中心静脉导管置管部位对血液透析效果的影响

目的 探讨中心静脉导管置管部位对血液透析效果的影响。方法 采用Seldinger技术对84例行血液透析的患者分别行颈内静脉和股静脉置管,观察导管留置时间、相关并发症发生情况、透析时最大血流量及透析充分性。结果 颈内静脉置管保留时间长于股静脉置管(P<0.05),且感染率、血栓形成率低、血流量高(P<0.05)。结论 血液透析时应首选颈内静脉置管。     

两种临时血管通路在血液净化中应用的临床观察

目的回顾分析我科近三年来透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的临床资料，观察两种临时血管通路在血液净化中的应用及并发症的发生情况。方法通过观察我科2004年1月～2006年11月149例血液透析患者两种临时血管通路（颈内静脉置管与股静脉置管）的置管情况，对两种临时血管通路的留置时间、血流量大小、透析充分性、安全性、感染发生率等指标进行比较。结果共有149例血液透析患者行临时深静脉插管，其中颈内静脉置管40例，股静脉置管109例。颈内静脉置管留置时间平均为（27．2±11．1）天，股静脉置管留置时间平均为（15．9±10．4）天，两组相比具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。两组患者均可获得稳定的血流量，组间相比差异无统计学意义。透析充分性用KCV评价，KCV〉1．2为透析充分。颈内静脉置管组KCV均〉1．2，股静脉置管组有5例KCV〈1．2，可能与导管血栓形成有关，经导引钢丝疏通或尿激酶处理后KCV改善，两组相比无显著差异。颈内静脉置管组发生误穿动脉1例，股静脉置管组发生误穿动脉4例，全部病例均未发生血气胸、空气栓塞、明显血肿等严重并发症，安全性相比两组无明显差异。置管后发生导管感染26例，其中颈内静脉置管组发生1例（2．5％），股静脉置管组发生25例（22．93％），两组相比具有差异统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论两种深静脉置管建立的临时血管通路均可获得稳定的血流量，透析充分性及安全性无明显差异。但颈内静脉置管的留置时间要显著长于股静脉置管，而感染发生率则显著低于股静脉置管，故笔者认为颈内静脉置管是血液净化建立临时血管通路的首选方法。     

纯肝素与肝素盐水用于血液透析患者中心静脉置管封管效果比较

血液透析是常用的终末期肾脏病以及急性肾功能衰竭的替代治疗方法。紧急透析及内瘘成熟前肾功能不全患者需要行中心静脉置管建立血液通路从而进行血液透析治疗,而血栓形成、感染、渗血等并发症是影响导管留置时间的主要因素。血液透析结束后需要进行肝素封管,防止导管血栓形成,但目前对于肝素封管液的浓度并未统一,过量肝素可导致出血,而肝素量不足则达不到良好的封管效果,导致血栓形成,影响中心静脉置管的使用。本研究比较了纯肝素与肝素盐水对血液透析患者中心静脉置管     

不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响分析

目的探究不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响。方法选取该院2014年8月—2017年8月收治的120例糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者,随机分为4组,每组30例,分别采用长期颈内静脉置管、临时颈内静脉置管、临时股静脉置管和临时锁骨下静脉置管进行血液透析治疗,全部患者的透析连接方式均采用正向连接置管动静脉端和反向连接置管动静脉端各1次,透析2 h后分别采集患者手指末端和透析血路管动脉端血液进行血糖值的测量,分析不同置管部位透析连接方式对糖尿病肾病行血液透析治疗患者血糖值的影响。结果 4种置管方式在正向连接进行血液透析时,患者手指末端采血血糖值与透析血路管动脉端血糖值相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而在临时股静脉置管反向连接进行血液透析时,患者手指未端采血血糖值明显高于透析血路管动脉端采血血糖值。结论长期颈内静脉置管、临时股静脉置管和临时锁骨下静脉置管进行血液透析治疗时,透析连接方式对患者血糖值并无太大影响,而临时股静脉反向连接进行血液透析时,反向连接对患者的手指末端采血血糖值明显高于透析血路管动脉端采血血糖值,值得临床医生注意。     

锁骨下静脉置管导管相关感染与留置时间的相关性

老年肿瘤患者多伴有末梢循环不良的现象,因此寻找表浅的静脉较为困难;同时,由于反复穿刺及强刺激性药物的作用常会造成表浅静脉的严重破坏[1],不能保证药物入量和治疗效果.随着医学技术的发展,深静脉置管技术的临床应用越来越广泛.锁骨下静脉置管作为中心静脉导管插管的一种常用手段,已发展成较为成熟的一项临床技术手段.但导管相关感染是其明显的并发症[2].本文以锁骨下静脉置管治疗的肿瘤化疗老年患者为研究对象,探讨锁骨下静脉置管导管相关感染与留置时间的相关性.     

