门脉高压胃静脉曲张的内镜分类

目的 将234例门脉高压患者,根据内镜下静脉曲张的分布部位进行分类.方法 内镜直视下对食管静脉曲张以及食管贲门静脉曲张(GOV1型)、食管胃底静脉曲张(GOV2型)、无食管静脉曲张的孤立性胃底静脉曲张(IGV1型)及异位静脉曲张(IGV2型)作内镜分类.结果 234例门脉高压患者中,单纯食管静脉曲张67例(28.6%),食管静脉曲张伴贲门部静脉曲张98例(GOV1型,41.9%),食管静脉曲张经贲门延伸至胃底部46例(GOV2型,19.7%),内镜未见食管静脉曲张,仅有胃底静脉曲张者22例(IGV1型,9.4%),1例异位静脉曲张(IGV2型,0.4%).结论 门脉高压患者内镜检查表明半数以上患者存在胃静脉曲张,其中存在胃底静脉曲张的GOV2型和IGV1型68例,占全组患者的29.1%.应高度重视门脉高压患者胃静脉曲张的临床治疗,可选择内镜黏合剂、B-RTO术等方法.     

孤立性胃静脉曲张110例临床分析

背景：各种疾病引起的门静脉高压常可导致食管胃静脉曲张甚至破裂出血。胃静脉曲张的发生率较食管静脉曲张低，但一旦破裂其出血量大、死亡率高。目前临床上关于孤立性胃静脉曲张（IGV）的研究较少。目的：探讨门静脉高压引起的IGV内镜下形态分型和临床特征。方法：回顾性分析110例IGV患者的临床资料．分析内镜下形态分型与临床特征的关系。结果：110例IGV患者中，内镜下形态分型主要为结节隆起型69例（62．7％）、条索型15例（13．6％）、葡萄串型14例（12．7％）。首发症状以上消化道出血为主（71．8％）。83例（75．5％）IGV的原发病为肝源性疾病。胰源性疾病20例（18．2％）。36例行门静脉CTA检查的患者中，19例（52．8％）示胃．肾分流。内镜下形态分型与IGV的原发病相关（P〈0．0001），而与首发症状无关。结论：IGV内镜下形态分型有助于其病因诊断和治疗方法的选择。     

门静脉高压脾切除门奇静脉离断术后再出血的食管胃静脉曲张分类研究

目的：探讨门静脉（门脉）高压患者脾切除门奇静脉离断术（脾切断流术）后再发上消化道出血的平均时间、内镜下食管和胃静脉曲张的分类特点及门脉高压性胃病的发病率。方法：190例肝硬化门脉高压出血患者分为脾切断流术后再出血组（40例）和未行手术组（150例）,统计手术患者术后至首次出血的平均时间间隔,每组患者分别行内镜检查,观察并对比其曲张静脉的分型特点及门脉高压性胃病发生率。结果：脾切断流术后再发出血时间平均为24个月,再出血患者内镜皆提示存有食管和（或）胃静脉曲张,2组患者内镜下的曲张静脉分型构成比有明显差异,脾切断流术者以单纯食管静脉曲张及食管胃静脉曲张（GOV）1型为主,未发现孤立性胃静脉曲张（IGV）1型及IGV2型,60．0％患者存在门脉高压性胃病,其发病率及严重程度均高于未行手术组患者。结论：脾切断流术治疗门脉高压近期止血疗效确切,但术后曲张静脉并未有效消退,须强调手术的规范性,并在再出血高发时段定期内镜随访．及时掌握食管胃曲张静脉及门脉高压性胃病的发展情况,早期干预治疗,从而改善患者预后。     

胃静脉曲张:临床及内镜特征初探

目的 初步观察胃静脉曲张的临床及内镜特征。方法 回顾分析10年来我院资料完整的胃静脉曲张（GV）85例,并与同期仅有食管静脉曲张（EV）196例对照。结果 GV的检出率占同期静脉曲张的30．2％,其中胃食管静脉曲张I型（GOV－1）占74．1％,GOV－Ⅱ型占22．4％,单纯胃静脉曲张I型（IGV－I）占2．4％,IGV－Ⅱ型占1．2％。GOV型GV的病因以肝硬化门脉高压最多见,IGV型GV主要见于非肝硬化节段性门脉高压;GV的各型的检出率与肝功能Child分级无关,GV合并门脉高压性胃病（PHC）发生率高于EV（P＜0．01）。GOV－Ⅱ较GOV－I合并PHG的检出率高、程度重,GOV－Ⅱ较GOV－I合并EV的程度重;而GV的出血率显著低于EV（P＜0．01）。结论 Sarin分类法简单、实用,适合国内推广应用。GV并非少见,检出率占全部静脉曲张的30．2％,其中,GOV－I最多见,GOV－Ⅱ次之,IGV较少,而GV出血较EV少见。     

