常规临床检查与PSA灰区患者前列腺癌检出率的关系

目的:探讨直肠指检(DRE)、影像学(TRUS、MRI)检查、血清游离与总前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)比值(f/t)与PSA在4～10μg/L之间患者前列腺癌检出率的关系。方法:回顾性分析365例PSA处于灰区的患者进行DRE、TRUS、MRI检查、游离PSA测定,并对这些患者行经直肠B超引导下的前列腺穿刺活检。评估其临床资料与前列腺穿刺病理结果的关系。结果:在365例患者中,穿刺病理为前列腺癌的患者共有87例(23.84%)。DRE阳性的患者共有128例,穿刺阳性40例,阳性率为31.25%,TRUS检查的患者共有257例,其中有异常回声结节的69例患者中穿刺阳性26例,阳性率为37.68%,MRI检查的患者共有191例,其中有异常信号结节的107例患者中穿刺阳性59例,阳性率为55.14%。198例患者行fPSA与tPSA比值分析,其中前列腺癌患者的平均f/t PSA明显低于穿刺阴性患者。f/t PSA受试者曲线(ROC)下的面积(0.725)高于患者PSA ROC的面积(0.542)。结论:结合临床DRE、影像学资料及f/t PSA比值可以有效提高前列腺癌检出率,从而减少不必要的穿刺给患者带来的痛苦。     

前列腺特异性抗原灰区的前列腺癌临床资料分析

目的分析前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)灰区(4～10 ng/ml)与前列腺癌的关系,探索如何提高灰区PSA水平的前列腺癌活检诊断率。方法对2004年3月至2005年3月间,PSA介于灰区、接受前列腺穿刺活检的72例病人资料进行回顾分析。包括肛指检查、IPSS评分、经直肠超声(TRUS)检查、PSA密度(PSAD)、游离/总PSA(F/T)比值以及病理学酶标检查。结果穿刺组织病理学检查证实为前列腺癌14例(19.2%),平均年龄(74.2±2.4)岁,IPSS(12.9±4.5),PSAD(0.29±0.04),F/T(0.11±0.02)。GS评分≤6共9例,GS=7共2例,GS≥8共3例。肛指有结节3例,无结节11例。TRUS低回声区2例,等回声区2例,回声不均6例,回声均匀4例。前列腺尖部穿刺阳性率占51.4%。结论PSAD和F/T在PSA灰区的前列腺癌和前列腺增生两组间有明显差别;PSA灰区范围内,前列腺尖部是前列腺癌的高发部位。     

103例前列腺癌的诊断分析

目的 :提高前列腺癌的诊断水平。方法 :回顾分析 10 3例前列腺癌的临床资料 ,对前列腺癌的诊断方法进行探讨。结果 :单项PSA ,直肠指检 (DRE)及经直肠前列腺超声 (TRUS)检查诊断阳性率为 65 .9%～ 90 .3 % ,而前列腺穿刺诊断阳性率 95 .1%。结论 :前列腺穿刺活检对诊断前列腺癌具有重要意义。PSA、DRE、TRUS与前列腺穿刺结合可提高诊断的阳性率与准确率。     

游离PSA/总PSA<0.16在总PSA≤4ng/ml的前列腺癌患者中的前列腺穿刺指导价值

目的探讨游离PSA/总PSA(f/t)0.16对于总PSA≤4ng/ml的前列腺癌(PCa)患者是否具有指导前列腺穿刺的意义。方法回顾本院于2008年至2014年收治的总PSA≤4ng/ml的PCa患者的病历资料,分为4组,A组:f/t0.16;B组:f/t0.16且MRI或DRE阳性;C组:f/t≥0.16;D组:f/t≥0.16且MRI或DRE阳性。统计各组穿刺者人数及穿刺阳性率。结果共计73人进入本研究,A组32人,穿刺阳性率23.5%;B组9人,穿刺阳性率33.3%;C组41人,穿刺阳性率11.5%;D组12人,穿刺阳性率16.7%。A组与B组,A组与C组,B组与D组之间穿刺阳性率差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。C组与D组穿刺阳性率差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于总PSA≤4ng/ml的PCa患者,f/t0.16可以作为前列腺穿刺的指导指标,联合MRI或DRE检查可以提高前列腺穿刺阳性率。     

