晶状体前囊膜应用于兔眼超声乳化联合小梁切除术的实验研究

目的探讨兔眼超声乳化联合小梁切除术中晶状体前囊膜植入的疗效。方法 20只新西兰大白兔随机分为两组,每组各10只兔(20眼),第1组:随机选择1只眼做超声乳化+小梁切除术(A组),另1只眼做超声乳化+小梁切除术并辅助应用晶状体前囊膜(B组);第2组:随机选择1只眼做超声乳化+小梁切除术联合应用丝裂霉素C(C组);另1只眼做超声乳化+小梁切除术并辅助应用晶状体前囊膜(B组)。术后3d、7d、14d、21d、28d观察眼前房炎性反应、滤过泡形态及功能,并测量术眼眼压,光学显微镜下观察滤过道情况。结果 A组、B组、C组术后3d、7d、14d前房炎性反应比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。术后21d,A组、B组、C组功能性滤过泡所占比例分别为14.3%(1/7)、85.7%(12/14)、85.7%(6/7),A组与B组、C组相比,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。3组术后眼压较术前明显下降,后逐渐升高,术后14d、21dA组与B组、C组眼压比较,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。组织病理学显示,3组早期滤过道均通畅;术后28dA组滤过道完全被瘢痕组织阻塞,C组滤过道远端闭合,近端小部分开放,B组滤过道完全开放,囊膜边缘变钝,未见淋巴细胞浸润。结论超声乳化联合小梁切除术中应用晶状体前囊膜可在术后有效降低眼压,抑制或减轻滤过道瘢痕化,提高手术成功率。     

非穿透性小梁切除分期联合超声乳化白内障吸出人工晶状体植入术的临床应用

目的 评价非穿透性小梁切除术(non-penetrating trabeculectomy,NPT)分期联合超声乳化白内障吸出人工晶状体(in-traoeular lens,IOL)植入术的安全性和有效性.方法 收集行NPT分期联合超声乳化白内障IOL植入术的开角型青光眼合并白内障患者23例(28眼)(A组),总结分析患者的视力、眼压及手术并发症的发生情况,并与行小梁切除分期联合超声乳化白内障吸出IOL植入术的相同病因患者26例(32眼)(B组)进行比较.结果 A组滤过术后7 d、超声乳化术后7 d、1个月及3个月眼压平均值分别为(13.95±4.46)mmHg(1 kPa=7.5 mmHg)、(14.25±3.86)mmHg、(14.98±3.12)nunHg和(16.34±3.60)mmHg,均低于术前水平(27.68±4.34)mmHg.A组超声乳化术后7 d、14 d、1个月及3个月最佳矫正视力≥0.5者分别为15眼、18眼、23眼、24眼,与B组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).A组有3眼滤过术中小梁网descemet膜穿破,6眼超声乳化术后一过性眼压升高.2组术后均形成滤过泡,其中功能性滤过泡A组22眼,B组27眼,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 NPT分期联合超声乳化白内障吸出IOL植入术能有效降低开角型青光眼合并白内障患者的眼压,提高视力,是一种安全有效的手术方式.     

球结膜瓣下植入生物羊膜在难治性青光眼滤过手术中的应用

目的:观察难治性青光眼小梁切除术中不同位置植入生物羊膜对滤过泡及眼压的影响。方法:随机选择我院住院45例难治性青光眼患者,随机分为三组,A组为小梁切除术后球结膜下植入生物羊膜(15眼),B组为小梁切除术后巩膜瓣下植入生物羊膜(15眼)。C组为单纯小梁切除术(15眼)术后观察眼压,滤过泡,以及术后并发症。结果:随访6mo,A组术后眼压平均波动为11.80~21.22mmHg,B组术后眼压平均波动为12.48~21.52mmHg,C组术后眼压平均波动为10.60~28.48mmHg,术后6mo条件成功率A、B、C三组分别为93.3%,86.7%,66.7%。结论:生物羊膜能有效提高难治性青光眼滤过手术的条件成功率。球结膜下植入羊膜操作简单,条件成功率高于其他两组,同时加固了球结膜,减少薄壁滤过泡的发生。     