老年慢性肾衰竭患者半永久导管相关感染的临床特征及危险因素

目的观察老年慢性肾衰竭患者置入半永久导管后行维持性血液透析期间导管相关感染的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析留置半永久导管行维持性血液透析的老年患者病例资料,共纳入79例慢性肾衰竭患者。记录半永久导管出口部感染、隧道感染、导管相关菌血症等导管相关感染情况。将出现感染的患者纳入感染组,其他患者纳入未感染组,比较两组性别、平均年龄、平均透析时间、导管留置时间、有无糖尿病、高血压等临床特征,Cox比例风险回归分析半永久导管后进行维持性血液透析期间感染的影响因素。结果入选患者均保持随访1年以上,平均(21.5±8.2)个月,79例置管患者共发生半永久导管相关感染事件者21例(26.6%),其中置管出口部感染11例,隧道感染8例,导管相关菌血症2例。细菌分布:革兰阳性球菌12株(57.1%),其中金黄色葡萄球菌[7株(33.3%)]、表皮葡萄球菌[4株(19.0%)]常见;革兰阴性杆菌8株(38.1%),以大肠埃希菌[3株(14.3%)]、铜绿假单跑菌[3株(14.3%)]常见;真菌1株(4.8%)。感染组平均年龄、平均透析时间、平均导管留置时间、合并糖尿病比例、合并低白蛋白血症比例均显著高于未感染组(P<0.05);而两组性别、有无合并高血压无显著差异(P>0.05)。进一步行Cox比例风险回归分析,合并糖尿病(OR=4.211,P=0.001)、半永久导管留置时间(OR=2.910,P=0.003)、低蛋白血症(OR=1.340,P=0.019)是半永久导管相关感染的危险因素,而平均年龄、平均透析时间对半永久导管相关感染影响较小(P>0.05)。结论老年慢性肾衰竭使用半永久导管行血液透析的患者以置管出口部、隧道感染多见,致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,合并糖尿病、半永久导管留置时间、低白蛋白血症是感染的危险因素。     

原液肝素封管用于血液透析患者中心静脉导管的效果观察

目的观察原液肝素封管用于血液透析患者中心静脉导管的效果,探讨合理的封管浓度。方法 120例血液透析患者均行颈内或锁骨下静脉置管,将其随机分为A、B、C 3组,血液透析结束后分别从导管动、静脉端快速推入0.9%氯化钠溶液10ml,将导管内血液彻底冲洗干净,然后采用肝素封管,A组肝素浓度为1250 U/ml,B组为3125 U/ml,C组为6250 U/ml。观察3组导管留置时间、堵管发生率及患者透析1个月后的凝血功能指标。结果 3组患者导管留置时间及堵管发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),与A组及B组比较,C组导管留置时间显著延长,堵管发生率明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。透析1个月后,3组凝血功能指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论原液肝素封管使用可延长导管留置时间,不增加出血风险,是血液透析患者中心静脉导管较为理想的封管方法。     

股静脉留置双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的探讨尿毒症在进行血液透析时采用股静脉留置双腔管术的效果。方法采用股静脉穿刺插管建立临时性血管通路包括动-静脉直接穿刺,动静脉外瘘及中心静脉插管。结果 69根股静脉留置双腔管共透析510次,平均留置时间为（20±10）d局部血肿7例,穿刺部位出血5例,感染11例,静脉狭窄2例,血栓形成4例。中心静脉插管以其快捷方便的特点,作为一种为透析病人建立临时性血液通路的方法 ,已被广泛应用于临床。结论股静脉插管术最适用于病情比较严重且处于昏迷状态,长期卧床,不能完全配合置管以及不能行颈内静脉插管手术的患者,此插管方式在临床上取得了较好的治疗效果。     

重症急性胰腺炎患者中心静脉置管相关感染的危险因素及预防

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎患者中心静脉置管(CVC)相关性感染的现状和危险因素,为降低重症急性胰腺炎患者导管感染率提供依据及预防措施。方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月入住我院诊断为重症急性胰腺炎患者126例为研究对象,回顾性分析患者临床资料,记录患者CVC感染率和病原菌类别,并对发生感染患者进行因素分析。结果发生CVC相关感染患者共计23例,细菌检出15株,革兰阳性菌9株,革兰阴性菌6株,真菌检出11株。分析结果显示,合并有基础疾病、并发腹腔感染、长期静脉营养日、置管部位及导管留置时间是重症急性胰腺炎患者发生导管相关性感染的主要危险因素(P0.05)。结论合并有基础疾病、并发腹腔感染、长期静脉营养日、置管部位及导管留置时间为导致重症急性胰腺炎患者导管相关性感染高风险因素,需采取相应的措施以降低导管感染发生率。     

