支气管动脉畸形的DSA表现及栓塞治疗

目的 探讨支气管动脉畸形大咯血的ＤＳＡ表现，观察栓塞治疗的疗效。方法 采用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术行股动脉穿刺插管，将Ｃ３导管选择性插入支气管动脉，高压注入３８％泛影葡胺，第次总量６￣８ｍｌ，０．５￣１．０ｍｌ／ｓ，行正位ＤＳＡ，分析支气管动脉畸形的ＤＳＡ表现，确诊后用对比剂稀释的明胶海绵粉进行栓塞，随访栓塞疗效。结果 ⑴ＤＳＡ表现：６例患者两侧或单侧支气管动脉主干或（和）分支示增粗、扩张、扭曲、粗     

羟基喜树碱明胶微球肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌

目的：在动物实验的基础上,我们将ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ进行临床研究。材料和方法：选择２６例原发性肝癌采用粒径为１５４μｍ－２００μｍ,用量１５０ｍｇ－４００ｍｇ：如微球加ＭＭＣ（２０ｍｇ）进行肝动脉灌注,平均２．６次。通过观察血清中ＡＦＰ的下降和肿瘤在ＣＴ上最大层面的两相互垂直的最大径的乘积的改变判定其临床效果,可进行了粗略地随访。结果：９３．３％的病人（１４／１５）ＡＦＰ下降在５０％以下。治疗后肿瘤缩小大于５０％者１２例占４６．６％;缩小在２５％－５０％（ＭＲ）７例占２６．９％;缩小（ＰＲ）小于２５％（ＮＣ）５例占２０％;２例增大（ＰＤ）占７．７％。所有治疗的病人临床症状得以好转和生活质量提高,生存期明显延长,全身副作用仅是一过性的。结论：初步临床应用表明：ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ对于ＰＬＣ肝动脉栓塞化疗效果是明显的,是一种良好未梢栓塞剂。     

胸外伤并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征临床分析

目的探讨胸外伤并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征的临床预测及防治。方法对３２例病人的血气、Ｑｓ／Ｑｔ值及创伤性ＡＲＤＳ发生指数进行回顾分析，对呼吸机相关肺炎进行病原菌及药敏分析。结果本组病例早期ＰａＣＯ２（４．２８±０．６９）ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ），ＰａＯ２（７．６９±１．３５）ｋＰａ，Ｑｓ／Ｑｔ值２７．６±９．１，创伤性ＡＲＤＳ发生指数值为－３２．００±１１．５０，机械通气时间平均为６．４天，呼吸机相关肺炎感染菌Ｇ－菌占５１．６０％，Ｇ＋菌占３７．１０％，霉菌占１１．３０％，混合感染为３０．６０％。全组死亡率２８．５２％。结论创伤性ＡＲＤＳ发生指数可作为ＡＲＤＳ发生的早期观测及观察其治疗转归的指标。同时需正确处理多发伤及休克，尽量缩短机械通气时间。呼吸机相关肺炎重在预防及合理应用抗菌药物治疗。     

半乳糖修饰的反义硫代寡核苷酸的肝细胞导向及抗乙型肝炎病毒…

人工合成两种半乳糖多聚赖氨酸导向配体，与荧光素标记的互补于ＨＢＶｍＲＮＡ多聚腺苷酸信号部分的２１－聚反义硫代脱氧核苷酸（ＡＳＯＤＮ）电性结合，与２．２．１５细胞共同孵育，４０ｍｉｎ后配体组对ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢｅＡｇ的抑制率为４１％～４７％和２８％～３１％，单纯ＡＳＯＤＮ组为１１％和５％，３ｄ后配体组为８８％～８９％和７１％～７４％，单纯组为６４％和５３％，经流式细胞分析，配体组使２．２．１５细胞荧光     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝炎后肝硬化并发脾功能亢进