门脉高压患者内镜下胃静脉曲张分类及其发病分析

目的 对肝硬化患者内镜下胃静脉曲张进行分类，并分析其出血的好发因素。方法 确诊肝硬化门静脉高压患者139例，采用Soehendra和Sarin标准进行食管-胃静脉曲张分类，分析各类型的发生率、出血率、静脉曲张间的关系及出血与肝功能的关系。结果胃静脉曲张的发生率为35％，以GOV1发生率最高，多见于重度食管静脉曲张患者；胃静脉曲张出血率为12％，见于肝功能B级以上患者及GOV2和IOV1，显著低于食管静脉曲张出血率，食管静脉曲张出血见于中度以上静脉曲张、肝功能B级以上患者。结论胃静脉曲张在中国人群中有较高的发病率，出血多发生于胃底部位的曲张静脉，与肝功能差有关；食管静脉曲张出血发生率高于胃静脉曲张，与曲张静脉和肝功不良严重程度有关。     

肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张2型与孤立性胃静脉曲张1型的临床和影像学差异

目的　探讨肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张2型（gastroesophageal varices type 2,GOV2）与孤立性胃静脉曲张1型（isolated gastric varices type 1,IGV1）患者在临床特征、影像学表现的差异。方法　回顾性纳入2013年10月—2021年3月华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院收治的肝硬化合并胃底静脉曲张患者,收集并分析其临床及影像学资料。结果　共纳入患者210例,其中139例GOV2型,71例IGV1型。血常规结果显示患者中位血红蛋白降低,其中GOV2组较IGV1组更显著（91.00 g/L比112.00 g/L,P<0.05）,GOV2组较IGV1组肝硬化门静脉高压性胃病发生率高［20.14%（28/139）比5.63%（4/71）,P<0.05］;而消化性溃疡发生率低［12.23%（17/139）比38.03%（27/71）,P<0.05］。GOV2组门静脉主干中位直径大于IGV1组（15.09 mm比12.85 mm,P<0.05）,胃底曲张静脉中位体积显著小于IGV1组（2.14 mL比10.00 mL,P<0.05）。GOV2组流入血管胃左静脉的构成比例高于IGV1组［98.43%（125/127）比77.78%（42/54）,P<0.05］且胃左静脉中位直径较IGV1组更大（5.58 mm比4.53 mm,P<0.05）;流出血管主要包括胃肾分流、脾肾分流,GOV2组与IGV1组相比,胃肾分流发生率［27.56%（35/127）比66.67%（36/54）,P<0.05］与脾肾分流发生率［12.60%（16/127）比25.93%（14/54）,P<0.05］均较低,而附脐静脉开放［38.58%（49/127）比12.96%（7/54）,P<0.05］与腹膜后侧枝分流［30.71%（39/127）比11.11%（6/54）,P<0.05］相对多见。结论　肝硬化合并GOV2型与IGV1型患者在临床特征和影像学表现方面存在显著异质性。充分认识和理解两型患者间差异,可为临床采取适宜的治疗措施提供依据,有益于改善患者预后。     

内镜下结扎术治疗胃静脉曲张的临床观察

目的 观察内镜下结扎术(EVL)对不同类型胃静脉曲张(GV)的治疗效果,分析术后复发及再出血的影响因素.方法 回顾性分析我院行EVL治疗的GV病例101例,随访1.5 ～ 48.0(14.90±9.08)个月,比较各型患者EVL术后止血成功率、早期再出血率、迟发性出血率、总体再出血率、GV消除率和复发率.32例完成腹部CT或CT血管造影术检查的患者,观察GV的供血血管、胃/脾-肾分流情况,测量门静脉、脾静脉直径,并分析其与GV复发之间的关系.计量资料比较用多样本均数方差分析,计数资料样本率比较用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法,等级资料比较用秩和检验；Kaplan-Meier检验比较各型GV再出血时间,log-rank检验比较再出血率差异.结果 1型食管胃静脉曲张(GOV1) 63例、2型食管胃静脉曲张(GOV2) 18例、GOV1+GOV211例、1型孤立性胃静脉曲张(IGV1)9例.GOV2、IGV1曲张程度较GOV1重(u值分别为-2.960和-2.871,P值均＜0.05).EVL治疗GV止血成功率为96.0％,再出血率为19.8％.GOV1的术后复发率20.6％,低于其他各型GV(x2=7.054,P＜0.05).CT或CT血管造影术显示GV患者均有胃左静脉供血,IGV1由胃左、胃短/后静脉共同参与供血者为83.3％,胃/脾-肾分流率为100.0％,均较其他各型患者高(Fisher确切概率法,P＜0.01或P＜ 0.05).56.3％ (18/32)的GV伴胃/脾-肾分流,有、无胃/脾-肾分流患者门静脉直径差异有统计学意义[(13.729±2.632) mm对比(17.164±4.229) mm,t=-2.766,P＜0.05],GV复发率和再出血率差异有统计学意义(复发率比较,61.1％对比28.6％,再出血率比较,33.3％对比7.1％,Fisher确切概率法,P均值＜ 0.05).结论 EVL可有效控制各型GV急性出血及防止再出血.各型GV中,EVL治疗GOV1的术后复发率低.GV合并胃/脾-肾分流者更易复发及再出血.     