晶状体前囊膜在青光眼白内障联合术中的应用

目的 探讨晶状体前囊膜在青光眼白内障联合手术中的应用效果.方法 对47例56只眼青光眼合并白内障患者行白内障超声乳化吸出、后房折叠式人工晶状体植入及小梁切除术,术中植入自体晶状体前囊膜,术后随访1~3年,观察术前和术后视力、眼压及术后滤过泡的变化.结果 术后视力较术前显著提高(P＜0.05);术后一周眼压平均(10.6±2.4)mmHg,随访1~3年平均(15.3±2.1)mmHg,较术前用药前后眼压相比均明显下降(P＜0.05);Ⅰ型滤过泡21只眼(37.5%),Ⅱ型滤过泡35只眼(62.5%);术中术后无严重并发症发生.结论 晶状体前囊膜应用于青光眼白内障联合术中能有效防止滤过泡瘢痕化、控制眼压和稳定视力,方法安全有效.     

兔青光眼小梁切除术中应用生物羊膜与干扰素α-2b的对比研究

目的评价羊膜与干扰素α-2b在青光眼滤过术中的抗纤维增殖作用及其应用价值。方法选取日本大耳兔30只(60眼),采用随机数字表法将其分为2组,2组右眼(30眼,为羊膜组)行小梁切除术,术中巩膜瓣层间植入生物羊膜,组A左眼(15眼,为干扰素组)行小梁切除术,术后结膜下注射干扰素α-2b,组B左眼(15眼,为对照组)行单纯小梁切除术。术后3d、5d、7d、14d、30d、60d观察各组眼压、滤过泡形态、滤过泡维持时间、前房深度等指标,并于术后3d、7d、14d、30d、60d分别处死2组各3只动物,摘除眼球作病理切片,观察成纤维细胞和炎性细胞等情况。结果术后7d,羊膜组眼压为(9.95±2.15)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),对照组眼压为(12.27±1.95)mmHg,二者比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),干扰素组眼压为(10.14±2.27)mmHg,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后14d羊膜组与对照组、干扰素组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。术后各组滤过泡形态均以Ⅱ型为主;术后5d、7d、14d羊膜组功能性滤过泡占有率与其他2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。羊膜组早期炎症反应重于其他2组,术后3d光镜下观察可见大量炎性细胞浸润于羊膜植入区;术后7d电镜下可见滤过通道大量成纤维细胞增殖。干扰素组术后早期光镜和电镜下仅见少量成纤维细胞增殖。结论兔眼小梁切除术中应用生物羊膜和干扰素α-2b均能降低眼压和延长滤过泡保留时间,且无明显副作用。生物羊膜作用优于干扰素α-2b,但是植入陈旧生物羊膜手术区炎症反应重,值得进一步研究。     

生物羊膜在难治性青光眼复合式小梁切除术中应用的临床观察

目的:观察生物羊膜在难治性青光眼复合式小梁切除术中应用的临床疗效。方法:选择我院46例62眼难治性青光眼患者,随机分为两组,A组为观察组32眼,行复合式小梁切除联合生物羊膜植入术,B组为对照组30眼,行复合式小梁切除术。观察术后眼压、滤过泡、视力、前房及角膜、术后并发症。结果:随诊12mo,眼压:两组手术前后各时间点眼压均明显降低(P<0.01)。术后12mo平均眼压:A组为12.3±2.3mmHg,B组为15.7±2.7mmHg,两组术后各时间点眼压无统计学意义(P>0.05)。滤过泡:术后12mo A组功能型滤过泡28眼(88%),B组功能型滤过泡20眼(67%),两组间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组发生浅前房5眼(16%),脉络膜脱离2眼(6%),B组浅前房3眼(10%),脉络膜脱离2眼(7%),滤过泡渗漏1眼(3%)。结论:复合式小梁切除术联合生物羊膜植入治疗难治性青光眼能有效提高手术成功率。     

