中国门诊高血压患者治疗现状登记研究

目的 了解我国门诊高血压患者血压达标率及其影响因素.方法 采用多中心横断面临床流行病学调查,在我国北京、上海、广州等分布于不同地理位置的22个城市中,选择92家三甲医院,于2009年4月20日至5月31日,对就诊于心内科、肾内科、内分泌科门诊的18岁及以上高血压患者进行流行病学调查,收集研究对象的一般人口学资料、疾病史、患者的血压控制情况、患者的心血管危险因素、患者的降压药物应用情况和患者关于高血压治疗的认知状况等信息.该项目经伦理委员会审核,所有患者签署知情同意.每个中心连续入组至50个及以上的病例.结果 本次共调查5086例患者,其中心内科2032例,内分泌1510例,肾内科1544例.研究对象在各不同科室间的身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)均数及性别、学历构成等均衡;全体研究对象中2和3级高血压分别占27.1%(1380/5086)和25.3%(1285/5086);伴发冠心病、糖尿病和肾功能不全的患者分别占22.4%(1139/5086)、37.2%(1891/5086)和18.4%(936/5086),且伴发疾病的百分比在各科室间不完全相同(P均<0.01).调查人群血压达标率为30.6%(1554/5086)[血压达标标准:糖尿病或肾病患者血压<130/80 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),其他患者<140/90 mm Hg],其中单纯高血压患者的达标率为45.9%,伴发冠心病、糖尿病及肾功能不全时达标率降低,达标率分别为31.3%、14.9%和13.2%.钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)为最常用的降压药物,分别占调查人群所用降压药物的56.6%和32.0%.全体研究对象中,平均服用1.73种降压药物,其中54.1%的患者联合应用2种或2种以上降压药物.起始降压治疗中,采用联合治疗或服用复方制剂的比例较低,分别为8.3%和12.7%.对血压达标产生影响的因素中:不饮酒、公费医疗、无糖尿病史、无肾功能不全史、合用降脂药物、平均就诊时间间隔短、从不漏服降压药物、具有适当体力活动的患者血压达标率高;而BMI增加、有糖尿病史、有肾功能不全史、不合用降脂药物、经常漏服降压药、第1次服用降压药物用药不详等的患者血压达标率降低.结论 China STATUS是中国第一个在三甲医院中进行的大规模、跨科室的多中心横断面临床流行病学调查;我国门诊高血压患者达标率较过去的调查结果有所上升,但仍然较低.BMI增加、伴随疾病、联合治疗比率低、患者依从性差为达标率低的主要原因.因此,提高联合治疗及复方制剂的应用比率,可有助于改善我国高血压控制现状.     

缺血性脑卒中伴高血压患者血压控制状况调查

目的了解缺血性脑卒中患者血压控制及降血压药物使用情况,分析影响降压药物使用的因素。方法选择2014年1~12月连续收住我院神经内科病房的住院且确诊为缺血性脑卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作患者总计740例,将360例复发性脑卒中纳入分析,高血压314例(87.2%),糖尿病142例,对入选患者血压控制及降血压药物使用情况进行调查。结果 314例高血压患者中,血压达标率为28.3%;142例糖尿病患者中,血压达标率为9.2%。314例高血压患者,服用任1种抗高血压药物248例,药物治疗率79.0%,有21.0%未服用任何降压药物。2型糖尿病、冠心病、吸烟、饮酒、服用抗血小板药物与降压药物治疗有关(P0.05)。冠心病(OR=0.275,95%CI:0.094~0.804,P=0.018)及服用抗血小板药物(OR=0.547,95%CI:0.310~0.966,P=0.038)是影响患者降压治疗的独立危险因素。结论缺血性脑卒中患者血压控制达标率与指南要求存在差距,伴糖尿病患者血压控制达标率更不理想,应加强脑卒中患者血压控制。     

时间药理学对冠状动脉介入术后患者夜间血压下降的影响

目的:探讨基于时间药理学降压对冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后患者夜间血压下降的影响。方法:入选2015年7月至2017年7月,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院高血压科门诊中合并轻、中度高血压的PCI术后患者85例。采用简单数字随机法分为传统方法服药组和时间药理学服药组,分别是43例和42例。传统方法服药组[晨起6时服用β受体阻滞剂和血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)]和时间药理学服药组(晨起6时服用β受体阻滞剂和晚间5时服用ACEI)共治疗4周。在基线和治疗4周后进行24h动态血压监测并分析。结果:入选患者年龄43～78岁,4周规范降压治疗后血压控制达标率为80%,分别在在血压达标和未达标患者中进行比较,时间药理学服药组24h平均血压水平和夜间血压下降率方面均较传统方法服药组明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论:PCI术后患者夜间血压升高,依据降压药物时间药理学原则给予治疗能更有效控制患者夜间血压,恢复正常心血管生理节律。     

