Cuff电极长期植入性能初步研究

目的：研究Cuff电极长期植入性能。方法：在狗面神经颧支周围植入Cuff电极，通过这个植入电极，分别在14天、6月后提取自然发生的神经电信号，比较分析其信号的差异性；通过组织形态学的方法，在Cuff电极植人后6个月观察分析周围有电极植入的神经段落的组织形态学变化，以分析植入电极对神经的影响。结果：通过植入的Cuff电极，在电极植入后14天、6月均能提取出能反映眨眼动作发生的神经信号，所提取到的自然睁眼状态下的神经信号在幅值（RMS）和频率（MPF）方面没有明显的变化。长期植入Cuff电极的神经，未发现有明显的损伤性形态改变。结论：Cuff电极适合作为长期植入体使用。可以提取到稳定的神经电信号，对于所附着神经不会产生明显的损伤，提示这种植入电极的应用具有可逆性。     

面神经颧支的解剖及临床应用进展

正面神经为混合性神经,包含4种纤维成分,其中特殊内脏运动纤维主要支配面肌运动,构成面神经颅外部分,面神经颧支是面神经五大分支之一,该神经主要支配颧大肌、颧小肌、眼轮匝肌等~([1])。熟悉面神经颧支的走行层次、分支及其与周围组织结构的关系,对于除皱术中避免面神经颧支损伤,以及在腮腺切除术和治疗面瘫时行跨面神经移植术中准确寻找颧支有重要意义。目前解剖学教材对颧支缺乏详细描述,国内外关于颧支的研究报道尚不多见且达成共识的方面较少~([2-3])。随着美容与整     

面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点及临床意义

目的:观测面神经颞支在眼轮匝肌上部的分布特点。方法:9例福尔马林固定的成人尸头,18侧,在腮腺内解剖出面神经主干,追踪解剖颞支从腮腺至进入眼轮匝肌处。分别测量进入眼轮匝肌的颞神经最上分支和最下分支点到以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标的垂直和水平距离。结果:颞支的分支在进入眼轮匝肌外缘(以外眦为坐标点)的最上分支为( 2.58±0.32cm, 2.89±0.32cm),最下分支为(0 cm, 2.81±0.32 cm)。Y轴上颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为在以外眦、睑裂中部、内眦为坐标点的颞神经最上分支和最下分支距X轴的距离分别为(3.53±0.39)cm和(1.14±0.15)cm,(3.87±0.38)cm和(1.26±0.10)cm,(3.22±0.39)cm和(1.02±0.14)cm。面神经颞支的分支沿眼轮匝肌纤维水平向内走行并相互分支吻合。在Y LC轴、Y MP轴、Y MC轴上分别距X轴(1.14±0.15)cm、(1.26±0.10)cm、(1.02±0.14)cm三点弧形连线以下的区域,无面神经分支分布。结论:在无面神经分布的区域,切开眼轮匝肌纤维不会损伤面神经;在眼轮匝肌深面的筋膜脂肪层进行分离可以避免面神经分支的损伤。     

面神经颞支的应用解剖

目的确定面神经颞支的数量、走行和分布情况,为涉及面侧区和颞区的美容外科手术提供解剖学资料。方法解剖33具(66侧)成人尸体标本,探明颞支支数及走行;测量面神经颞支各分支越过颧弓下缘、外眦角等部位的距离。结果面神经颞支有4个分支,分别称为颞支Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ。除颞支Ⅳ经腮腺前缘浅出外,其余均经上缘浅出。浅出后它们立即到达颧弓浅面,其中颞支Ⅰ主要发支到达额肌深面;颞支Ⅱ主要到达额肌与眼轮匝肌交界部深面。颞支Ⅲ、Ⅳ主要发支到达眼轮匝肌深面。测量得到面神经颞支各分支越过颧弓下缘处距外眦角的距离男性分别为3.8cm、3.5cm、2.9cm、和2.8cm;女性分别为3.6cm、3.3cm、2.7cm、2.6cm。面神经颞支各分支发出部位距颧弓下缘的距离男性分别为3.0cm、3.8cm、4.0cm、4.2cm;女性分别为2.7cm、3.3cm、3.3cm、3.7cm。结论面神经颞支根据性别具有基本确定的走行及分布,为相关的美容外科手术提供了解剖学依据。     

