2009年广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染病例病原学监测结果分析

目的了解广西肠道病毒的感染情况,为制定预防和控制肠道病毒感染策略提供依据。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对广西253例疑似肠道病毒感染者咽拭子、疱疹液和粪便标本共505份进行肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型(EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型(CoxA16)核酸检测。结果共检出290份肠道病毒核酸阳性,阳性率为57.43%,其中EV71核酸阳性105份,阳性率为20.79%,CoxA16核酸阳性143份,阳性率为28.32%。结论 505份标本中CoxA16核酸的阳性率高于EV71;疱疹液标本的阳性检出率高于肛拭子、咽拭子、粪便标本的阳性检出率;CoxA16和EV71是引起儿童手足口病的主要病原体,要加强对CoxA16和EV71的的鉴别诊断。开展手足口病流行病学和病原学研究,将有助于提出更好的预防和控制措施。     

2008年广东省儿童手足口病病原学监测

目的监测手足口病的病原体,为预防和控制肠道病毒感染提供依据。方法采集手足口病患儿的粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液进行RT-PCR定性,肠道病毒通用引物阳性的标本进行病毒分离;分离株用EV71和CA16的VP1基因的特异性引物进行RT-PCR鉴定。结果共收集患儿标本443份,肠道病毒通用引物阳性259份;做病毒分离256份,阳性150份,其中粪便158份,病毒分离阳性112份,阳性率为70.89%;肛拭子21份,病毒分离阳性10份,阳性率为47.62%;咽拭子65份,病毒分离阳性26份,阳性率为40.00%;疱疹液10份,病毒分离阳性2份,阳性率为20.00%。结论粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液的分离率有显著差异,粪便分离率最高;EV71和CA16是引起小儿手足口病的主要病原体,死亡病例全部是由EV71病毒引起。     

黔东南州2010年手足口病病原学监测结果

目的:了解黔东南州2010年手足口病流行的主要病原体。方法:采集临床诊断为手足口病病例的咽拭子、粪便或肛拭子、疱疹液采用RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的特异性片段,检测EV71、CA16核酸和非EV71、CA16的其他肠道病毒核酸。结果:2010年4月-2010年11月共检测标本101份,病毒核酸检测阳性50份(49.50%),其中EV71为17.82%;CA16为19.80%;其他肠道病毒阳性为11.88%。101例标本中,从发病至采样0 d~2 d病毒核酸检出率最高(59.68%),其次是3 d~5 d(39.29%)。咽拭子、肛拭子或大便、疱疹液阳性率分别为48.42%、50.00%和100%。结论:黔东南州2010年手足口病流行毒株以肠道病毒CA16和EV71为主。     

2009—2011年上海市宝山区手足口病病原学研究

[目的]探讨2009—2011年上海市宝山区手足口病病原学特征及诊断意义。[方法]2009年3月—2011年12月连续采集手足口病临床诊断病例的咽拭子、大便样本或肛拭子和疱疹液进行肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(coxsackievirus A16,CoxA16)和其他肠道病毒核酸检测。[结果]2009—2011年肠道病毒的总检出率分别为59.00%、72.44%和79.00%,重症(死亡)病例中EV71型肠道病毒的阳性检出率为90.91%,明显高于普通病例(χ2=45.97,P<0.001)和聚集性病例的检出率(χ2=56.85,P<0.001);咽拭子、肛拭子或大便样本、疱疹液、咽漱液标本肠道病毒阳性检出率分别为68.02%、86.67%、71.43%、25.00%;咽拭子标本与肛拭子或大便标本和疱疹液标本检测结果符合率为83.53%和100.00%;发病0~4d肠道病毒核酸检出率为79.73%,5~10d肠道病毒核酸检出率为45.61%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.91,P<0.001)。[结论]2009—2011年宝山区手足口病感染的主要病原是EV71型和CoxA16型肠道病毒,肠道病毒的检出率逐年提升,且每年的优势型别有所不同;手足口病重症(死亡)病例的主要病原为EV71型肠道病毒;咽拭子、肛拭子或大便样本、疱疹液都有较高的诊断价值;病后4d内采集标本对手足口病诊断效果较好。     

手足口病患儿EV71的检测与其临床分析

目的了解仙居县2008年6月-2009年6月儿童手足口病病例不同标本中肠道病毒EV71和CoxA16的感染情况,为手足口病的治疗和预防控制提供依据。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及实时荧光RT-PCR方法,对145例疑似手足口病的咽拭子、疱疹液及脑脊液标本进行手足口致病病毒进行检测,全部取咽拭子145份,49份同时取疱疹液,47份同时取脑脊液,进行EV、EV7I和CoxA16的检测,最后对重症病例的病毒核酸测序,并进行基因分型。结果 145份疑似样品中,39份为肠道通用病毒阳性,其中21份样品EV71阳性,6份样品CoxA16阳性;咽拭子、疱疹液、脑脊液的检出率分别为28.6%、28.6%、12.8%;3例重症病例均只检出肠道病毒EV71,阳性率为100.0%。结论采用咽拭子及其疱疹液标本检出率比较,差异无统计学意义,且阳性检出率高于脑脊液标本,仙居县肠道病毒夏季高发,感染以EV71和CoxA16为主,手足口病重症感染病毒为EV71的C4亚型。     

