脑卒中脑血管血液动力学积分异常危险因素的病例-对照研究

目的探讨卒中危险因素对脑血管血液动力学指标（CVHI）的影响。方法病例．对照研究。整群抽取55-64岁社区人群1225人进行卒中危险因素调查和脑血管血液动力学指标检测，其中252人CVHI积分值〈75分作为病例组，973人CVHI积分值t〉75分作为对照组。估算危险因素的优势比（OR）。结果单因素分析提示，高血压、糖尿病、超重的OR值及其95％可信区间（C1）分别为4．50（3．32-6．09），2．42（1．06-5．48），3．42（2．544．60）。病例组与对照组差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。病例组的收缩压、舒张压和体质指数高于对照组，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；多因素分析显示，纳入Logistic回归模型的因素为高血压病史、糖尿病病史、体质指数、吸烟史、年龄和性别。结论影响脑血管血液动力学积分的危险因素是高血压病史、糖尿病病史、体质指数、吸烟、年龄和性别。     

脑血液动力学指标和卒中危险因素与卒中患病风险的巢式病例对照研究

目的探讨脑血管血液动力学指标 (CVHI)和卒中危险因素与卒中发病风险的关系。方法用巢式病例对照研究设计 ,选择东北等地区队列人群中新发生的 4 5 9例卒中患者及随机选取同等数量的对照组 ,估计 CVHI积分值降低和卒中常见危险因素暴露与卒中发病的风险。结果单因素分析显示 :CVHI、高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、卒中家族史、高血压病家族史、饮酒史和吸烟史的优势比 (OR值 )分别为 3.89、2 .83、1.5 5、1.5 6、1.85、1.75、1.2 8和 1.36 ,除糖尿病史和饮酒史外 ,其余因素与卒中均有显著的病因学联系 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,CVHI积分值的降低与卒中发病风险增加具有显著的剂量反应关系。多因素 L ogistic回归分析显示 ,被筛选进入方程的因素分别为 :CVHI积分、高血压病史、卒中家族史和吸烟。结论脑血液动力学积分值降低、高血压病史、卒中家族史和吸烟是卒中的独立危险因素 ,CVHI积分值与卒中风险具有显著的剂量反应关系。     

脑血流动力学与缺血性卒中发病风险的关系

目的探讨脑血管血流动力学指标（CVHI）积分与缺血性脑卒中发病风险的关系。方法以巢式病例-对照研究设计,选择东北地区队列人群中新发生的151例缺血性卒中病例为研究对象,并将年龄、性别作为匹配条件,在同一人群中随机选取同等数量的非卒中个体为对照,分析和比较CVHI积分值降低及卒中常见危险因素暴露与缺血性卒中发病的风险。结果单因素分析显示,CVHI积分、高血压病史、心脏病史、卒中家族史与缺血性卒中发病风险具有显著的病因学联系（P〈0.05）,其OR（95%CI）分别为6.75（3.93～11.62）、3.44（2.01～5.90）、1.77（1.01～3.10）、2.04（1.12～3.72）。CVHI积分值与缺血性卒中发病风险具有显著的剂量反应关系,随积分值降低,发病风险上升（趋势χ^2=48.48,P=0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,被筛选进入方程的因素分别为CVHI积分、高血压病史、卒中家族史,其中CVHI作用最强,OR（95%CI）为6.122（3.474～10.789）。结论CVHI积分值降低与缺血性卒中发病风险增加密切相关,可能是其独立的预测因子。     

上海市奉贤社区脑卒中危险因素队列研究基线调查和随访分析

目的 了解上海市奉贤社区脑卒中危险因素暴露水平并探讨各危险因素与脑卒中发病间的关系.方法　2003与2004年整群抽取上海市奉贤区两个社区≥40岁本市户籍常住人口10 565人建立脑卒中队列研究人群,调查高血压病、心脏病、糖尿病、脑卒中家族史、吸烟、饮酒等危险因素暴露状况,并进行脑血管血液动力学指标(CVHI)检测,以统一方法对CVHI进行积分,积分值＜75分为异常,随访脑卒中新发病例共78例,对研究因素进行单因素和多因素Cox回归分析.结果　2003年基线调查显示,该社区高血压病、心脏病、糖尿病、脑卒中家族史、肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m2)、吸烟、饮酒、CVHI积分异常等八项的暴露率分别为21.14%、6.72%、1.88%、5.63%、4.17%、34.96%、17.81%、29.43%.通过2-3年脑卒中病例随访,单因素分析显示,这八项的相对危险度(RR)及其95%CI分别为:高血压病2.76(1.76～4.32)、心脏病2.19(1.16～4.14)、糖尿病1.52(0.38～6.19)、脑卒中家族史1.58(0.69～3.62)、肥胖1.24(0.45～3.38)、吸烟1.75(1.12～2.73)、饮酒2.10(1.30～3.39)、CVHI积分异常12.72(7.02～23.06).多因素Cox回归分析显示,被筛选进入回归方程的因素是吸烟和CVHI积分异常.结论 高血压病、心脏病、吸烟、饮酒、CVHI积分异常与脑卒中发病有显著的病因学联系,CVHI积分异常和吸烟是脑卒中独立的预测因子.     