基于眼电的阅读状态检测研究

目的阅读是一种重要的认知过程,可通过眼动检测实现观测。基于眼电的阅读检测算法可应用于不同的阅读行为和注意力水平的自动检测。方法通过提取阅读时水平眼电信号的特征以有效识别阅读活动。首先使用数学形态学对原始水平眼电信号进行平滑处理,去除眨眼和肌电等干扰。平滑后的眼电信号进行差分处理,然后提取出阅读时的水平眼电信号的特征,进行识别分类,从而判断出受试的阅读情况,并与实际的阅读状态进行比较。结果对阅读状态和非阅读状态时间段的分析结果显示,数学形态学和阈值法相结合的方法对眨眼和肌电等噪声的抗干扰能力较强,可有效识别出阅读活动,平均检测率为75％。结论数学形态学和特征提取相结合的方法能较好地提取出眼球的活动信息,应用于日常的阅读活动识别中。     

家兔面神经颅外段的显微解剖

目的　探讨家兔面神经颅外段的主干及分支特点。 方法　健康家兔15只,在显微镜下解剖家兔面神经,并对其形态特点进行观测。 结果　家兔面神经出茎乳孔后分出耳后支、二腹肌支、茎突舌骨肌支及面神经主干。兔面神经主干在面部的分支有颞支、颧支、颊支、下颌缘支和颈支,其中颧支与颊支关系密切,走行过程中合成一干,然后在口角后缘分离。 结论　家兔面神经颧支与颊支在耳廓下缘前部位到口角后缘之间,分支少,神经干较粗,便于进行面神经缺损修复动物模型的建立。     

除皱术中以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支的解剖学基础

目的探讨以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支解剖学依据.方法选用防腐固定1 0例(20侧)新鲜标本5例(10侧),解剖观察颞浅动脉额支的走行分布及其与颞支的毗邻关系.结果①56.7%的颞支及其终末分支均走行在颞浅动脉额支下方的颞浅筋膜深面.②43.3%的颞支1～2终末分支可在眶上缘水平以上与颞浅动脉额支平行或交叉走行在其深面,终止于额结节下方.③颞支在颧弓上缘与颞浅动脉起始部的距离为(0.7±0.3)cm,走行过程中逐级发出分支分布于眼轮匝肌外侧部,最后呈网状分布于额结节下方的眼轮匝肌与额肌交汇处,支配眼轮匝肌、额肌、皱眉肌.结论以颞浅动脉额支、颧弓和经过额结节的矢状线所围成的三角形可简便直观地定位颞支的分布,在除皱术中具有实际的应用意义.     

基于深度收缩自编码网络的飞行员疲劳状态识别

针对飞行员疲劳状态识别的复杂性,本文基于脑电信号提出一种新的深度学习模型。一方面,利用小波包变换对飞行员脑电信号进行多尺度分解,提取了脑电信号的四个节律波段:δ波(0.4~3 Hz)、θ波(4~7 Hz)、α波(8~13 Hz)和β波(14~30 Hz),将重组的波段信号作为纯净的脑电信号。另一方面,提出一种基于深度收缩自编码网络的飞行员疲劳状态识别模型,并与其他方法进行比较。实验结果显示,针对飞行员疲劳状态识别问题,所建立的新的深度学习模型具有很好的识别效果,识别准确率高达91.67%。因此,研究基于深度收缩自编码网络的飞行员疲劳状态识别具有重要意义。     

面神经颞支的应用解剖学研究

目的:为预防额颞区手术和翼点入路的颅内手术损伤面神经颞支提供解剖学资料。方法:60侧成人头部标本,解剖观测面神经颞支的分支、行程及层次。结果:(1)面神经颞支多为2~4支,占95.00％(57侧)。(2)面神经颞支离开腮腺上缘后向前上走行,从颧弓浅面跨过进入额颞区,后走行于浅筋膜和颞筋膜浅层之间;在腮腺上缘及颧弓上缘处面神经颞支的最后1支距耳屏尖的距离分别为(23.79±0.27)mm和(30.67±0.37)mm。结论:面神经颞支入肌前在颧弓以下一段位置较深、以上表浅。从耳屏尖向前23mm范围内无该神经通过,为手术安全区。     

基于手臂表面肌电信号的智能小车控制系统

研究一种基于手臂表面肌电信号的智能小车控制系统。当左臂做出曲臂、左勾、右勾、自然下垂四种动作时,小车将完成前进、左转、右转、停止四种运动状态。手臂表面肌电信号采集模块通过三个单通道肌电信号传感器采集左臂四种动作下的肌电信号并进行预处理;在信号识别及指令编码模块对肌电信号进行分类识别,识别出手臂的不同动作,并编码出对应的控制指令。通过无线传输模块把控制指令传输给智能小车控制模块;智能小车控制模块根据控制指令驱动电机转动,从而实现对小车运动状态的调控。实验证明,本智能小车控制系统信号识别率高,延迟小。     

Skin reference point for the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle (anatomical study)

Purpose

Direct access to the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve in the parotid is less invasive and more selective than first dissecting the nerve trunk and then finding the branches. The aim of this study was to confirm the point of reference on the skin which would give direct access to the zygomatic branch for the orbicularis oculi muscle. The skin reference point studied was on the intertragic notch/external canthus line, 2.5 cm in front of the intertragic notch.