目的 探讨部分脾动脉栓塞术（ＰＳＥ）治疗肝炎后肝硬化并发脾功能亢进的疗效及评价。材料和方法 ４０例经实验室检查诊断为病毒性肝炎，外周全血胞减少，ＣＴ或Ｂ超确诊为肝硬化，脾肿大，采用改良Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ技术，将导管插至脾动脉注入明胶绵颗粒或细条，术后观察外周血细胞改变。引进要４０例中显效３１例，占７７．５％，有效４例，占１０％，无效５例，占１２．５％，总有效率８７．５％，结论 部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗     

缺血性脑卒中超急性期动脉内灌注尿激酶速率的动物实验研究

目的：研究兔缺血性脑卒中超急性期动脉内灌注尿激酶进行溶栓治疗的最佳速率范围。材料与方法：３０只新西兰兔分成５组，均于颈内动脉内注入由全血加凝血酶制成的新鲜血栓混悬液０．２ｍｌ。在动物脑血栓模型建立１～２小时内进行颈内动脉尿激酶灌注溶栓，剂量为４万单位／公斤体重，浓度为８０００单位／亳升。５个实验组的注射速率为Ａ组：０．０１ｍｌ／ｓ；Ｂ组：０．０２ｍｌ／ｓ；Ｃ组：０．０４ｍｌ／ｓ；Ｄ组：０．１０ｍｌ／ｓ；Ｅ组：０．５０ｍｌ／ｓ。溶栓前后分别行血管造影，溶栓术后２４小时行病理检查。结果：５组溶通率分别为Ａ组：０．０％；Ｂ组：８３．３％；Ｃ组：１００．０％；Ｄ组：８３．３％；Ｅ组：０．０％。Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ组的溶通率与Ａ、Ｅ组相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０２５），Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ组之间的溶通率无显著性差异。结论：兔脑血栓形成超急性期动脉内灌注尿激酶进行溶栓治疗的有效速率范围为１６０～８００Ｕ／ｓ，以３２０Ｕ／ｓ左右的注射速率为最佳。     

^125I—碘化油抗癌药与明胶海绵肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌的观察

对２２例不能切除的中晚期原发性肝癌患者，应用＾１２５Ｉ－碘化油抗癌药（阿霉素、丝裂霉素）混合乳剂经导管注入肝动脉，并行明胶海绵栓塞治疗。结果表明，＾１２５Ｉ－碘化油抗癌药乳剂能选择性较长期地滞留在肿瘤区。临床症状均有不同程度的改善，其中９例ＡＦＰ下降，３例转阴性，占５６．２％（９／１６）；１８例肿瘤缩小，占８１．８％（１８／２２），其中４例缩小至一半以下，１例缩小的肿瘤已切除。     

TACE并IL—2／LAK肝动脉灌注治疗晚期肝癌的初步报告

本文采用ＴＡＣＥ并ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ肝动脉灌注治疗晚期肝癌１０例。结果为ＰＲ２例，ＭＲ４例，ＳＤ２例和ＰＤ２例。１０例病人生存期３－１０个月，平均７．８个月。ＩＬ－２／ＡＬＫ灌注后６例ＡＦＰ值明显下降；Ｔ细胞亚群中Ｔｈ数量明显增多，Ｔｓ数量明显显减少，与灌注前比较有显著性差异。ＩＬ２／ＬＡＫ肝动脉灌注未见严重副反应。结果提示ＴＡＣＥ并ＩＬ－２／ＬＡＫ肝动脉灌注为晚期肝癌较好的一种综合治疗方法。     

胸廓内动脉参与肝脏肿瘤供血的影像表现与介入治疗(附6例报告)

观察胸廓内动脉参与肝脏肿瘤供血的影像表现和介入治疗效果。材料与方法４年间发现ＩＴＡ参与肝癌供血６例，经血管造影证实，男性５例，女１例，年龄３６－５２岁，均有超声波与ＣＴ检查资料，３例曾做ＭＲＩ检查。既往均曾行肝动脉化疗栓塞。ＩＴＡ造影用５Ｆ眼镜蛇形导管，对向肿瘤供血的ＩＴＡ分支行栓塞治疗，２例用同轴微导管。     