穴位按摩对老年高血压患者血压及中医证候的影响

<正>目前,我国老年高血压人群的治疗率和血压控制达标率仅为32.2%和7.6%。临床治疗高血压的主要手段是药物降压,但老年高血压患者血压波动大,合并疾病多,药物不良反应增加,大大降低了患者的服药依从性。因此,探寻效果好、安全性高的非药物降压手段意义重大。本研究旨在探究穴位按摩对老年高血压患者血压及中医证候的影响。1资料与方法1.1一般资料选本院2015年1月至2015年10月     

老年高血压患者诊室血压和动态血压达标情况分析

目的探讨老年高血压患者诊室血压和动态血压达标情况及影响因素。方法在参加2010-2011年度健康体检的开滦离退休员工中整群抽取年龄≥60岁的2814人进行动态血压监测,符合入选标准者2464人,分析其中754例服用抗高血压药物的老年高血压患者诊室血压达标(诊室血压140/90mm Hg)和24h动态血压达标(24h平均血压130/80mm Hg)情况。采用Logistic回归分析影响老年高血压患者动态血压不达标的相关因素。结果老年高血压患者754例中,诊室血压达标率19.2%(95%CI16.4%~22.0%),24h动态血压达标率33.6%(95%CI30.2%~37.0%)。诊室血压达标的145例老年高血压患者中,24h动态血压达标率为51.0%(95%CI42.9%~59.1%),男性、体质量指数(BMI)是24h动态血压不达标的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为2.942(1.155~7.498),1.195(1.031~1.386)。诊室血压不达标的609例老年高血压患者中,24h动态血压达标率为29.4%(95%CI25.8%~33.0%),男性、诊室收缩压、BMI是24h动态血压不达标的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.679(1.125~2.506),1.030(1.019~1.042),1.067(1.007~1.130)。结论老年高血压患者诊室血压和动态血压达标率低,男性、BMI、诊室收缩压是影响24h动态血压不达标的危险因素。     

老年高血压患者控制血压现状及相关问题探讨

目的:调查分析广州疗养院疗养员高血压的降压治疗现状、控制率,探讨血压控制不良原因。方法:对778例原发性高血压患者降压药物应用方案进行登记,并观察血压控制情况。结果:高血压服药率96.66%,控制率76.48%,有针对性治疗后血压有显著改善(P<0.05～<0.01)。血压控制不良原因按百分率排列,依次为服用短效降压药(7.5%)、顽固性高血压(7.2%)、依从性差(6.3%)、白大衣高血压(1.7%)、不良行为方式(1.6%)。结论:针对病因的治疗对血压达标有重要意义。     

门诊高血压患者血压控制达标的影响因素

目的研究门诊高血压患者长期血压控制达标的影响因素。方法采用注册登记的研究方法对1012例门诊高血压患者进行调查。统计各级高血压患者的达标率和总达标率,以及各种就诊状态患者的达标率;分析在达标患者中各种药物的使用比例及联合用药情况;应用Logist回归分析得出门诊高血压患者长期血压控制达标的影响因素。结果患者平均年龄(66.2±10.9)岁,男357例,女655例,平均高血压患病时间(11.1±9.7)年,1、2、3级高血压分别占13.9%、38.4%、47.7%;以治疗后血压低于140/80 mmHg为血压达标计算,总体达标率34.4%,其中在心血管专科、内分泌科、普通内科或社区门诊、自购药治疗和无治疗的达标率分别为:71.2%、17.4%、22.6%、11.3%和0。在达标人群中以钙离子拮抗剂(CCB)的使用率最高,1、2、3级高血压患者的使用率分别为62.1%、88.9%、80.8%;β受体阻滞剂(β-B)次之,分别为:37.9%、58.3%、60.3%;血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)分别为:37.9%、23.6%、32.1%;血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)分别为:13.8%、12.5%、17.9%;螺内酯分别为:6.9%、27.8%、33.3%;双氢克尿噻分别为:6.9%、18.1%、35.9%;a受体阻滞剂分别为:0%、1.4%、1.3%。达标人群中1、2、3级高血压患者单药治疗率分别为51.7%、19.4%、12.8%;2药联合分别为:34.5%、33.3%、37.2%;3药联合分别为:10.3%、29.2%、26.9%;4药联合分别为:3.4%、12.5%、15.4%;5药联合分别为:0%、1.4%、6.4%;非西药治疗分别为:0%、4.2%、1.3%。即1级高血压达标的患者中,单药治疗和需2种以上药物治疗的各占一半,76.4%2级及85.9%3级高血压患者需2种以上药物联合治疗才能达标。在2种药物组合中,最常被选用的联合是CCB和β-B联合,占44.4%,其次是CCB和ARB联合,占15.9%。Logist回归分析显示:在心内科随诊、使用CCB、β-B使血压达标的独立促进因素(OR和P值分别是:1.73,0.000;1.81,0.031;1.60,0.054)。结论要使血压达标,一半以上     