晶状体前囊膜应用于兔小梁切除术的实验研究

目的探讨兔眼小梁切除术中联合晶状体前囊膜植入的疗效及机制。设计随机对照实验性研究。研究对象新西兰白兔36只。方法36只兔随机分成3组,分别行小梁切除联合兔晶状体前囊膜植入、小梁切除联合人晶状体前囊膜植入以及单纯小梁切除术对照组。随访时间12周。主要指标眼压、滤过泡、并发症。结果小梁切除联合兔晶状体前囊膜植入组及人晶状体前囊膜植入组术后12周眼压分别为(18．66±2．61)mmHg、(18．91±2．04)mmHg,仍明显低于术前(22．58±0．51)mmHg、(22．21±0．69)mmHg(P均＜0．05)。两实验组功能性滤过泡平均存留时间高于对照组,分别为(5．12±0．43)周、(5．05±0．59)周,(2．74±0．32)周(P＜0．05)。光镜观察实验组术后12周滤过道开放,对照组滤过道基本闭合;电镜观察晶状体前囊膜未见T及B淋巴细胞浸润。结论小梁切除术联合晶状体前囊膜植入可推迟滤过道瘢痕形成,为临床应用提供了理论基础及实验依据。(眼科,2007,16: 52-55)     

单纯复合式小梁切除术与复合式小梁切除联合羊膜植入术对比研究

目的评价生物羊膜在复合式小梁切除术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法采取对照研究对2006年4月至2009年3月在温州医学院附属眼视光医院确诊并双眼均需手术治疗的青光眼患者25例(50眼),其中一眼行复合式小梁切除联合生物羊膜植入术(A组),另一眼行单纯复合式小梁切除术(B组)。记录2组患者术前、术后平均眼压、滤过泡类型、手术前后的视力、并发症发生情况。结果 A组患者术前眼压为10.20～50.60mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),平均为(31.77±12.93)mmHg,最终随访时眼压6.70～19.90mmHg,平均为(12.51±3.99)mmHg;B组患者术前眼压为11.70～53.00mmHg,平均为(31.11±12.62)mmHg,最终随访时眼压为7.50～27.80mmHg,平均为(14.52±5.01)mmHg;最终随访时A组平均眼压控制情况比B组低,差异有统计学意义(t=2.26,P<0.05)。A组功能性滤过泡23眼,B组20眼,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组术后视力变化比较,差异无统计学意义。2组患者均未发生严重并发症。结论生物羊膜应用于复合式小梁切除术可有效、平稳、充分降低眼压,并可促进功能性滤过泡形成,提高手术成功率,且羊膜的应用未见并发症明显增加。     

小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障

目的 报告小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障的患眼术后效果.方法 收集青光眼合并白内障19例,行小切口非超声乳化白内障摘出人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术,观察术后眼压、视力、滤过泡和并发症.结果 术后眼压在14～18mmHg之间,平均为（15.26±1.20）mmHg,与术前眼压有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;术后视力较术前均有不同程度提高,术后视力＜0.05者6眼,0.05～0.3者8眼,＞0.3者5眼;术后滤过泡Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型17眼（89.47％）,为功能型滤过泡,2眼（10.53％）滤过泡不明显;未见严重并发症.结论 小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障是一种安全有效的方法.     

晶状体超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入联合隧道巩膜瓣下小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障

目的 探讨晶状体超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入联合隧道巩膜瓣下小梁切除术治疗青光眼合并白内障的效果及安全性.方法 对青光眼合并白内障52例(52眼)患者行超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入联合隧道巩膜瓣下小梁切除术,术后随访3个月,观察眼压、视力、滤过泡及并发症情况.结果 术后3个月,平均眼压为(14.38±4.37)mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),较术前平均下降10.75mmHg;矫正视力≥0.5者28眼;功能性滤过泡41眼,非功能性滤过泡11眼.术中2眼后囊膜破裂,术后早期11眼角膜水肿、5眼浅前房,术后晚期4眼发生后发性白内障.结论 超声乳化白内障吸出人工晶状体植入联合隧道巩膜瓣下小梁切除术安全有效,视力恢复快,降压效果好,适用于青光眼合并白内障.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Advances in imaging in oculoplastics