脾静脉血栓形成导致门静脉高压症的诊断

脾静脉血栓形成（splenic vein thrombosis,SVT）引起的门静脉高压症（PH）,只局限于胃脾区,故称区域性PH,又称左侧或左区PH。SVT大多数有孤立性胃静脉曲张（isolated gastric varices,IGV）,少数伴食管静脉曲张（EV）即胃食管静脉曲张（GEV）,多数有脾大和上消化道出血。SVT行单纯脾切除后不再出血,GEV亦消失。SVT是一种完全可治愈的PH,临床少见,易误诊。现就SVT介绍如下。     

组织粘合剂注射联合门静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的评价内镜下注射组织粘合剂联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效。方法将57例食管胃静脉曲张患者分为2组，分别进行内镜下组织粘合剂注射（单纯组，38例）和内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞（联合组，19例）治疗。比较2组疗效。结果联合组近期再发出血1例，6个月后再发出血2例，分别占5．3％和10．5％；术后3～6个月行食管钡餐检查，食管静脉曲张消失或基本消失13例（68．4％），明显好转6例。单纯组近期再出血7例，6个月后再发出血12例，分别占18．4％、31．6％；术后3～6个月行食管钡餐检查，食管静脉曲张消失或基本消失16例（42．1％），明显好转22例。结论相对于单纯内镜下组织粘合剂注射治疗，联合经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术是一种安全有效的治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的方法。     

肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的急救处理

目的：探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血急诊抢救治疗的临床经验并评估其疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年12月浙江省湖州市南浔区人民医院收治的11例肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床资料。结果11例患者上消化道出血24 h内止血比例为9／11,全部11例患者上消化道出血72 h内出血停止。但其中1例患者于治疗后第7天再出血,因拒绝再次三腔二囊管止血而死亡;1例患者上消化道出血后13 d死于肝功能衰竭。治疗总有效率为82％（9／11）,死亡率为18％（2／11）。结论采取内科措施控制出血,将紧急手术转为择期手术,可提高肝硬化门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血急诊抢救治疗的成功率。     

Management of gastric varices

Gastric varices (GV) area common (20%) accompaniment of portal hypertension; they are more often seen in those patients who bleed than in those who do not (27% versus 4%, p < 0.01). They can develop in both segmental and generalized portal hypertension. Depending on their location and relation with oesophageal varices, GVs can be classified as gastro-oesophageal varices (GOV) and isolated gastric varices (IGV); each of these can be further subdivided as follows: GOV1 (extension of oesophageal varices along lesser curve) and GOV2 (extension of oesophageal varices towards fundus); and IGV1 (varices in the fundus) and IGV2 (isolated varices anywhere in the stomach). The common presentation of GVs is variceal bleeding and encephalopathy. In comparison with oesophageal varices, GVs bleed significantly less often (64% versus 25%, p < 0.01) but more severely (2.9±0.3 versus 4.8±0.6 transfusion units, p< 0.01). Patients with GOV2 and IGV1 bleed more often than patients with other types of GVs. Sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices can significantly influence the natural history of GVs. GOV1, or lesser curve varices, disappear in the majority of cases (59%) after obliteration of oesophageal varices. In those with persisting GOV1, the incidence of bleeding and mortality is high and these patients require gastric variceal sclerotherapy (GVS). During oesophageal variceal sclerotherapy, bleeding can occasionally be induced from GVs. After obliteration of oesophageal varices, recurrence as GVs (secondary GVs) can occur in about 9% of patients. Emergency GVS is quite effective in controlling acute bleeding from GVs, more so than balloon tamponade. Potent sclerosants like tetradecyl sulphate and alcohol and a glue, bucrylate, have been quite effective. Elective GVS can achieve obliteration of GVs in nearly 70% of patients. Rebleeding and ulceration are common complications of GVS; probably related to incomplete obliteration and mucosal injury respectively. Splenectomy is quite effective in treating GVs due to segmental portal hypertension. For GV bleeding due to generalized portal hypertension, a shunt operation is often effective. TIPS procedure appear to be a very promising therapy for GV bleeding. Liver transplantation may be a superior alternative to sclero-therapy and shunt surgery for gastric varices.     