MRA与CDS对头颈部动脉狭窄或闭塞的对照研究

目的：探讨ＴＯＦ法ＭＲ血管成像（ＭＲＡ）所箜呈闭塞与彩色多普勒超声（ＣＤＳ）所探查的血流状态的关系,为提高ＭＲＡ诊断狭窄或闭塞的准确性提供依据。材料与方法：地３２例脑缺血性疾病患者（１３５支动脉）进行ＭＲＡ和ＣＤＳ的双盲法对照研究,同时以ＤＳＡ为对照标准,对８例患者进行ＭＲＡ、ＣＤＳ的对照分析。结果：在ＭＲＡ诊断的动脉狭窄中,ＣＤＳ表现为高速血流的占５２．５％,低束 流者占４７．５％;ＴＯＦ法ＭＲ     

Sonographic gallbladder wall thickening in children: association with acute hepatitis A.

Sonographic gallbladder wall thickening is a nonspecific finding with numerous causes. It is uncommon in children and usually associated with disease not localised to the gallbladder. Three paediatric cases of sonographic gallbladder wall thickening in association with acute Hepatitis A are presented. Sonographic resolution, coinciding with clinical improvement, occurred in each case without specific therapy or harmful sequelae.     

Assessment of gallbladder function by ultrasound: implications for dissolution therapy

Successful treatment of gallstones by oral dissolving agents depends upon a functioning gallbladder. Thirty-one patients were assessed by oral cholecystography and ultrasound before and after a fatty meal. A correlation was demonstrated between radiological opacification and contraction on ultrasound. It is suggested that assessment of gallbladder function may be made by ultrasound methods alone, and an oral cholecystogram is not necessary prior to dissolution therapy.     

Personal experience in 71 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis

PURPOSE: Acute cholecystitis is one of the most frequent abdominal inflammatory processes. If untreated or misdiagnosed it can result in severe complications such as gallbladder rupture, abscesses, or peritonitis. We retrospectively reviewed a series of 71 consecutive patients with surgical confirmation of acute cholecystitis and now compare the results of the diagnostic techniques we used preoperatively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Over 16 months, 71 consecutive patients (42 women and 29 men; age range: 34-84 years, mean: 58) with acute abdominal pain were operated on for acute cholecystitis at Cardarelli Hospital, Naples. Abdominal plain film was performed in 65 of 71 cases, abdominal US in 69 and abdominal CT in 6. On abdominal plain films, we retrospectively searched the following signs: densities projected over the gallbladder, linear calcifications in gallbladder walls, gallbladder enlargement, focal gas collections within the gallbladder, and air-fluid levels in the gallbladder lumen. On US images we looked for: gallbladder wall thickening (> 3 mm), intraluminal content in the gallbladder, pericholecystic fluid, US Murphy's sign, and gallbladder distension. On CT images, we investigated: gallbladder distension, wall thickening, intraluminal content, pericholecystic fluid, and inflammatory changes in pericholecystic fat. Associated complications of cholecystitis were also searched on all images. RESULTS: On plain abdominal films we found densities projected over the gallbladder (16.9%) and linear calcifications in the gallbladder wall (4.6%). Abdominal US demonstrated gallbladder wall thickening (56.5%), one or more gallstone(s) (85.5%), pericholecystic fluid (14.5%), gallbladder distension (46.4%), and US Murphy's sign (39.1%). Abdominal CT showed gallbladder wall thickening (83.3%), gallbladder distension (66.6%), pericholecystic fluid (66.6%), gallstones (50%), inflammatory changes in pericholecystic fat (33.3%), and increased bile density (> 20 HU) (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: US appears to be the most useful imaging technique in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis, for both screening and final diagnosis. CT plays a limited role in the early assessment of these patients, but can be a useful tool in diagnosing acute cholecystitis in patients with questionable physical findings or in investigating related complications.     