上海市农村社区人群脑卒中危险因素分析与危险度评估

[目的]分析和评估农村社区≥40岁人群的脑卒中危险因素暴露状况及危险度,描述其人群分布特征。[方法]以现况研究设计,整群抽取上海市某农村社区≥40岁人群10565人,进行卒中危险因素调查和脑血管血液动力学指标(CVHI)检测,并以统一的方法对CVHI进行积分。分析研究人群的卒中危险因素暴露情况,描述脑血管血液动力学积分值的人群分布特征,并以其评估卒中危险度。[结果]高血压病、心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、卒中家族史、吸烟和饮酒的暴露率男性分别为37.04%、5.67%、1.71%、4.12%、5.72%、83.0%和42.1%,女性分别为35.35%、7.48%、2.01%、4.21%、5.57%、0.1%和0.2%,上述因素除男性糖尿病外男、女组间差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);高血压病和心脏病的暴露率、收缩压水平随年龄增长而上升,体质指数(BMI)和CVHI积分值随年龄增长而呈下降趋势(P﹤0.01);卒中危险度上升至5倍、7倍和14倍者男性分别为13.30%、6.64%、5.78%,女性分别为16.22%、8.56%、7.34%,男、女组间差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。随年龄增长脑卒中的危险度明显增加。[结论]社区40岁以上人群卒中危险因素暴露存在年龄和性别分布差异,高血压暴露率较高。25%以上的人群血液动力学积分值降低,卒中风险明显增加。     

脑血管血液动力学积分与脑卒中风险的队列研究

目的　探讨脑血管血液动力学指标 (CVHI)和其他脑卒中危险因素与脑卒中发病风险的关系。方法　以整群抽样的方法选择东北、华北等六大行政区 35岁及以上的队列人群 2 5 355人 ,进行脑卒中常见危险因素的基线调查 ,同时进行CVHI检测 ,并对检测结果进行积分。随访 7年中共发生脑卒中患者 2 2 8例 ,以脑卒中的发病作为观察终点 ,按危险因素暴露和CVHI积分分组 ,计算暴露与否发病的相对危险度 (RR)及其可信区间 (CI) ,并用Cox回归进行多因素分析。结果　单因素分析显示 :高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、高血压病家族史、脑卒中家族史、超重或肥胖、饮酒史、吸烟史、CVHI积分 <75分的RR值分别为 3 .2 3(2 .48～ 4 .2 0 )、2 .53(1 .92～ 3 .33)、2 .38(1 .55～ 3 .64)、1 .32(1 .0 2～ 1 .72 )、1 .82 (1 .37～ 2 .41 )、1 .62 (1 .2 5～ 2 .1 1 )、1 .48(1 .0 7～ 2 .0 4 )、1 .76(1 .34～ 2 .31 )和 7.30(5 .43～ 9.80 ) ;多因素Cox回归分析显示 :被筛选进入回归方程的因素分别为 :CVHI积分异常、脑卒中家族史、吸烟、高血压病史、年龄和性别 ;CVHI积分的剂量反应关系分析显示 ,脑卒中的风险随着CVHI的积分降低而显著上升 ;协同作用分析显示 ,当CVHI积分 <75分和高血压合并出现时 ,脑卒中的RR值为 1 2 .55 ,表现     

上海市农村社区脑卒中队列人群基线调查报告

目的 了解上海市农村社区脑卒中常见危险因素及脑血管血液动力学指标（CVHI）异常与脑卒中发生的关系.方法 以现况研究设计,整群抽样的方法抽取社区40岁及以上人群进行一般情况、常见脑卒中危险因素调查和CVHI检测,并以统一的方法对CVHI进行积分.符合纳入资料完整的人群共计5335人,分析和比较危险因素暴露水平、脑卒中患病率、CVHI,描述其分布特征.结果 男性高血压、心脏病、糖尿病史,高血压病家族史、脑卒中家族史、超重或肥胖等危险因素的暴露率分别为31.74%、6.09%、1.16%、3.22%、17.64%、29.68%,女性分别为32.76%、9.22%、1.55%、3.84%、19.22%和29.44%;脑卒中标准化患病率为1167.3/10万,男性脑卒中患病率显著高于女性（P＜0.05）;CVHI变化与年龄密切相关,积分值＜75分者占21.3%.结论 农村社区40岁以上人群脑卒中危险因素中高血压暴露率最高,脑卒中患病率男性高于女性,约五分之一人群CVHI异常.     