中国部分城市医院25 336例门诊高血压患者基础情况和危险分层及降压达标率的调查

目的:了解中国部分城市医院门诊高血压患者的基本情况、危险分层和降压达标率。方法:在北京、上海、广州100家医院,入选年龄35~85岁、性别不限、原发性高血压门诊患者25336例。调查患者生活习惯、疾病史、危险因素、用药情况及检查血压、身高、体重、腰围等。结果:25336例患者,平均年龄(63.6±11.5)岁,男性占51.8%,有心血管病病史占39.2%,糖尿病为20.3%,心房颤动史为9.6%,左室肥厚为19.7%,正在吸烟者为17.6%。基线血压平均(139.3±18.6)/(82.3±12.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);危险分层高危/很高危占72.1%;降压药物使用率占97.7%(其中钙拮抗剂为55%);联合降压治疗占65.1%;血压达标率为39.3%。结论:本组门诊高血压患者为心血管病发生的高危人群,降压药使用率高,但达标率不高。     

住院2型糖尿病患者短期血压控制及影响因素探讨

目的:探讨住院2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者短期血压控制效果及影响因素.方法:169例伴发高血压的T2DM患者给予降压等综合治疗,以出院时血压130/80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)为界限分为达标组(97例)及未达标组(72例),比较2组入院时临床及实验室指标,并通过回归分析观察各种因素对出院时平均动脉压(MAP)水平的影响.结果:全组T2DM入院时收缩压(SBP)为(143±15)mmHg,舒张压(DBP)为(78±8)mmHg,控制达标率仅17.8%;出院时血压达标率57.4%,降压药物种类平均增加0.8种.未达标组患者入院时SBP[(151±15)∶(137±12)mmHg,P<0.01]、DBP[(80±9)∶(77±7)mmHg, P<0.01]均高于达标组,且TC及24 h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAE)显著升高.回归分析显示MAP与入院时SBP、DBP、TC及高血压病程显著正相关,与年龄呈负相关;MAP与UAE显著正相关(r=0.303, P<0.01).并发糖尿病肾病(DN)患者随UAE增多而SBP显著升高,大量蛋白尿者需要多种降压药物联合且血压难以控制.结论:T2DM患者门诊血压控制达标率低,住院短期治疗明显改善了血压控制水平;住院T2DM患者血压控制受入院时血压水平、高血压病程、高胆固醇血症、高UAE等因素影响;UAE增加可能是并发DN患者血压难以控制的直接原因.     

广西医科大学第一附属医院高血压病区建科至今住院高血压患者血压控制率调查

目的高血压是发病率第一位的心血管疾病,严重威胁着人类的生命安全,但是我国高血压存在知晓率低,治疗率低,药控率低的特点,尤其以控制率明显。1991年及2002年我国两次成人血压普查,血压控制率仅为2.8%和6.1%。本文通过对我科建科至今住院原发性高血压病人血压水平、服药情况的调查,了解在接受过系统高血压防治教育的住院病人中血压控制率、服药率情况,以更好的指导社区高血压的防治工作。方法对我科建科至今,资料保存完整且可通过电话随访的584例原发性高血压患者[男276例,女308例,年龄(63.47±13.64)岁],利用我科高血压电话随访系统进行随访,了解患者血压及目前服药情况。结果在584例随访对象中,48名患者未对血压进行监测,占随访患者的8.2%。在监测血压的536例患者中,血压达标(180/110)mm Hg 40例,占随访者的7.5%(男3.0%vs.女10.9%,P>0.10)。坚持规则服药的患者452例,服药率84.3%,坚持服药的患者中血压达标320例,血压达标率70.8%;不服药或不规则服药的患者84例,血压均未能达标。结论经过住院期间系统的高血压防治教育,我科住院原发性高血压病人的服药率、血压达标率、药控率较全国平均水平明显提高。规则服用降血压药物是良好控制血压的途径,系统的高血压防治教育是使病人意识到规则服药重要性的关键,是提高高血压社区防治工作的最好途径。     

