2005年深圳市人民医院革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的监测我院2005年临床分离革兰阴性杆菌对各类抗菌药物耐药状况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法采用琼脂稀释法检测16种抗菌药物对224株革兰阴性杆菌MIC,数据分析采用WHONET5.3软件和卡方检验。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株分别占56.3%(49/87)和34.9%(15/43)。大肠埃希菌敏感率在80%以上的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南(100%)、阿米卡星(94.3%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(90.8%);肺炎克雷伯菌敏感率较高的抗菌药物除碳青霉烯类外(100%)、还有头孢吡肟(97.7%)、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(93%)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(90.7%);阴沟肠杆菌敏感率≥80%的抗菌药物有碳青霉烯类(100%)、头孢吡肟(86.7%)、阿米卡星(86.7%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(80%)等。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对多数抗菌药的耐药率较高。结论我院肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍最敏感,不发酵糖菌对多种抗菌药物高度耐药。     

2018年北京协和医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2018年北京协和医院临床分离常见细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集2018年1月1日-12月31日临床分离的9627株非重复细菌,使用VITEK 2、纸片扩散法和E试验法进行体外药敏试验。结果 9627株非重复细菌中革兰阴性菌68.9%(6 636/9 627),革兰阳性菌31.1%(2 991/9 627)。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中MRCNS的检出率分别为17.1%和69.1%。产ESBL大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形杆菌的检出率分别为49.7%(881/1774)、30.6%(384/1253)和31.5%(53/168)。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍高度敏感,总耐药率≤5.6%(218/3868)。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为12.4%和12.5%、77.8%和77.2%、19.4%和14.3%。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌广泛耐药菌株的检出率分别是3.2%(37/1164)、21.4%(186/869)和1.3%(15/1176)。结论细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率呈增长趋势,特别是碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌。加强细菌耐药性监测,尤其注意耐药细菌发生发展和广泛传播,加强抗菌药物的合理使用和科学管理。     

2009年广东省东莞市太平人民医院细菌耐药监测

目的 了解广东省东莞市太平人民医院2009年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行抗菌药物药敏试验,采用CLSI 2009年版判断标准,数据分析采用WHONET 5.4软件.结果 临床分离的1331株细菌中,革兰阴性菌占70.8% (943/1331),革兰阳性菌占29.2 % (388/1331).金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分别为152株和123株,其中MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为27.6%和80.5l,未检出糖肽类抗生素耐药的革兰阳性球菌.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南高度敏感,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为47.4 % (154/325)和38.5% (74/192).检出1株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的阴沟肠杆菌.鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率均低于20 %.铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率均低于10%,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素的耐药率较低.结论 2009年该院临床分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,所分离的革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但已检出1株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的阴沟肠杆菌.开展细菌耐药监测,对指导本单位合理应用抗菌药物有重要意义.     

2006/2008年革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性调查

目的：分析革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性变化。方法：对3a来从住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌,进行回顾性分析。结果：3a共分离出5695株细菌,27个细菌种,肠杆菌科细菌3795株,占65．9％;非发酵菌1941株,占34．1％;分离率前3位的病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌;2008年肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0％;2008年嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为100．0％。结论：亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌的体外抗菌活性强,醋酸钙不动杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率呈上升趋势。     

老年医院肠杆菌科细菌耐药分析

目的了解北京老年医院2010~2012年临床常见肠杆菌科细菌耐药情况及研究耐碳青霉烯类细菌基因类别。方法收集该院2010~2012年临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌1 528株,对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感性下降的菌株采用改良Hodge试验进行产碳青霉烯酶确认,PCR扩增试验分析其耐药基因类别。结果 1 528株肠杆菌科细菌中,排前3位的细菌是大肠埃希菌(48.49%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(22.84%)及变形杆菌属(18.39%)。其中大肠埃希菌对3代头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类药物耐药率达80%以上;阿米卡星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(含酶抑制剂复合抗菌药)对主要肠杆菌科细菌仍保持较高的抗菌活性;对美罗培南耐药5株,亚胺培南中介敏感4株。经改良Hodge试验确证:4株为产碳青霉烯酶株,均为肺炎克雷伯菌,PCR检测均为碳青霉希酶blaKPC-2基因型。结论该院产碳青霉希酶的肠杆菌科细菌均为肺炎克雷伯菌且均为blaKPC-2基因型。临床与实验室应加强监控,防止耐药基因的传播。     