Methods

Ten fresh cadavers, and thus 20 sides of faces were dissected. The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervating the orbicularis oculi muscle was accessed directly. The dissection was extended to temporofacial and cervicofacial branches and then to the trunk of the facial nerve by a retrograde path in the parotid.

Results

Twenty dissections of the parotid area confirmed the validity of the anatomical reference point of the zygomatic branch for the orbicularis oculi muscle considered.

Conclusions

The simplicity and reliability of this landmark is important in clinical practice and has numerous potential applications in surgery for rehabilitation of facial paralysis associated with VII healthy and VII affected neurorraphies, in facial paresis for superneurotizations and in traumatology.     

Anatomical study of the variations in innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve

While the divisions of the facial nerve in the face are well known, the innervation of the orbicularis oculi by the different distal branches of the facial nerve is poorly described. To determine which branches of the facial nerve play a role in this innervation, the facial nerve was dissected in 30 fresh cadavers. The innervation of this muscle was in the form of two plexuses, a superior one, most often (93%) formed by the union of the temporal and superior zygomatic branches, and an inferior one, usually formed (63%) by the union of the inferior zygomatic and superior buccal branches. This new mode of innervation explains how, without damage to both plexuses, innervation of orbicularis oculi by the facial nerve remains functional. It also explains the often unsatisfactory results of treatment of primary blepharospasm, and the unusual character of palsies of this muscle in cervicofacial lifts.     

Botulinum toxin paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Types and time course of alterations in muscle structúre physiology and lid kinematics

In chronically prepared guinea pigs, we investigated the time course of botulinum toxin A's (Bot A) effect on the blink reflex by monitoring lid movements and EMG activity prior to and after Bot A injection into the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOemg), or after nerve crush of the zygomatic nerve. We correlated these alterations with the morphological changes of the orbicularis oculi (lid-closing) muscles of the same animals. After Bot A treatment there was a profound reduction of OOemg activity and blink amplitudes as well as a slowing of maximum blink down-phase velocity. Blink up-phases, however, remained unchanged. Gradual recovery of OOemg magnitude and blink amplitude started around day 6; a functioning blink reflex appeared on day 21, and full recovery of blink amplitude occurred by day 42. Crushing the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve produced similar changes in blink parameters, but recovery was much more rapid (15 days) than for Bot A-treated guinea pigs. The morphological analysis demonstrated that Bot A produced a denervation-like atrophy in the orbicularis oculi. No fiber type-specific alterations were noted, and all muscle fiber types ultimately recovered, with no long-standing consequences of the transient denervation. Our findings support the notion that functional recovery was the result of preterminal and terminal axonal sprouting that subsequently re-establishes functional innervation. Moreover, differences between the present findings and those seen after injection of Bot A into the extraocular muscles strongly support the hypothesis that the composition in terms of muscle fiber type and the properties of the motor control system of a given muscle greatly influence both how the particular muscle responds to toxin injection, and how effective the toxin is in resolution of neuromuscular disorders that affect a particular muscle. The present findings were consistent with clinical observations that Bot A produces only temporary relief in patients with essential blepharospasm. It is likely that the efficacy of Bot A in treatment of blepharospasm could be improved by using agents that suppress terminal sprouting. The close correspondence of the changes in blink physiology between human patients and guinea pigs after Bot A treatment demonstrate that the guinea pig is an excellent model system for testing strategies to prolong the beneficial effects of Bot A treatment in relieving lid spasms in human subjects.     

Effect of congenital blindness on EMG activity of the facial muscles

The aim of this work was to analyze electromyographically the facial muscles: orbicularis oris (upper and lower fascicles), orbicularis oculi (right and left lateral portions) and frontal, in blind and clinically normal (control) individuals, in various clinical conditions. Electromyographic averages of all data collected were normalized by maximal voluntary contraction of the studied muscles and statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test, using "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences" software--SPSS 12.0 (Chicago, IL). It was found that electromyographic alterations occur in the facial musculature that influences facial expressions of individuals. Results for the orbicularis oris muscle demonstrated that myoelectric activity among blind and control subjects was greater for the control group at muscular rest, blowing, and in labial projection. Electromyographic analysis of the orbicularis oculi among blind and control subjects in three clinical conditions studied demonstrated that activity was greater for the control group at muscular rest, blinking, and forced blinking. For the frontal muscles were demonstrated that electromyographic activity was greater for blind individuals. These data suggest the influence of congenital blindness on muscular development, including alterations in electromyographic activity of skin musculature in individuals with visual impairment.     