2008-2010年台州市手足口病病原学监测研究

目的:分析手足口病病原谱变迁和标本类型及采样时间对病原学诊断的意义。方法:自2008年5月-2010年5月连续采集临床诊断为手足口病病例的咽拭子、肛拭子、大便、疱疹液和脑脊液进行EV71、CoxA16等肠道病毒核酸检测。结果:EV71,CoxA16和其他肠道病毒核酸检出率分别为:2008年26.0%,5.2%,9.4%;2009年47.9%,21.4%,4.3%;2010年25.0%,38.6%,6.8%。咽拭子、疱疹液、肛拭子或大便、脑脊液标本检出率分别为65.5%、59.7%、71.4%、0%;咽拭子标本与肛拭子或大便标本检测结果符合率为87.0%,与疱疹液符合率为75.0%;病后当天、病后1~3天、病后4~7天采集的标本检出率分别为83.8%、58.0%、59.7%。结论:2008年5月-2010年5月引起手足口病的主要病原是EV71和CoxA16,但每年病原谱在不断变化;引起手足口病重症病例的主要病原为EV71,未见CoxA16。在病后7天内采集病人咽拭子或肛拭子或大便或疱疹液标本对手足口病的病原诊断无显著差异。     

邵阳市2010年手足口病病原学检测结果分析

目的监测邵阳市手足口病病原情况,为制定预防和控制肠道病毒感染提供依据。比较评价检测方法、标本类型及采样时间对病原学诊断的意义。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR方法和RT-PCR方法,进行EV71、CoxA16和其他肠道病毒的核酸检测。结果肠道病毒阳性率为63.38%,其中EV71阳性率为40.61%,CoxA16阳性率为7.97%,其他肠道病毒阳性率为14.80%。男女阳性率分别为65.07%和59.88%。阳性病例0~岁到5~岁组构成比为97.60%。咽拭子肠道病毒阳性率61.60%,疱疹液肠道病毒阳性率80.0%,粪便或肛拭子肠道病毒阳性率75.0%。重症病例肠道病毒阳性检出率为67.43%,轻症病例标本阳性检出率60.71%。109份标本实时荧光定量PCR和RT-PCR比较结果差异有统计学意义。结论 EV71是引起邵阳市儿童手足口病的主要病原体,男性EV71阳性检出率高于女性,5岁以下儿童是高危人群,春夏季高发,不同类型标本的阳性检出率差异有统计学意义,实时荧光定量PCR阳性检出率高于RT-PCR,重症病例EV71检出率高于轻症病例,要加强对EV71和CoxA16的鉴别诊断,有利于提出更好的预防和控制措施。     

2008年广东省手足口病实验室检测结果分析

目的对广东省2008年手足口病实验室检查结果进行分析,了解2008年广东省手足口病病原学特征,为实验室诊断手足口病提供参考。方法采集2008年4—12月广东省各地送检的292例手足口病患者的粪便、肛拭子、咽拭子、疱疹液和脑脊液等标本426份和98名手足口病病例接触者的粪便、肛拭子和咽拭子等标本98份,应用RT-PCR技术检测样本中的肠道病毒、肠道病毒71型(EV71)、柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)。结果292例手足口病患者的426份各类样本中,检测到肠道病毒阳性267份,EV71病毒特异性基因片段阳性169份,CVA16特异性基因片段阳性36份,EV71和CVA16病毒核酸同时阳性3份。292例手足口病病例中,EV71的检出率较CVA16高,分别为50.68%(148/292)和11.99%(35/292),20例手足口病死亡病例均为EV71感染病例。手足口病病例粪便样本的肠道病毒、EV71和CVA16的检测阳性率最高,分别为76.72%(178/232)、45.26%(105/232)和14.66%(34/232),且在发病9 d后仍能检测到EV71病毒。98名手足口病病例接触者的各类样本中,分别检测...     

一步RT-PCR方法在黑龙江省手足口病病原检测中的应用

目的了解核酸检测方法在黑龙江省手足口病病原谱调查中的应用价值,为疾病防控提供依据。方法在全省范围内收集2009年和2010年疑似手足口病病人疱疹液、咽拭子或肛拭子标本,使用人肠道病毒通用引物、肠道病毒71型(EV71)引物和萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)引物,采用一步RT-PCR方法进行病原核酸检测,进而分析病原构成,并对部分核酸检测阳性标本进行病毒分离。结果 2009年检测标本985份,其中EV71阳性226份、CVA16阳性191份、EV71和CVA16合并阳性3份,其他肠道病毒阳性100份。2010年检测标本1696份,其中EV71阳性354份、CVA16阳性356份、其他肠道病毒阳性188份。两年标本肠道病毒阳性率平均为52.87%,其中EV71和CVA16占阳性标本中病原总数的79.69%。选取353份核酸检测阳性标本进行病毒分离,共获得毒株265株。结论一步RT-PCR方法用于手足口病病原检测稳定、特异、快捷、易于分型,EV71和CVA16是黑龙江省近两年手足口病的主要病原体。     

手足口病患儿不同病程肛拭子中EV71的分离与鉴定

目的 对4例疑似手足口病患儿的肛拭子标本进行EV71的分离与鉴定. 方法 采集患儿不同病程肛拭子17份接种Hela细胞,盲传3代,观察细胞病变;提取RNA,逆转录,设计三对肠道病毒特异性引物PCR扩增细胞培养物上清中的EV71,分离鉴定. 结果 具体样本均能引起Hela细胞产生CPE;细胞培养前肛拭子EV71的RT-PCR阳性检出率为52.9%(9/17),培养后细胞上清的阳性检出率为88.2%(15/17);4例患儿全部诊断为肠道病毒EV71感染引起的手足口病. 结论 病毒分离和核酸检测的联合应用能为肠道病毒EV71的临床诊断提供有力依据;通过病毒分离能提高EV71的核酸检测的阳性率.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.