不同条件下CIM试验检测耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌的评价

目的评估不同底物、不同孵育时间下碳青霉烯类抑制法(CIM)对肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶表型筛选能力的差异。方法分别用亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南作为指示底物对120株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)进行CIM试验,再以美罗培南为指示底物,分别孵育0.5、1、2、4h进行CIM试验,并采用PCR及测序技术检测菌株是否携带碳青霉烯酶相关基因。结果碳青霉烯酶耐药基因PCR检测结果显示,120株CRE中,阳性93株,阴性27株。以亚胺培南作为底物,阳性95株,阴性25株;以美罗培南作为底物,阳性87株,阴性33株;以厄他培南作为底物,阳性68株,阴性52株。与PCR结果相比,三者的灵敏度分别是98.9%(92/93),90.3%(84/93),69.9%(65/93),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=18.43,P<0.01);三者的特异度均为88.9%(24/27)。3种底物的一致率分别为96.7%,90.0%,74.2%,Kappa值分别是0.90,0.73,0.44。在4个不同孵育时间下,灵敏度分别为46.2%(43/93)、58.1%(54/93)、90.3%(84/93)和90.3%(84/93),孵育2h和0.5、1h结果相比差异有统计学意义(χ~2=27.31,P<0.05)。结论亚胺培南、美罗培南CIM试验灵敏度和一致率均高于厄他培南,可作为合适的底物,同时2h为最佳孵育时间。     

耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶基因型研究

目的了解安徽省铜陵市人民医院耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌耐药特性及产碳青霉烯酶基因型。方法用纸片扩散法检测该院2008年1～12月临床分离的31株耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对19种常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果用WHONET5.3软件进行数据统计;应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测IMP、VIM-1、VIM-2、SIM-1、OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-51、OXA-58等碳青霉烯酶基因型。结果 31株耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌有23株分离自重症监护病房;对19种临床常用抗菌药物除米诺环素耐药率为9.7%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦为51.6%外,其余都在90.0%以上;碳青霉烯酶基因型检测除1株单产OXA-23型外,其余30株均同时产OXA-23型和OXA-66型碳青霉烯酶。结论该院耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌在重症监护病房有小范围暴发流行的可能;耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率极高;同时产OXA-23、OXA-66型碳青霉烯酶可能是其对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因。     

890株临床分离肠杆菌科细菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解中山大学附属东华医院临床分离的890株肠杆菌科细菌的分布及对各类抗菌药物的耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 收集2010年从患者各种临床标本中分离的肠杆菌科细菌,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,用WHONET5.5软件对数据进行分析.结果 890株肠杆菌科细菌中大肠埃希菌456株(51.2%),克雷伯菌属227株(25.5%),肠杆菌属83株(9.3%).肠杆菌科细菌敏感率在80%以上的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南保持100.0%敏感率.肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率均大于90.0%.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对多数常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍最敏感.定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解该院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供依据.     

2005年广州医学院第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

目的调查广州医学院第一附属医院2005年临床分离菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药现状。方法药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,数据分析采用WHONET5.4软件。结果2005年我院共收集患者首次分离株1843株,其中革兰阳性菌507株(27.51%),革兰阴性菌1336株((72.49%)。MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为71.7%和87.6%。粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林的敏感率分别为88.0%和73%。未出现万古霉素和替考拉宁中介和耐药的葡萄球菌和肠球菌。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南均极敏感,耐药率最低。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs的检出率分别为36.6%和56.1%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率分别为98.8%和90.2%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为48.0%和39.2%,14.0%菌株对所有检测药物耐药。结论我院2005年临床分离菌以革兰阴性菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌位居第一。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类的敏感性最高,非发酵菌数量呈上升趋势,且耐药状况严重,14%铜绿假单胞菌对所有检测药物耐药。     

2013-2017年福建省泉州市第一医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解福建省泉州市第一医院2013年1月-2017年12月临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性。方法采用自动化仪器法、纸片扩散法和E试验法按统一方案进行药物敏感性试验。按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2017年版标准判断结果。结果 2013-2017年共收集临床分离菌22588株,其中革兰阳性菌9321株,占41.3%,革兰阴性菌13267株,占58.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中甲氧西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)的检出率分别为22.1%和43.2%,5年间有逐年下降的趋势。MRSA和MRCNS对所测试药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现万古霉素耐药株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药物(除利奈唑胺)的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株。5年间肺炎链球菌非脑膜炎株成人株和儿童株中青霉素不敏感株(PNSSP)的检出率均有所下降。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,耐药率低于10%。阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率上升明显,分别从1.0%和0上升到7.4%和7.3%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率已超过60%。而铜绿假单胞菌对测试抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感率。结论细菌耐药性监测5年间,碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌和鲍曼不动杆菌仍在上升,应加强医院感染防控措施和抗菌药物临床应用管理措施。     

Concomitant dissemination of three extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among different Enterobacteriaceae isolated in a French hospital.