Myoelectric signals of levator palpebrae superioris as a trigger for FES to restore the paralyzed eyelid

Some closed loop FES systems have been designed to restore the blinking function of facial paralysis patients. All of them used myoelectric signal of orbicularis oculi at the normal side as the trigger to stimulate the paralyzed side. They were limited to the one side facial paralysis. Here we proposed that the myoelectric signal of levator palpebrae superioris could be used as the trigger to stimulate the paralyzed orbicularis oculi. Because the levator palpebrae superioris and the innervating nerve are intact, the myoelectric signal of the paralyzed side still could be used as the trigger. It will be more acceptable for the patients and have the potential to resolve the bilateral facial paralysis.     

Variability in facial‐muscle innervation: A comparative study based on electrostimulation and anatomical dissection

Facial‐nerve palsy is the most common complication during facial surgery. However, there are few detailed reports on the distribution of the terminal branches of the facial nerve to the mimetic muscles. This also applies to the communicating branches. The aim of our study was to assess the variability of communicant and terminal branches of the facial nerve in humans. This prospective study involved anatomical dissections and intraoperative electric stimulation of facial nerves. We first performed 30 dissections to define the branching patterns of the extracranial facial nerve, with particular focus on the penetrating points into the mimetic muscles. We then studied and compared these preliminary data with 14 operative facial stimulations conducted during parotidectomies. Each trunk and branch received systematic electrostimulation. The electrostimulation and facial‐and‐neck movements were analyzed by two independent reviewers. The peripheral branching and intercommunication of the facial branches were highly variable. Combining electrostimulation and dissections, the frontalis muscle, the depressor labii inferioris and the platysma showed little nerve recuperation whereas the sphincter muscles (orbicularis ori and oculi) were anatomically protected. Facial‐muscle innervation differed among individuals. We found complex variations in the facial branching mode. Our study highlights the branches and corresponding areas that could be considered anatomically risky. Clin. Anat. 32:169–175, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Role of proprioception in the control of lid position during reflex and conditioned blink responses in the alert behaving cat

The contribution of the orbicularis oculi muscle to the determination of lid position, and the putative role of eyelid proprioception in the control of reflex and conditioned eye blinks, were studied in alert behaving cats. Upper lid movements and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded during reflexively evoked blinks and during the classical conditioning of the eyelid response. Blinks were evoked by air puffs, flashes and electrical stimulation of the supraorbitary branch of the trigeminal nerve. Eyelid responses were conditioned with a trace classical conditioning paradigm consisting of a short, weak air puff, followed 250 ms later by a long, strong air puff. Orbicularis oculi muscle activation during reflex blinks was independent of lid position and was not modified by the presence of weights acting in the upward or downward directions. Local anesthesia of the supraorbital nerve reduced blinks evoked by air puffs applied to the lower jaw, but did not affect flash-evoked blinks. No relationship was established between initial lid position and the first downward component of conditioned eyelid responses. In contrast, initial lid position was related to the first upward component of the same conditioned response.

It is concluded that orbicularis oculi motor units receive no feedback proprioceptive signals from the eyelid, other than those coming from cutaneous receptors, and that lid position is determined by the activity of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. The lack of sensory information about lid position in facial motoneurons probably has some functional implications on the central control of cognitive and emotional facial expressions.     

Two somatic eyelid reflexes in the albino rat

Eyelid responses to air puffs directed at the cornea of the rat are shown to result from the activation of two reflexes. A brief early component of the response results from stimulation of the eyelids, especially the eyelashes. The larger, later component is initiated by stimulation of the cornea. Branches of the trigeminal nerve comprising the afferent limbs of the two reflexes were identified in physiological experiments by selective denervation of the upper eyelid, the lower eyelid, or globe, and by anatomical procedures. Responses of single orbicularis oculi motoneurons, recorded from a dorsal group of cells in the facial nucleus, indicate that both reflexes are served, in part at least, by the same motoneurons. A pause of contraction in responses to air puffs when spontaneous activity is present suggests that orbicularis oculi has Golgi tendon organs. The early response of the eyelash reflex habituates and differs in this respect from the early component of the human orbicularis oculi reflex.