Patient satisfaction with antihypertensive therapy

The objective of the study was to assess factors associated with treatment satisfaction among patients receiving antihypertensive therapy. A weighted cross-sectional online survey was conducted with hypertensive patients participating in a chronic disease panel in the US. Patients on monotherapy with medications from the following classes were identified: ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers (BBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and diuretics. The control group included patients without treatment. Pairwise comparisons between groups were conducted for factors that may affect patients' satisfaction. The study population had a mean age of 54.7+/-14.2 years and was 56.7% female. Participants with blood pressure (BP) controlled to JNC 7 guidelines were more satisfied with their medication than those with uncontrolled BP (90.3 vs 71.5%, P<0.05). Patients who had not experienced adverse events had higher satisfaction than patients experiencing adverse events (90.9 vs 75.8%, P<0.05). The most frequently self-reported adverse events were frequent urination, sexual dysfunction, and fatigue ranging from 7.0 to 9.6% across classes. The adverse event rates differed by class and were lowest among the ARBs. Patients on ARBs were the most likely to have switched from a previous antihypertensive class as compared to other classes (57.1% ARBs vs 49.8% ACEIs, 38.7% diuretics, 36.3% CCBs, and 31.7% BBs). Physician recommendation was the most common reason for switching. In conclusion, the ability to effectively treat hypertension depends upon a patient's satisfaction with antihypertensive therapy, which may be improved by achieving BP control and minimizing the occurrence of adverse events.     

Blood pressure in children with chronic kidney disease: a report from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study

To characterize the distribution of blood pressure (BP), prevalence, and risk factors for hypertension in pediatric chronic kidney disease, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline BPs in 432 children (mean age 11 years; 60% male; mean glomerular filtration rate 44 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort study. BPs were obtained using an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by iohexol disappearance. Elevated BP was defined as BP >or=90th percentile for age, gender, and height. Hypertension was defined as BP >or=95th percentile or as self-reported hypertension plus current treatment with antihypertensive medications. For systolic BP, 14% were hypertensive and 11% were prehypertensive (BP 90th to 95th percentile); 68% of subjects with elevated systolic BP were taking antihypertensive medications. For diastolic BP, 14% were hypertensive and 9% were prehypertensive; 53% of subjects with elevated diastolic BP were taking antihypertensive medications. Fifty-four percent of subjects had either systolic or diastolic BP >or=95th percentile or a history of hypertension plus current antihypertensive use. Characteristics associated with elevated BP included black race, shorter duration of chronic kidney disease, absence of antihypertensive medication use, and elevated serum potassium. Among subjects receiving antihypertensive treatment, uncontrolled BP was associated with male sex, shorter chronic kidney disease duration, and absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use. Thirty-seven percent of children with chronic kidney disease had either elevated systolic or diastolic BP, and 39% of these were not receiving antihypertensives, indicating that hypertension in pediatric chronic kidney disease may be frequently under- or even untreated. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers may improve BP control in these patients.     

Antihypertensive drug reduction for treated hypertensive patients during the summer

Seasonal winter–summer variation in blood pressure (BP) has been reported, but there are few reports on the reduction of antihypertensive medication during the summer. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and details of drug reduction during the summer among outpatients. Among 667 patients, 90 patients (13.5%) had their medication reduced during the summer. The highest rate of drug reduction was for diuretics (17.5%). The patients whose medications were reduced (Group R) took a larger number of drugs and more frequently took diuretics compared with the subjects whose medications were unchanged (N = 559; with no reduction or increase in drugs, Group UC). Moreover, both the office BP and morning home BP of the patients in Group R were significantly lower compared with those of the patients in Group UC. These results suggest that doctors tend to reduce antihypertensive drugs to avoid an excessive decrease in BP especially in patients receiving combination therapy including diuretics.     

