急性肺动脉栓塞7例临床分析

目的:分析急性肺动脉栓塞(APE)的临床特点、早期诊断的无创检查手段、溶栓及抗凝治疗的疗效,以期降低漏诊率和误诊率,并探讨其早期诊断及治疗方法,以提高患者的存活率及生活质量。方法:回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年1月我院住院的7例APE的临床特点、辅助检查和治疗方案等临床资料。结果:APE的临床表现以呼吸困难最为常见;D-二聚体对APE具有高度敏感性;64排CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)+心脏彩超等检查可明确诊断APE。积极予以溶栓抗凝治疗可降低病死率。结论:APE临床症状多样,临床医生应高度警惕。D-二聚体可作为APE筛选检查;64排CTPA是诊断APE的极为有效方法;及时规范的溶栓抗凝疗法在APE治疗中疗效肯定,副作用少。     

29例急性肺栓塞临床分析

目的分析急性肺栓塞的临床特点,探讨早期诊断、治疗方法。方法分析我院2001年6月-2009年8月收治的29例确诊肺动脉栓塞的临床表现、基础疾病、诊断、治疗经过及结果。结果 29例患者均经CTPA确诊;其中有16例行溶栓、抗凝治疗,9例行单纯抗凝治疗,8例行经静脉导管血栓旋切消融术;死亡4例,死于呼吸循环衰竭;25例治愈或好转。结论 （1）肺动脉栓塞缺乏特异性的临床表现,容易误诊,早期诊断至关重要。（2）心电图、血气分析、D一二聚体、超声心动图、多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）、下肢深静脉多普勒超声等检查都具有各自特点,应合理应用。（3）溶栓及抗凝介入治疗能安全有效地治疗肺动脉栓塞。     

肺结核并发肺栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的探讨肺结核并发肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的诊断与治疗方法。方法分析2002年6月—2005年6月诊治的5例肺结核并发PE病例的临床资料。结果5例患者肺结核并发PE后,咳嗽、咳痰、发热加重,并出现胸闷、胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难,查体为呼吸急促、心动过速。经多普勒超声心动图、螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查明确PE诊断。5例确诊时间均已超过溶栓时间,其中1例转外科手术治疗后应用抗凝药物治疗,余4例均给予抗结核治疗同时抗凝治疗。其中1例未坚持服用抗凝药物,2年后再次复发PE抢救无效死亡,余4例病情好转。结论肺结核可并发PE,因临床症状类似,易延误诊断,错过溶栓时间,PE诊断以影像学检查为主,抗凝治疗是最佳治疗方法。     

肺结核并发肺栓塞的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肺结核并发肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)的诊断与治疗方法.方法 分析2002年6月-2005年6月诊治的5例肺结核并发PE病例的临床资料.结果 5例患者肺结核并发PE后,咳嗽、咳痰、发热加重,并出现胸闷、胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难,查体为呼吸急促、心动过速.经多普勒超声心动图、螺旋CT肺动脉造影检查明确PE诊断.5例确诊时间均已超过溶栓时间,其中1例转外科手术治疗后应用抗凝药物治疗,余4例均给予抗结核治疗同时抗凝治疗.其中1例未坚持服用抗凝药物,2年后再次复发PE抢救无效死亡,余4例病情好转.结论 肺结核可并发PE,因临床症状类似,易延误诊断,错过溶栓时间,PE诊断以影像学检查为主,抗凝治疗是最佳治疗方法.     

急性肺动脉栓塞34例早期诊断及治疗

目的:探讨急性肺动脉栓塞(PTE)的早期诊断与治疗方法。方法:回顾分析34例PTE患者的基础疾病、临床症状、辅助检查在早期诊断中的价值及溶栓和抗凝治疗的重要性。结果:①PTE缺乏特异性临床表现,但临床症状和体征是疑诊的重要线索;②心电图、超声心动图、血气分析、双下肢深静脉核素造影及肺灌注扫描,D2聚体检测,螺旋CT均能够为PTE早期确诊提供相对特征性改变;③早期溶栓及抗凝治疗可有效降低病死率。结论:提高PTE的早期诊断率,尽早溶栓及抗凝治疗,是治疗成功、改善预后的关键。     