A pathophysiologic, gastroenterologic, and radiologic approach to the management of gastric varices

Gastric varices (GV) occur in 20% of patients with portal hypertension either in isolation or in combination with esophageal varices (EV). There is no consensus for optimum treatment of GV and because they comprise an inhomogeneous entity, accurate classification is vital to determine the appropriate management. Gastroesophageal varices (GOV) are classified as GOV1 (EV extending down to cardia or lesser curve) or GOV2 (esophageal and fundal varices). Isolated gastric varices (IGV) may be located in the fundus (IGV1) or elsewhere in the stomach (IGV2). GV possibly bleed less frequently than EV, but GV bleeding is typically difficult to control, associated with a high risk for rebleeding, and high mortality. Fundal varices, large GV (>5 mm), presence of a red spot, and Child's C liver status are associated with a high risk for bleeding. GOV1 have a much lower risk for bleeding. A portosystemic pressure gradient of > or =12 mm Hg is not necessary for GV bleeding, probably related to the high frequency of spontaneous gastrorenal shunts in these patients. GOV1 should be treated as for EV. First-line treatment of bleeding fundal varices is endoscopic variceal obturation. TIPS is currently second-line acute treatment and is used for prevention of rebleeding. The role of some newer interventional radiologic techniques requires further appraisal. This review describes the pathophysiology, diagnosis, natural history, endoscopic, and interventional radiologic treatment options for GV.     

Bleeding isolated gastric varices: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Isolated gastric varices (IGV) are rare and are believed to be associated with left-sided portal hypertension. We studied patients presenting with bleeding from IGV and compared them with those bleeding from both esophageal and gastric varices. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 14 patients with bleeding from IGV was carried out. Portovenography findings (pattern of collateralization and natural shunts) in these patients were compared with a matched group of 69 patients with both esophageal and gastric varices. RESULTS: Of 14 patients with IGV, 2 had isolated splenic vein thrombosis and 12 had generalized portal hypertension. Portovenograms in 11 of the latter 12 revealed predominantly 'left-sided' collateralization in 8 patients as compared to 17 of 69 (25%) patients with esophageal and gastric varices (p = 0.004); natural shunts were seen in 6 of 11 cases and 15 of 69 (22%) patients in the two groups, respectively (p = 0.05). Abdominal devascularization operation gave good short- and long-term control of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to belief most patients with isolated gastric varices may have generalized portal hypertension rather than splenic vein obstruction as the cause and hence should be treated by a more extensive procedure than just splenectomy. The IGV could be a result of predominant collateralization to the retroperitoneal area (left-sided collateralization and natural shunts) rather than the usual pattern to the azygos system which results in esophageal varices.     

30岁以下人群食管胃静脉曲张患者临床特点分析

目的 分析总结30岁以下食管胃静脉曲张(GOV)患者的临床特点。方法 2015年1月～2020年12月解放军总医院第一医学中心消化内科医学部收治的61例30岁以下GOV患者,提取、分析和总结其临床资料。结果 在61例GOV患者中,肝硬化门静脉高压症27例(44.3%),其中隐源性肝硬化占40.7%,乙型肝炎肝硬化占33.3%,和非肝硬化性门静脉高压(NCPH)34例(55.7%),其中以门静脉海绵样变占61.8%;基于内镜下静脉曲张LDRf分型,在位置方面主要以Le/g型多见(77.1%),在直径方面,D1.0占41.0%,在出血风险方面,Rf1分级占77.1%;针对GOV治疗,以二级预防治疗为主(85.7%),多采用组织胶或硬化剂注射或套扎联合治疗(66.1%);NCPH患者GOV再出血比例为11.8%,显著低于肝硬化组的29.6%(P<0.01)。结论 30岁以下人群GOV患者以NCPH居多,其中以各种原因引起的门脉海绵样变最多见。NCPH患者并发GOV经内镜治疗后再出血发生率显著低于肝硬化患者。     

Frequency of gastropathy and gastric varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction treated with sclerotherapy