针刺治疗原发性高血压及获得性因素对降压疗效的影响

目的 观察针刺降压的疗效及获得性因素对降压疗效的影响.方法 选择40例原发性高血压患者,收集患者性别、有无家族史、病程长短、体质量指数(BMI)指数、治疗前后血压等.结果 针刺对收缩压、舒张压均有疗效,且对收缩压的疗效优于舒张压;性别对于针刺降压疗效的影响无统计学意义;无家族史者降压疗效优于有家族史者;病程对针刺降压疗效的影响无统计学意义;BMI指数越小,针刺降压疗效越明显.结论 针刺可有效控制血压,且获得性因素对疗效有一定的影响.     

Blood pressure control in kidney transplantation: therapeutic implications

Post-transplant hypertension remains a significant risk factor for graft loss, but whether or not specific blood pressure (BP) medications affect graft outcome is still unknown. We assessed the interaction between BP control and antihypertensive drugs on graft outcome. We retrospectively examined clinic BP data for 1662 renal transplant (RTx) patients, transplanted between 1994 and 2000 at our centre. The analysis examined all patients who received central alpha-agonists and peripheral alpha-antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). BP recordings during treatment were categorized for each agent. Thus, a particular BP could be categorized for multiple medications. A total of 1462 patients (pts) (88%) were Caucasian and 800 pts (46%) received cadaveric RTx. There were 10.6+/-6.8 BP measurements for each patient post-RTx. CCBs, alone among the classes of antihypertensive drugs evaluated, reduced the risk for graft loss (RR: 0.736; P=0.035) in the overall analysis. Interestingly, stratifying levels of BP control unmasked a beneficial effect on graft survival of ACEI/ARB therapy in individuals with higher levels of systolic (>152 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (>98 mmHg) treated with ACEI/ARBs compared to individuals treated with CCBs (P<0.01 for each). Thus, stabilizing BP is important post-RTx. CCBs are associated with improved rates of graft survival. Their role in a compromised RTx, however, deserves further study. ACEI/ARBs have clear benefits, improving graft survival in individuals with elevated systolic blood pressure and proteinuria. CCBs are not as efficacious in this setting.     

Aortic blood pressure and arterial stiffness in patients with controlled resistant and non‐resistant hypertension

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether aortic blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness are greater in patients with controlled resistant hypertension (RHTN) than controlled non‐resistant hypertension (non‐RHTN) despite similar clinic BP level. Participants were recruited from University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Hypertension Clinic. Controlled hypertension was defined as automated office BP measurement with BP < 135/85 mm Hg. A total of 141 participants were evaluated by pulse wave analysis (PWA) and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV). Among them, 75 patients had controlled RHTN with use of 4 or more antihypertensive medications and 56 patients had controlled non‐RHTN with use of 3 or less antihypertensive medications. Compared to patients with controlled non‐RHTN, those with controlled RHTN were more likely to be African American and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. The mean number of antihypertensive medications was greater in patients with controlled RHTN (4.4 ± 0.8 vs 2.3 ± 0.7, P < .001). Clinic brachial BP, aortic BP, augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index normalized for heart rate of 75 beats per minute (AIx@75) and cf‐PWV were similar in both groups. In summary, there was no significant difference in central BP or arterial stiffness between patients with controlled RHTN and controlled non‐RHTN. These findings suggest that the higher residual cardiovascular risk observed in patients with RHTN after achieving BP control compared to patients with more easily controlled hypertension is not likely attributable to persistent differences in central BP and arterial stiffness.     

医学高知识社区高血压患者血压控制达标状况及影响因素分析

目的:了解医学高知识社区高血压患者目前血压的控制达标状况,分析其影响因素. 方法:对2005-08至2008-08间在北京大学医学部医院就诊的481例高血压患者进行问卷调查.高血压诊断标准按2005年<中国高血压防治指南>:收缩压≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg:0.133 kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg. 结果:在资料完整的458例患者中,血压控制达标者202例,控制率44.1%.其中,60岁以上、不吸烟、高学历者以及大学教师、干部、职员和医护技师的血压控制率均较高(P<0.05～0.01);合并症(包括糖尿病和肥胖)患者血压控制率较低(P<0.01).多因素分析结果表明:年龄、吸烟、是否患糖尿病及治疗前血压水平对血压控制影响显著(P<0.05). 结论:尽管医学高知识社区高血压控制率高于一般社区,但仍远不理想.社区高血压防治除增加医学知识的宣传和普及之外尚需其他创新手段.     

Factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension in patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Introduction and objectives

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent and poorly controlled risk factors, especially in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to describe the rate of blood pressure (BP) control and related risk factors.

Methods

Multicenter, cross-sectional and observational registry of patients with hypertension recruited from cardiology and primary care outpatient clinics. Controlled BP defined as <140/90 mmHg.

Results

55.4% of the 10 743 patients included had controlled BP and these had a slightly higher mean age. Patients with uncontrolled BP were more frequently male, with a higher prevalence of active smokers, obese patients, and patients with diabetes. The rate of controlled BP was similar in patients with or without CVD. Patients with uncontrolled BP had higher levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and uric acid. Patients with uncontrolled BP were receiving a slightly higher mean number of antihypertensive drugs compared to patients with controlled BP. Patients with CVD were more frequently receiving a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis inhibitor: 83.5% vs. 73.2% (P<.01). Multivariate analysis identified obesity and current smoking as independently associated with uncontrolled BP, both in patients with or without CVD, as well as relevant differences between the two groups on other factors.

Conclusions

Regardless of the presence of CVD, 55% of hypertensive patients had controlled BP. Lifestyle and diet, especially smoking and obesity, are independently associated with lack of BP control.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org     

Comprehensive effects of lifestyle reform,adherence, and related factors on hypertension control: A review

Despite the effectiveness of currently available antihypertensive medications, there is still a need for new treatment strategies that are more effective in certain groups of hypertensive and for additional resources to combat hypertension. However, medication non-adherence was previously recognized as a major problem in the treatment of hypertension. The mechanisms behind the positive impacts of lifestyle changes might occur in different ways. In comparison with other studies, the efficacy and effectiveness of lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive pharmaceutical treatment for the prevention and control of hypertension and concomitant cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. However, in this review, the attitudinal lifestyle modifications and barriers to blood pressure control were elaborated on. An effective method for reducing blood pressure (BP) and preventing cardiovascular events with antihypertensive medications has been outlined. Maintaining healthy lifestyle factors (body mass index, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, sodium excretion, and sedentary behavior) could lower systolic blood pressure BP by 3.5 mm Hg and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by about 30%, regardless of genetic susceptibility to hypertension. Conducting a lifestyle intervention using health education could improve lifestyle factors, such as reducing salt, sodium, and fat intake, changing eating habits to include more fruits and vegetables, not smoking, consuming less alcohol, exercising regularly, maintaining healthy body weight, and minimizing stressful conditions. Each behavior could affect BP by modulating visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vascular endothelial function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autonomic function. Evidence of the joint effect of antihypertensive medications and lifestyle reforms suggests a pathway to reduce hypertension.     

Self‐blood pressure monitoring is associated with improved awareness,adherence, and attainment of target blood pressure goals: Prospective observational study of 7751 patients

We investigated whether self‐blood pressure monitoring (SBPM) can improve the control rate of blood pressure (BP), adherence of antihypertensive medications, and the awareness of the importance of BP control in hypertensive patients. A total of 7751 patients who visited the outpatient clinics of private and university hospitals in Korea were given automatic electronic BP monitors and were recommended to measure their BP daily at home for 3 months. Changes in office BP, attainment of target BP, adherence to taking antihypertensive drugs, and awareness of BP were compared before and after SBPM. Patients and physicians were surveyed on their perception of BP and SBPM. Mean BP significantly decreased from 142/88 to 129/80 mm Hg (P < .001), and attainment of the target BP increased from 32% to 59% (P < .001) after SBPM. Drug non‐adherence, which was defined as patient's not taking medication days per week, decreased significantly from 0.86 days to 0.53 days (P < .001). The rate of awareness of the BP goal increased from 57% to 81% (P < .001). Patients estimated that their mean BP was 125/81 mm Hg, but their actual mean BP was 142/88 mm Hg. Awareness about the importance of SBPM increased from 90% to 98%. The rate of SBPM ≥ once per week further increased, from 34% to 96%. In conclusion, SBPM is associated with reduced BP, better BP control rate, greater drug adherence, and improved perception of BP by the patients.