Color Doppler imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are the most precious imaging tools for the clinician in the field of oculoplastics. Orbital and facial vasculature, with its dynamic changes and flow velocities seen in orbital varices, carotid-cavernous fistulas, and dural cavernous arteriovenous malformations, is best detected by Color Doppler imaging. Computed tomography remains the dominant imaging modality in the evaluation of orbital trauma. Helical CT axial scanning with multiplanar reconstruction and three-dimensional CT imaging are most helpful in assessing iatrogenic, traumatogenic, and teratogenic orbital abnormalities. Despite its poor histologic specificity, MR imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging has an established role regarding soft tissue tumor infiltration. The greatest value of MR studies in the evaluation of orbital and palpebral tumors is that it has the capacity to show the precise relation between lesions and adjacent structures before the clinician contemplates a surgical approach. Finally, contrast-enhanced MR imaging proved to be a valuable vascularization indicator based upon the extent of relative enhancement within porous orbital implant in anophthalmic socket.     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

Refractive error in children in a rural population in India

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in the rural population of the Mahabubnagar district in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. METHODS: Random selection of village-based clusters was used to identify a sample of children 7 to 15 years of age. From April 2000 through February 2001, children in the 25 selected clusters were enumerated in a door-to-door survey and examined at a rural eye center in the district. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in seven clusters. RESULTS: A total of 4414 children from 4876 households was enumerated, and 4074 (92.3%) were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 2.7%, 2.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 61% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 12%, other causes in 15%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 13%. A gradual shift toward less-positive values of refractive error occurred with increasing age in both boys and girls. Myopia in one or both eyes was present in 4.1% of the children. Myopia risk was associated with female gender and having a father with a higher level of schooling. Higher risk of myopia in children of older age was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.069). Hyperopia in at least one eye was present in 0.8% of children, with no significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive error was the main cause of visual impairment in children aged between 7 and 15 years in rural India. There was a benefit of spectacles in 70% of those who had visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye at baseline examination. Because visual impairment can have a significant impact on a child's life in terms of education and development, it is important that effective strategies be developed to eliminate this easily treated cause of visual impairment.     

Vitrectomy in traumatic cataracts and in the complications of surgery in congenital cataract in children

Vitrectomies were carried out in 35 children with traumatic cataracts and complications of surgery for cataracts, caused by injury to the posterior lenticular capsule and incorporation of its fragments to the vitreous. Complete removal of lenticular rudiments rapidly eliminated phacogenic iridocyclitis and improved visual acuity. Improvement of visual functions was attained in 66.6% cases; in 33.4% cases visual acuity did not change. Hemorrhages to the vitreous cavity occurred in 4 cases with pronounced iridocyclitis; therefore, a corneal approach is preferable for cases with pronounced iridocyclitis.     

Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of refractive error and related visual impairment in school-aged children in an urban population in New Delhi, India. METHODS: Random selection of geographically defined clusters was used to identify a sample of children 5 to 15 years of age. From December 2000 through March 2001, children in 22 selected clusters were enumerated through a door-to-door survey and examined at a local facility. The examination included visual acuity measurements, ocular motility evaluation, retinoscopy and autorefraction under cycloplegia, and examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundus. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hyperopia as +2.00 D or more. Children with reduced vision and a sample of those with normal vision underwent independent replicate examinations for quality assurance in four of the clusters. RESULTS: A total of 7008 children from 3426 households were enumerated, and 6447 (92.0%) examined. The prevalence of uncorrected, baseline (presenting), and best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the better eye was 6.4%, 4.9%, and 0.81%, respectively. Refractive error was the cause in 81.7% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia in 4.4%, retinal disorders in 4.7%, other causes in 3.3%, and unexplained causes in the remaining 5.9%. There was an age-related shift in refractive error from hyperopia in young children (15.6% in 5-year-olds) toward myopia in older children (10.8% in 15-year-olds). Overall, hyperopia was present in 7.7% of children and myopia in 7.4%. Hyperopia was associated with female gender. Myopia was more common in children of fathers with higher levels of education. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced vision because of uncorrected refractive error is a major public health problem in urban school-aged children in India. Cost-effective strategies are needed to eliminate this easily treated cause of vision impairment.