胆囊癌的CT诊断及鉴别诊断(附33例报道)

目的:探讨胆囊癌的CT表现及鉴别诊断.方法:33例经手术病理证实的胆囊癌,对其CT表现进行观察分析.结果:胆囊癌以老年女性多见,临床表现为黄疸及腹部肿块、纳差.CT表现:胆囊区肿块,密度不均,胆囊腔缩小或消失;胆囊壁增厚,呈局限性或弥漫性不规则增厚;胆囊腔内软组织块影;合并胆结石;肝内外胆管扩张;肝脏直接受侵范;肝脏转移,侵犯腹壁,合并腹水.增强扫描可见病灶中度及明显强化.病灶周围及邻近器官侵犯、淋巴结转移更有助于诊断.结论:仔细观察胆囊及其周围结构、邻近器官改变,旨在提高胆囊癌的诊断正确率.     

Cholecystokinin sonography: lack of utility in diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis

It has been postulated that cholecystokinin sonography may be useful in the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in the hospitalized patient. To evaluate this hypothesis, sincalide, a cholecystokinin derivative, was administered to 15 fasting trauma patients who had undergone laparotomy. No biliary or gallbladder disease was found in any patient. Sincalide was slowly administered intravenously, and the gallbladder was examined with ultrasound every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. The average decreases in length, height, and width of the gallbladder were 15%, 23%, and 21%, respectively. In only four of the 15 patients was there a decrease by more than 50% in any of these dimensions. The average decrease in gallbladder volume was 33% (range, 0%-97%), with no change in gallbladder volume in four patients. There is considerable variability in gallbladder response to administration of sincalide in the fasting hospitalized patient. Lack of contraction of the gallbladder after injection of cholecystokinin should not be considered a major criterion in the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis.     

Tc-99m HIDA dosimetry in patients with various hepatic disorders

The pharmacodynamics of Tc-99m dimethyliminodiacetic acid were studied for normal subjects and for patients with a variety of hepatobiliary disorders. It was determined that, in normal subjects, approximately 65% of the gallbladder agent bypassed the gallbladder and was excreted directly from the liver into the small intestine. This bypassing of the gallbladder was even higher in patients with cystic-duct or common-duct obstruction. The radiation burdens to the gallbladder wall and other critical organs were calculated using the dynamic data obtained from patients with a variety of gallbladder disease. The dose to the gallbladder wall was found to be significantly lower than previously reported. Gallbladder ejection and clearance characteristics when stimulated by food intake were studied for normal subjects. Dosimetry calculations demonstrated a fivefold reduction of absorbed dose to the gallbladder wall when the gallbladder was stimulated to contract using a fatty meal. Accordingly, a fatty meal is recommended for patients at the end of all gallbladder imaging studies.     

胆囊癌18例CT诊断分析

目的探讨胆囊癌的CT表现,旨在提高胆囊癌的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的18例胆囊癌的CT表现。结果胆囊壁增厚型3例,腔内结节型6例,肿块型9例,合并肝脏及其他脏器受侵、肝脏及淋巴结转移、肝内外胆管扩张、胆囊结石等间接征象。结论 CT在胆囊癌的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的作用,但存在一定的局限性;细心分析胆囊及其周围的结构、器官的改变,有助提高胆囊癌的CT诊断水平。     