BACKGROUND: There are limited reports of the effect of endoscopic sclerotherapy (EST) on portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and gastric varices (GV) in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO). We have studied the prevalence of PHG and GV in children with EHPVO and assessed the effect of EST on them on long-term follow-up. METHODS: From January 1992 to June 2002, consecutive children presenting with variceal bleeding due to EHPVO were included in this study. All children underwent EST at presentation and at 2-3 week intervals thereafter. During each session of endoscopy, gastric mucosa and fundus of the stomach was screened carefully to detect PHG and GV. Gastric varices were classified as gastroesophageal (GOV) and isolated gastric varices (IGV). RESULTS: In total, 274 cases of EHPVO were managed during the study period. The mean age was 7.4 +/- 3.5 years with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. Of these 274 cases, 186 completed the EST program (study population), 60 were lost to follow-up, five died and 23 underwent surgery. At presentation (n = 274) 27% cases had PHG (3.6% severe) and 68.6% had GV (GOV 66.8%, IGV 1.8%). Following EST (n = 186) there was a significant (P < 0.001) decrease in GOV (45% from 64%) but an increase in IGV (14% from 1%) and PHG (51.6% from 24.7%).There was also a significant increase in severe PHG (15.6% from 3.2%, P < 0.05). On follow-up (mean follow-up 38 +/- 30 months) 19% children with IGV bled while none with PHG bled. CONCLUSIONS: Portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric varices are quite common in children with EHPVO. Following EST, there is a chance of developing isolated gastric varices.     

Long-term results of endoscopic histoacryl (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) injection for treatment of gastric varices--a 10-year experience]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastric variceal bleeding is an infrequent but serious complication of portal hypertension. Endoscopic injection of Histoacryl (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) has been approved as an effective treatment for gastric variceal bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of the endoscopic injection of Histoacryl for the treatment of gastric varices. METHODS: Between January 1994 and January 2005, eighty-five patients with gastric varices received endoscopic injections of Histoacryl. Among these 85 patients, 65 received the procedure within 1 week after gastric variceal bleeding, and 13 received as a prophylactic procedure. According to the Sarin classification, 32 patients were GOV1 and 53 were GOV2. Most of the varices were large (F2 or F3, 75 patients). The average volume of Histoacryl per each session was 1.43 ml. Among 85 patients, 72 patients were followed-up and the median duration was 24.5 months. RESULTS: The rate of initial hemostasis was 98.6% and recurrent bleeding occurred in 29.2% (21 of 72). When rebleeding occurred, 76.2% was within 1 year after the initial injection. Treatment failure-related mortality rate was 1.4% (1 of 85). Twenty-seven patients died, mostly due to hepatocelluar carcinoma or liver failure. Two patients experienced pulmonary embolism and one experienced splenic infarction. They recovered without specific treatment. Rebleeding rate had a tendency to increase in patients with hepatocelluar carcinoma (p=0.051) and GOV2 (p=0.061). CONCLUSIONS: Histoacryl injection therapy is a effective treatment method for gastric varices with high initial hemostasis rate and low major complications.     

Clinical significance and prediction factors of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma is part of the natural history of liver cirrhosis. Gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic failure are the leading causes of death in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. With gastrointestinal bleeding, variceal bleeding is the most prominent, and most variceal bleeding is of esophageal origin. Gastric varices bleeding is often a massive and severe bleeding episode. The role of gastric varices among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma remains to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical significance and prediction of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: From 1998 to 2000, we reviewed 304 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations. Patients' clinical characteristics, physical findings, laboratory data, image studies, endoscopic examinations and treatment were reviewed. RESULTS: Among 304 patients with HCC, twenty-one (6.9%) had gastric varices among 304 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The location of gastric varices were the posterior wall in 12 (57%), the lesser curvature in 1 (5%), the greater curvature in 4 (19%) and the fundus in 4 (19%). Three (14%) of these 21 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric varices had clinical evidence of bleeding. One of them died due to uncontrollable bleeding. Child-Pugh classification, hepatic encephalopathy, portal vein or splenic vein dilatation, ascites, splenomegaly, albumin level, prothrombin time and platelet count were significantly different between hepatocellular carcinoma patients with gastric varices and without gastric varices under the univariate analysis. Ascites (Odds ratio: 5.45; 95% confidence interval: 2.12-14.01) and portal vein or splenic vein dilatation (Odds ratio: 4.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.77-10.86) were the two most important predictors under the stepwise logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is 6.9% and the risk of bleeding is low in this study. The Predictors of gastric varices among hepatocellular carcinoma are related to liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh classification, hepatic encephalopathy, portal vein or splenic vein dilatation, ascites, splenomegaly, albumin level, prothrombin time and platelet count.