From January 1988 to August 1989, 267 non-repetitive strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBla) derived from TEM (CTX-1/TEM-3, CAZ-6) or SHV (CAZ-5) were isolated from 219 colonized or infected patients. ESBlas were characterized by analytical isoelectric focusing. Biotypes, resistance phenotypes and plasmid patterns were determined in order to differentiate the isolates in each species. Among the 116 CTX-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae, 48 strains were differentiated: 27 from 74 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, seven from 22 Enterobacter aerogenes isolates, and 14 from a combined total of seven K. oxytoca, five Serratia marcescens, six Escherichia coli, 1 Enterobacter cloacae and 1 Citrobacter freundii. CAZ-5 has been isolated since January 1988 in 16 different strains among 101 K. pneumoniae isolates. CAZ-6 was first identified in K. pneumoniae (January 1988). Among the 48 Enterobacteriaceae producing CAZ-6, 12 strains were differentiated: four from 39 E. aerogenes isolates, three from four K. pneumoniae, and five from a combined total of two S. marcescens, two E. coli and one E. cloacae. During this outbreak, CTX-1 was found to be encoded by 85 kb (Inc 7/M) or greater than or equal to 150 kb (Inc 6/C) plasmids. CAZ-6 was always encoded by an 85 kb (Inc 7/M) plasmid and CAZ-5 by a greater than 150 kb plasmid. These results show that strain epidemics and plasmid dissemination occurred mainly in K. pneumoniae and E. aerogenes for CTX-1, in E. aerogenes for CAZ-6, and in K. pneumoniae for CAZ-5. They also suggest that the bla(tem) gene (CTX-1) has spread between different plasmids present in the same ecosystem.     

Evaluation of the MicroScan ESBL plus confirmation panel for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the performance of the MicroScan ESBL plus confirmation panel using a series of 87 oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli of various species. METHODS: Organisms tested included 57 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) strains comprising Enterobacter aerogenes (3), Enterobacter cloacae (10), Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (26), Klebsiella oxytoca (3) and Proteus mirabilis (4). Also included were 30 strains resistant to oxyimino cephalosporins but lacking ESBLs, which were characterized with other resistance mechanisms, such as inherent clavulanate susceptibility in Acinetobacter spp. (4), hyperproduction of AmpC enzyme in Citrobacter freundii (2), E. aerogenes (3), E. cloacae (3), E. coli (4), Hafnia alvei (1) and Morganella morganii (1), production of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase in K. pneumoniae (3) and E. coli (3) or hyperproduction of K1 enzyme in K. oxytoca (6). RESULTS: The MicroScan MIC-based clavulanate synergy correctly classified 50 of 57 ESBL strains as ESBL-positive and 23 of 30 non-ESBL strains as ESBL-negative (yielding a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 76.7%, respectively). False negatives among ESBL producers were highest with Enterobacter spp. due to masking interactions between ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases. False-positive classifications occurred in two Acinetobacter spp., one E. coli producing plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase and two K. oxytoca hyperproducing their chromosomal K1 beta-lactamase. CONCLUSION: The MicroScan clavulanate synergy test proved to be a valuable tool for ESBL confirmation. However, this test has limitations in detecting ESBLs in Enterobacter spp. and in discriminating ESBL-related resistance from the K1 enzyme and from inherent clavulanate susceptibility in Acinetobacter spp.     

