶解,5% NaOH调pH至9,乙酸乙酯萃取,得总生物碱粗提物。粗提物用各种柱色谱进行分离纯化,经光谱数据 (¹H NMR,¹3C NMR,MS) 进行结构鉴定。结果: 分离鉴定12个二萜生物碱,分别为：丽江乌头碱（1）,粗茎乌碱甲（2）,查斯曼宁（3）,塔拉地萨敏（4）,去苯甲酰大渡乌碱（5）,彭生宁（6）,crassicautine（7）,滇乌碱（8）,大渡乌碱（9）,贡乌生（10）,直缘乌碱乙（11）,pseudoaconine（12）。结论: 化合物3~7,10~12均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

利用乌头类双酯型生物碱水解规律测定醇胺型乌头碱的含量

摘 要 目的：研究乌头类双酯型生物碱水解转化为醇胺型生物碱的转化率,水解乌头类双酯型生物碱对照品,利用水解转化率计算出水解原液中醇胺型生物碱的量,以此量作为醇胺型生物碱对照品的量,建立测定制川乌中乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱含量的方法。方法: 通过控制乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱3种双酯型生物碱的水解条件,得到乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱。采用高效液相色谱四级杆飞行时间串联质谱（HPLC-QTOF-MS）法,使用Agilent ZORBAX Extend C18 RRHT（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱,流速为0.21 ml·min^-1,柱温为30 ℃,流动相为甲醇 水（含0.1%甲酸和2.5 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵）系统梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子（ESI）源,正离子方式检测。结果: 在本文的水解条件下,乌头碱对于乌头原碱的转化率为99.64%;次乌头碱对于次乌头原碱的转化率为99.94%;新乌头碱对于新乌头原碱的转化率为99.57%。HPLC-QTOF-MS方法学表明,乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱在一定范围内具有较好的线性关系,r值均大于0.999 1,精密度、重复性和稳定性的RSD都小于5%,加样回收率均在99.43%～100.10%之间。结论:本方法操作简便、专属性和重复性较好,在缺乏对照品的情况下,可以为乌头类中药材质量控制提供依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.