经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的临床应用

目的：探讨经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的应用及其常见并发症的防治。方法对2009年12月至2012年12月在中南大学湘雅医院行经皮颈内静脉长期置管的15例维持性血液透析老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察置管术后情况、导管的使用情况、常见并发症的防治、透析充分性评价等。结果（1）实施颈内静脉长期置管18例次,其中3例为重新置管,置管成功率100%。（2）导管相关并发症：2例患者术后1周内出现置管处局部渗血;1例出现导管出口感染,2例发生导管相关性血流感染;3例患者出现导管血栓形成;2例诊断导管纤维鞘形成;1例因人为损坏出现导管破裂。经过相应处理后均使问题得到解决。（3）导管使用期限：本组患者长期导管使用时间为4～41个月,除1例死亡（原因为脑出血）,3例为重新置管,余患者仍继续使用。（4）透析充分性评价：15例患者平均尿素下降率为72%,平均尿素清除指数达1.54。结论对于血管条件差无法建立动静脉内瘘的老年血透患者,使用颈内静脉长期导管行血液透析可以达到充分透析;提高置管及导管护理技术、加强健康宣教,能延长导管使用年限,减少导管并发症。     

Recurrent edema of the face and neck in a chronically hemodialyzed patient

We report the case of a patient undergoing long-term hemodialysis admitted to hospital for diagnosis of recurrent face and neck edema influenced by dialysis sessions with paroxysmal dyspnea. We considered the possible role of allergy to ethylene oxide and to formaldehyde without diagnostic confirmation. Dialyzer complement activation was suspected but changing the dialyzer did not improve the symptoms. Anti-histaminic and corticosteroid therapy did not modify symptoms. A mild hemithoracic collateral circulation occurred and led to the discovery of a superior vena cava syndrome. Computed tomography and bilateral upper limb contrast venography visualized a thrombus in the superior vena cava extending into the right venous brachiocephalic arm from the central vein catheter. A stent was inserted into the superior vena cava which, together with anticoagulant therapy, led to rapid resolution of the symptoms. Superior vena cava syndrome related to a central catheter and hypersensitivity reactions should always be considered as possible causes of recurrent face and neck edema in patients on long-term hemodialysis.     

Venobronchial fistula: a complication associated with central venous catheterization for chemotherapy

We report a case in which a venobronchial fistula developed 4 months after insertion of a silicone rubber chronic central venous catheter for chemotherapy administration. In retrospect, the tip of the catheter was in the azygous vein rather than in the superior vena cava. The suboptimal position of the catheter tip, in combination with the infusion of sclerosing chemotherapeutic agents and hyperalimentation solution, may have predisposed the patient to this complication. Accurate localization of the tip of central venous catheters at the time of placement should minimize catheter-related complications, including the rare complication of venobronchial fistula. After placement of chronic central venous catheters, biplanar chest X-rays should be obtained to determine catheter tip location prior to the instillation of chemotherapeutic agents. Any residual questions concerning the catheter tip location after biplanar X-rays should be addressed by prompt venography through the catheter.     

Obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by sclerosing mediastinitis. Surgical treatment by bypass with a composite spiral venous graft

A 68-year-old woman with obstruction of the superior vena cava due to sclerosing mediastinitis was successfully operated on. A composite spiral vein graft was interposed between the left innominate vein and the right atrium to bypass the occluded superior vena cava. The graft was made using the patient's own saphenous vein, which was divided longitudinally and sutured around a cannula in a spiral fashion. Indications to surgical intervention in patients with superior vena cava syndrome are discussed.     