Gallbladder disease in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

We evaluated the gallbladders of 121 patients who had well-documented primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sonograms, cholangiograms, and CT scans were reviewed, and the findings were correlated with surgical or autopsy findings, when available. Pathologic examination of the gallbladder was available in 55 (45%) of the 121 patients; of these, 49 (89%) had abnormal gallbladders. Ninety-three of the 121 patients had one or more radiologic examinations of the gallbladder: 77 had sonograms, 80 had cholangiograms, and 18 had CT scans. Seventy-five (62%) of the 121 patients had abnormal gallbladders on histologic examination or had positive findings on one or more imaging study. By excluding 25 patients who had histologic changes of borderline significance and/or patients who had thick-walled gallbladders attributable to end-stage liver disease, we concluded that 50 (41%) of the 121 patients had intrinsic abnormalities of the gallbladder. Thirty-two (26%) had gallstones, 18 (15%) had probable primary sclerosing cholangitis involving the gallbladder, and five (4%) had benign or malignant neoplasms. Our study indicates that gallbladder abnormalities are common among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, and sonography is the most useful technique for evaluating these conditions.     

Physical characteristics of gallstones removed at cholecystectomy: implications for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

The criteria by which patients are selected for new, nonsurgical forms of gallstone therapy will influence the use of these techniques. We estimated the number of patients with gallbladder stones who are potentially suitable for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy according to the current Food and Drug Administration protocol for the United States trials of the Dornier gallbladder lithotriptor. Exclusion criteria include patients with (1) more than three stones, (2) stones less than 0.5 cm or more than 3.0 cm in diameter, (3) radiopaque stones, and (4) a nonfunctioning gallbladder. The gallbladder contents in 100 consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy were analyzed according to the number, size, and calcium content of the stones as determined by specimen radiographs. Because none of these patients underwent preoperative oral cholecystography, an estimated percentage of functioning gallbladders was taken from the literature. Preoperative symptoms were not considered in determining a patient's eligibility for gallbladder lithotripsy. On the basis of these criteria, we estimated that 85% of our surgical patients would have been excluded from extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy according to the current Food and Drug Administration protocol for the Dornier gallbladder lithotriptor.     

Percutaneous chemical gallbladder sclerosis after laser-induced cystic duct obliteration: results in an experimental model.

OBJECTIVE. Chemical gallbladder sclerosis has been attempted as a way to defunctionalize the gallbladder in patients who have undergone nonsurgical removal of gallstones and who are unable to undergo surgical/laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The purpose of this investigation was threefold: to study an animal model for chemical sclerosis of the gallbladder with 95% ethanol and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate, to attempt chemical sclerosis immediately after percutaneous cystic duct obliteration by laser thermocoagulation, and to assess histopathologic changes in the gallbladder after sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Percutaneous cholecystostomy and laser thermocoagulation of the cystic duct was performed in 13 pigs. Eight pigs underwent immediate gallbladder sclerosis with 95% ethanol and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate while two pigs received 95% ethanol only. The remaining three pigs served as controls. The cholecystostomy catheter was removed immediately after the procedure. All animals were sacrificed 6 weeks after laser thermocoagulation. Multiple sections through the gallbladder, which included the adjacent liver, the cystic duct, and the common bile duct, were obtained for histologic examination. RESULTS. At autopsy, the gallbladder in all 10 animals who underwent gallbladder sclerosis was reduced in size compared with controls. In all treated animals, the gallbladder mucosa was denuded; however, in nine of 10 cases reepithelialization had occurred. Complete sclerosis without reepithelialization was achieved in one pig who received both ethanol and sodium tetradecyl sulfate. In the two animals who received ethanol only, the depth of wall necrosis around the gallbladder lumen was less than in those pigs who received both ethanol and sodium tetradecyl sulfate. No pigs showed signs of hepatic necrosis or injury to the common bile duct. CONCLUSION. Cystic duct laser thermocoagulation allows immediate gallbladder sclerotherapy without injury to the common bile duct. Sclerosis with ethanol and sodium tetradecyl sulfate results in denudation of the gallbladder mucosa. However, a single therapeutic session with immediate removal of the cholecystostomy catheter was inadequate for gallbladder ablation in this model because of reepithelialization.