In vitro susceptibilities of gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients in four European countries, Canada, and the United States in 2000-2001 to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and comparator antimicrobials: implications for therapy

Access to current antimicrobial agent surveillance data is an important prerequisite for the optimal management of patients with hospital-acquired infections. The present study used data collected in 2000 to 2001 from 670 laboratories in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), Canada, and the United States to report on the in vitro activities of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and comparative agents against >125,000 isolates of gram-negative bacteria from hospitalized patients. All but two isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (one isolate of Proteus mirabilis from France and one isolate of Morganella morganii from Canada) were susceptible to imipenem. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to ceftriaxone or cefotaxime was > or = 97% in each country, and for P. mirabilis, susceptibility was 99% in each country except Italy. In contrast, susceptibility of E. coli to ciprofloxacin varied from 80.5% (Spain) to 94.0% (France); levofloxacin susceptibility ranged from 75.2% (Spain) to 91.6% (United States). Among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolates, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime susceptibilities ranged from 86.6 to 98.7% and 83.5 to 99.7%, respectively, depending upon the country. Considerable geographic variation in the susceptibilities (generally 85 to 95% susceptible) of Serratia marcescens and M. morganii to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were observed. For S. marcescens, susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam varied from 81.5% (France) to 94.1% (Italy) and susceptibility to ciprofloxacin ranged from 66.2% (Germany) to 90.7% (Spain). Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes were less susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime than were the other species of Enterobacteriaceae studied. The present study demonstrated that established parenteral expanded-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial agents retain significant in vitro activity against many clinically important gram-negative pathogens.     

Comparative study of serum bactericidal activity of cefotaxime alone or in combination with tobramycin.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the bactericidal activity in serum of cefotaxime alone or in combination with tobramycin against clinical strains and to determine the influence of tobramycin on the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime. The peak bactericidal activity in serum of cefotaxime alone against Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Listeria monocytogenes varied between 1:4 and 1:256. Bactericidal activity could still be detected at 6 h against K. oxytoca and L. monocytogenes. The addition of tobramycin increased the bactericidal activity of cefotaxime against E. aerogenes from 1:16 to 1:128 (P less than 0.01). Cefotaxime recovery from urine was significantly decreased when tobramycin was added. Our data are comparable with those of other investigators who have shown a limited increase in the bactericidal activity of cefotaxime when aminoglycosides are added.     

Comparative in vitro activity of gemifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin in a North American surveillance study.

The in vitro activity of gemifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was compared to three marketed fluoroquinolones; ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and ofloxacin against over 4,000 recent clinical isolates covering 29 species isolated in the United States and Canada between 1997-1999. Based on MIC(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested against a majority of Gram-positive isolates: Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae, macrolide resistant S. pneumoniae, ciprofloxacin non-susceptible (MIC > or = 4 microg/mL) S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, viridans streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis, methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hemolyticus, and S. saprophyticus. Against Enterobacteriaceae and aerobic non-Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negatives, gemifloxacin was usually comparable to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin and more potent than ofloxacin for the following species: Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter lwoffii, A. baumannii, Burkholderia cepacia, Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gemifloxacin was generally 16-64 fold more potent than the other fluoroquinolones tested against Gram-positive organisms and retains excellent activity comparable with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against a majority of Gram-negative pathogens.     

Antibacterial Activity of Apalcillin (PC-904) Against Gram-Negative Bacilli, Especially Ampicillin-, Carbenicillin-, and Gentamicin-Resistant Clinical Isolates

Apalcillin (PC-904) is active against carbenicillin- and ampicillin-resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains highly resistant to carbenicillin (>/=3,200 mug/ml), half of them were susceptible to PC-904 at a concentration of 50 to 1,600 mug/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentration of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa strains resistant to carbenicillin (400 to 1,600 mug/ml) ranged from 3.1 to 25 mug/ml. Ampicillin- and carbenicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains were similarly susceptible to PC-904. However, drug resistance to PC-904 was already apparent among some strains of P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and P. morganii, recently isolated in Japan; i.e., 4, 35, 32, 4, 6, and 14% of strains isolated were resistant. PC-904 was more active, on the other hand, than ampicillin and carbenicillin against antibiotic-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae and also showed high activity against most species of Pseudomonadaceae, especially P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of PC-904 were greatly affected by inoculum size when the organisms tested were strains producing large amounts of beta-lactamase.     