肺栓塞36例临床分析

目的探讨肺动脉栓塞的临床诊治方法及效果。方法回顾性分析我院2004年1月-2008年1月收治的36例确诊肺动脉栓塞的临床表现、基础疾病、诊断、治疗经过及随访结果。结果36例患者均经CTPA确诊；其中有5例行溶栓、31例行抗凝治疗；死亡1例，死于溶栓后胸腔大出血、休克；35例患者治愈或好转。结论（1）肺动脉栓塞缺乏特异性的临床表现，容易误诊，应加强认识，早期诊断至关重要。（2）心电图、血气分析、D－二聚体、超声心动图、多层螺旋CT（CTPA、CTV）、下肢静脉彩色超声等检查都具有各自特点，应合理应用。（3）溶栓及抗凝治疗都能安全有效地治疗肺动脉栓塞。     

肺栓塞临床诊断与治疗

目的 :了解肺栓塞 (PE)的病因、症状、体征、诊断及治疗措施。方法 :回顾性分析 2 2例PE患者的年龄、性别、发病原因、临床表现及治疗方法等。结果 :2 2例中接受治疗 2 0例 (90 .9% ) ,其中 2例行导管介入碎栓及溶栓术 ,1例放置下腔静脉滤器 ,1例行肺动脉血栓切除术。治愈或改善 18例 (81.8% ) ,无效 2例 (9.1% ) ,2例未经治疗者死亡。结论 :PE主要由体循环静脉内血栓引起 ,源自下腔静脉系统最常见。PE常因症状无特异性 ,临床易出现误诊、误治。对易感患者应重视预防PE的发生 ,术后或因病卧床的患者早期活动、预防性抗凝治疗等均可有效地降低PE的发病率。对确诊者应立即给予抗凝、溶栓、肺动脉内膜剥脱术或肺动脉介入等相应的治疗。     

74例肺栓塞诊治分析

目的提高对肺栓塞诊疗的认识，减低肺栓塞漏、误诊率。方法回顾性分析2000年6月至2006年11月我院住院诊治的74例肺栓塞患者临床表现、实验室检查、螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）等临床资料。结果易发肺栓塞的因素为下肢深静脉血栓、恶性肿瘤、外科手术及创伤、长期卧床〉1周、高龄等。在诊断过程中，螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）是常用的确诊手段，治疗时积极溶栓、抗凝治疗可降低病死率。结论临床医师只要对疑似肺栓塞病例有高度警惕性，规范化诊断治疗，可明显改善其预后。     

肺栓塞40例临床分析

目的分析2009年2月至2010年2月我科收治的40例肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）患者的临床特征、辅助检查及治疗等,进一步加强对本病的认识。方法选取近一年收治的40例肺栓塞患者的完整临床资料,所有患者均经CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）确诊。结果呼吸困难35例（87.5%）,胸闷32例（80%）,胸痛30例（75%）,心悸23例（57.5%）,咳嗽22例（55%）,咯血15例（37.5%）,发热18例（45%）,晕厥2例（5%）,典型肺梗死三联征4例（10%）,CT肺动脉造影对诊断PE有很好的相关性。下肢深静脉B超示18例（45%）患者有下肢静脉血栓形成,单纯抗凝治疗有效率95%。结论 PE表现缺乏特异性,CT肺动脉造影可以确诊肺栓塞。早期诊断并积极抗凝治疗疗效好。     

肺血栓栓塞症26例诊断及治疗体会

目的探讨肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）临床特点、诊治方法,提高诊断率和治愈率。方法对26例PTE病人临床特点探讨其诊断及治疗方法。结果 PTE临床表现有呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血、发热、晕厥和心悸等;88.5%有低氧血症,92.3%D-二聚体增高;螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）的诊断准确率达100%;溶栓和抗凝治疗总有效率92.3%。结论 PTE临床表现不典型,易误诊,CTPA是确诊PTE的重要方法,溶栓抗凝在治疗中起关键作用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。