Hepatic vena cava syndrome: New concept of pathogenesis

Hepatic vena cava syndrome, also known as membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava (IVC), was considered a rare congenital disease and classified under Budd–Chiari syndrome. It is now recognized as a bacterial infection‐induced disease related to poor hygiene. Localized thrombophlebitis of the IVC at the site close to hepatic vein outlets is the initial lesion which converts on resolution into stenosis or complete obstruction, the circulatory equilibrium being maintained by development of cavo‐caval collateral anastomosis. These changes persist for the rest of the patient's life. The patient remains asymptomatic for a variable period until acute exacerbations occur, precipitated by bacterial infection, resulting in deposition of thrombi at the site of the lesion and endophlebitis in intrahepatic veins. Large thrombus close to hepatic vein outlets results in ascites from hepatic venous outflow obstruction, which is followed by development of venocentric cirrhosis. Endophlebitis of intrahepatic veins results in ischemic liver damage and development of segmental stenosis or membrane. Acute exacerbations are recognized clinically as intermittent jaundice and/or elevation of aminotransferase or ascites associated with neutrophil leukocytosis and elevation of C‐reactive protein; sonologically, they are recognized as the presence of thrombi of different ages in IVC and thrombosis of intrahepatic veins. Development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is related to severity or frequency of acute exacerbations and not to duration or type of caval obstruction. Hepatic vena cava syndrome is a common co‐morbid condition with other liver diseases in developing countries and it should be considered in differential diagnosis in patient with intermittent elevation serum bilirubin and or aminotransferase or development of ascites and cirrhosis.     

Superior vena cava thrombosis and paradoxical embolic stroke due to collateral drainage from the brachiocephalic vein to the left atrium

Thrombosis involving a permanent infusion catheter in the subclavian vein and superior vena cava is relatively common, especially in cancer patients. Edema of the arms and head is a well-known clinical consequence of this thrombosis, with an intrinsic risk of pulmonary embolism; however, systemic embolization into the cerebral circulation has not been reported as a sequela. Herein, we describe the case of a 56-year-old man with metastatic prostate cancer who developed superior vena cava syndrome due to extensive thrombosis in the presence of a central venous catheter that was used for long-term chemotherapy. The patient's case was complicated by a cerebrovascular accident that was most likely caused by a paradoxical air embolism. A clear mechanism for the embolism was provided by a network of collateral veins, which developed between the brachiocephalic vein and the left atrium due to the superior vena cava obstruction and resulted in a right-to-left shunt. We discuss diagnosis and treatment of the condition in our patient and in general terms.     

Reconstruction of the superior vena cava in a patient with a thymoma.

Surgical treatment was attempted in a 71-year-old man who had superior vena caval syndrome caused by incomplete obstruction of the superior vena cava with a thymoma. Using a temporary internal shunt, the superior vena cava was almost entirely resected together with the tumor and reconstructed by autogenous venous grafts. Patency of the reconstructed vein was proved by angiography one year after the operation. He has been asymptomatic for 15 months after surgery.     

Superior vena cava thrombosis in a patient on hemodialysis

We present a patient with end-stage renal disease on maintenace hemodialysis through a permanent catheter (Permcath) on the right subclavian vein. One month after the catheter placement the patient exhibited a superior vena cava syndrome due to a pericatheter thrombosis. The patient was initially managed with anticoagulation with early clinical improvement. Nevertheless, the reappearance of the symptoms forced the removal of the catheter and percutaneous angioplasty of the superior vena cava. After those measures and anticoagulation with coumarin the patient remains stable with complete clinical resolution and angiographical improvement.     

Relief of severe immediate postoperative superior vena cava stenosis with covered stent: Case report with midterm follow up

Sinus venous atrial septal defects are commonly associated with abnormal pulmonary venous connection. Numerous surgical techniques have been proposed with excellent short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Pulmonary and superior vena cava obstructions, as well as rhythm disturbances, are the most common problems seen during follow up. However, acute postoperative superior vena cava obstruction with successful percutaneous covered‐stent implantation has not been reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to report a unique case of acute obstruction of the superior vena cava on the first postoperative day after sinus venous atrial septal defect repair in an infant who was successfully relieved by a percutaneous angioplasty with covered‐stent implantation, and the midterm follow up after this intervention. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

PICC导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果

目的观察peripherallyinsertedcentralcatheter（PICC）导管在长期留置深静脉导管高龄老年患者中的应用效果及并发症。方法收集80岁及以上需要长期留置深静脉导管的高龄患者132例。按穿刺途径不同分为两组：PICC导管组（n=72）和颈内静脉组（n=60）。结果PICC导管留置时间较颈内静脉组显著延长,分别为（146．84±100．46）d和（36．60±35．61）d,两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。PICC导管组导管相关性感染和滑脱分别为2例和1例,均较颈内静脉组（10例和9例）显著减少（均P〈0．05）。结论高龄老人可应用PICC导管,留置时间长,安全性好,并发症少,值得临床上推广应用。     

Cardiac tamponade caused by vascular erosion. A case report

Cardiac tamponade may be caused by erosion of the right cardiac walls or of the intrapericardial superior vena cava in subjects with a central venous catheter. The underlying cause of this rare complication is direct parietal trauma by the catheter and endarterial damage produced by infused hyperosmolar solutions. High mortality is closely related to erroneous or late diagnosis. Both correct positioning techniques and the use of soft venous catheters are fundamentally important in preventing this complication.