胶体金免疫层析试验的室内质量控制探讨

目的通过对胶体金粪便隐血试验(FOB)室内质量控制的研究,探讨胶体金免疫层析试验(GICA)的室内质量控制。方法用递减稀释血红蛋白的方法找到胶体金粪便隐血测试条的弱阳性检测浓度(或称下限质控液),然后配制出上限质控液、下限质控液、阴性质控液,再用这些质控液在临床工作中开展胶体金粪便隐血试验的室内质量控制。结果 FOB的室内质量控制开展两年,有效地监控了胶体金试条的质量变化和检验过程中各种因素对检验结果的影响。结论通过自配多浓度的质控液,可以比较有效地开展胶体金免疫层析试验的室内质量控制工作。     

医院重症监护室病原菌感染特点及耐药性分析

目的:了解重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌感染特点及耐药特性。方法:对我院ICU病房2004年1月至2006年9月各类感染标本中分离的578株病原菌分析整理,并对其耐药性进行分析。结果:578株病原菌感染来源前3位分别是:痰465例(占80.5%)、其次为血19例(占3.3%)和尿19例(占3.3%);感染病原菌中以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,427株(占73.6%),其次为酵母菌109株(占18.8%)革兰氏阳性球菌44株(占7.6%),在革兰氏阴性杆菌中非发酵菌291株(占68.1%),肠杆菌科细菌136株(占31.9%),常用抗菌素中:耐药率>50%的有氨苄西林、复方新诺明;亚胺培南对肠杆菌科的细菌耐药率为0%,但对非发酵菌有较高的耐药率。结论:ICU中感染严重,存在普遍的耐药性,根据微生物药敏结果选择用药很是必要。     

Antibacterial activity of BMS-180680, a new catechol-containing monobactam.

The in vitro activities of a new catechol-containing monobactam, BMS-180680 (SQ 84,100), were compared to those of aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. BMS-180680 was often the most active compound against many species of the family Enterobacteriaceae, with MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90s) of < or = 0.5 microg/ml for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Proteus spp., and Providencia spp. BMS-180680 had moderate activities (MIC90s of 2 to 8 microg/ml) against Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Shigella spp., and non-E. aerogenes Enterobacter spp. BMS-180680 was the only antibiotic evaluated that was active against >90% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90, 0.25 microg/ml), Burkholderia cepacia, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC90s, 1 microg/ml) strains tested. BMS-180680 was inactive against most strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas diminuta, and Burkholderia pickettii. BMS-180680 was moderately active (MIC90s of 4 to 8 microg/ml) against Alcaligenes spp. and Acinetobacter lwoffii and less active (MIC90, 16 microg/ml) against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumanii complex. BMS-180680 lacked activity against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Both tonB and cir fiu double mutants of E. coli had greatly decreased susceptibility to BMS-180680. Of the TEM, PSE, and chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases tested, only the K1 enzyme hydrolyzed BMS-180680 to any measurable extent. Like aztreonam, BMS-180680 bound preferentially to penicillin-binding protein 3. The MICs of BMS-180680 were not influenced by the presence of hematin or 5% sheep blood in the test medium or with incubation in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. BMS-180680 MICs obtained under strict anaerobic conditions were significantly higher than those obtained in ambient air.     

Evaluation of a new cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in an Enterobacteriaceae strain collection

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we evaluated the performance of a new ESBL Etest configuration based on clavulanate synergy with cefepime compared with cefotaxime-clavulanate and ceftazidime-clavulanate ESBL Etest strips for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in an Enterobacteriaceae strain collection, with special focus on Enterobacter spp. METHODS: Overall, a total of 54 clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae species were evaluated: Enterobacter aerogenes (n=3), Enterobacter cloacae (n=10), Escherichia coli (n=10), Klebsiella oxytoca (n=3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=25) and Proteus mirabilis (n=3). To check Etest behaviour with resistance phenotypes similar to ESBL, our panel was expanded by six clinical isolates of K. oxytoca that were identified as putative producers of their chromosomal K1 beta-lactamase. RESULTS: With this panel, ESBL Etest was 98% sensitive with cefepime-clavulanate, 83% with cefotaxime-clavulanate, and 74% with ceftazidime-clavulanate strips. Concentrating on Enterobacter spp., reliable ESBL detection could only be achieved by the new cefepime-clavulanate strip since it confirmed ESBL production in all strains (100% sensitivity) whereas only 4/13 (31%) of Enterobacter strains were positive using cefotaxime-clavulanate or ceftazidime-clavulanate strips. A limitation of using the new cefepime strip was less than optimal specificity with K1 phenotypes of K. oxytoca: among six strains, four isolates were scored false-positive by Etest strips containing cefepime-clavulanate. CONCLUSION: The new Etest ESBL strip containing cefepime-clavulanate is a valuable supplement to current methods for detection of ESBLs. In our study collection, the cefepime-clavulanate strip was the best configuration for detection of ESBLs, particularly in Enterobacter spp.