队列人群出血性卒中和缺血性卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的 分析与比较出血性卒中和缺血性卒中危险因素及其暴露水平的差异。方法 2003年在上海市奉贤区某农村社区建立卒中危险因素研究队列,对常见的卒中危险因素进行基线调查,检测脑血管血流动力学指标,按照统一的积分规则计算脑血管功能积分,随访卒中的发病。用队列研究的方法分析出血性卒中和缺血性卒中的危险因素,对2种亚型卒中的危险因素进行分析和比较。结果 纳入研究的队列人群10 565例,随访（11.15±2.26）年,新发生出血性卒中103例,缺血性卒中268例。脑血管功能积分降低、饮酒史、高血压病史和年龄升高是出血性卒中的独立危险因素,风险比（HR）值分别为1.56（95%CI：1.23~1.98）、2.46（95%CI：1.39~4.34）、1.75（95%CI：1.00~3.07）和1.07（95%CI：1.04~1.10）。脑血管功能积分降低、吸烟史、高血压病史、卒中家族史、左心室肥厚和年龄升高是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,HR值分别为1.43（95%CI：1.25~1.65）、1.52（95%CI：1.13~2.05）、1.51（95%CI：1.10~2.07）、1.89（95%CI：1.13~3.15）、1.74（95%CI：1.07~2.81）和1.07（95%CI：1.05~1.08）。结论 脑血管功能积分降低、高血压病史、年龄升高是出血性卒中和缺血性卒中共同的独立危险因素,饮酒史是出血性卒中的独立危险因素,吸烟史、卒中家族史和左心室肥厚是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素。     

2型糖尿病危险因素的交互作用研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病危险因素及其交互作用，为开展糖尿病的预防、治疗工作提供科学依据。方法采用病例一对照研究方法．病例为在深圳市第一人民医院、深圳市第二人民医院及深圳市保健委员会办公室就诊及住院的2型糖尿病患者，共295例；对照为同期在门诊进行健康体检的非糖尿病人群，共214例。对研究因素进行单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析．在此基础上进行对数线性模型分析。结果调查人群中，糖尿病家族史（OR=6．507，95％CI：3．788～11．178）、高血脂（TG：OR=2．625，95％CI：1．295—5．323；LDL—C：OR=6．337，95％CI：3．379-11．884）、工作压力（OR=1．901，95％CI：1．263—2．863）、高血压（SBP：OR=I．055，95％CI：1．022～1．089）是2型糖尿病的危险因素：文化程度（OR=0．724，95％CI：0．599—0．875）、运动锻炼（OR=0．499，95％CI：0．268～0．930）是保护因素。对数线性模型分析发现，糖尿病各危险因素之间广泛存在一阶或二阶交互作用，其中．糖尿病家族史、年龄和运动锻炼三者分别与多个危险因素有明显的交互作用。结论2型糖尿病是遗传因素与环境因素共同作用的结果。对糖尿病的防治应采取综合措施，尤其对于具有糖尿病家族史者以及中老年人群，更应控制各种危险因素。     

北京和南京两地代谢综合征危险因素分析

目的分析北京和南京两地人群代谢综合征的危险因素。方法采用整群抽样对北京和南京的6123人进行流行病学调查,应用IDF（2005）定义。采用多因素Logistic回归分析可能存在的危险因素。结果男性和女性的年龄标化患病率分别为19．5％和33．6％。多因素条件Logis—tic回归结果,女性（OR=1．49;95％CI（1．40,1．59））、年龄增长（OR=1．23;95％CI（1．16,1．31））、低体力活动（OR=1．76;95％a（1．13,2．76））、糖尿病家族史（OR：1．33;95％CI（1．11,1．60））、高血压家族史（OR=1．46;95％CI（1．29,1．65））、年龄性别交互作用（OR=1．29;95％a（1．21,1．40））、居住在城市（OR=1．09;95％CI（1．02,1．18））均是代谢综合征的危险因素。居住在南京（OR=0．76;95％CI（0．71,0．81））是代谢综合征的保护因素。结论代谢综合征是多重危险因素共同作用的结果,其中女性、慢病家族史、低体力活动是其重要的危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.