以前列腺特异抗原水平分组筛查与前列腺穿刺阳性率的关系

目的探讨不同血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平前列腺癌检出情况以及直肠指诊(DRE)、经直肠超声检查(TRUS)、PSA密度(PSAD)等指标对筛查前列腺穿刺活检病例的意义。方法回顾性分析在1996年4月至2002年12月间行TRUS引导前列腺6点系统穿刺活检的634例患者的诊断资料,对各PSA组(≤4.0,4.1~,10.1~和>20.0μg/L组)中前列腺癌的检出率,以及PSA、DRE、TRUS、PSAD等对前列腺癌的预测作用进行t检验、χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果PSA≤4.0,4.1~,10.1~和>20.0μg/L各组的前列腺癌检出率分别为11.6%(17/146),26.8%(38/142),39.8%(68/171)和68.6%(120/175)。PSA的敏感性最高(93.0%),特异性低(33.0%);DRE、TRUS等诊断效率较低。随血清PSA水平升高,前列腺癌检出率以及DRE、TRUS的阳性预测值逐渐升高;在PSA4.1~20.0μg/L者中,PSAD对前列腺癌有较大的预测价值(OR=687.09±646.96,P=0.000)。以PSAD≥0.13μg.L-1.cm-3为截点筛查前列腺穿刺病例,可在不明显降低敏感性的基础上,减少阴性穿刺。结论各PSA组国人与欧美等国前列腺癌检出率有较大差别;DRE、TRUS的筛查作用与血清PSA水平有关;按PSA水平分组筛查穿刺病例,可提高前列腺穿刺的阳性率。     

联合血清TPSA,TRUS,DRE诊断前列腺癌的临床研究

目的 探讨联合血清tPSA,TRUS,DRE诊断PCa的意义,以达到早期诊治PCa的目的.方法 选择经病理证实的PCa组50例;BPH组50例,术前均测血清PSA（tPSA,fPSA）行TRUS,DRI检查,观察前列腺的形态、质地、表面光滑度,是否有结节及血流情况.结果 tPSA诊断PCa符合率82%,漏诊率18%,假阳性率8%;TRUS诊断PCa符合率62%,漏诊率38%,假阳性率10%;DRE诊断符合率56%,漏诊率44%,假阳性率6%.联合tPSA和DRE诊断PCa符合率为88%;联合血清tPSA,TRUS,DRE检查,临床PCa检出率可达94%.结论 联合血清tPSA,TRUS,DRE检查可明显提高临床PCa的检出率.     

PAP、PSA与前列腺癌的诊断

本院从1992年7月至1996年9月收治经病理检查证实的前列腺癌52例,均行直肠指检(DRE)、B超、血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)和前列腺特异抗原(PSA)检查,其诊断前列腺癌阳性率分别为78.8％、50.0％、61.5％、84..％。PSA阳性率明显高于其它检查(P<0.005)。若结合DRE、TRUS则诊断前列腺癌之敏感性达到96.2％。经直肠前列腺穿刺活检31例,穿刺阳性率为87.1％。PAP、PSA升高患者的比例与前列腺癌的分期、肿瘤细胞分化程仅具相关性。因此,PAP、PSA对前列腺癌的诊断、临床分期、判断预后有较大价值。     

前列腺癌50例诊断分析

目的:分析我院前列腺癌诊断现状,以提高前列腺癌的早期诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析我院1998年4月~2003年4月收治的50例前列腺癌患者临床资料。50例患者分别通过直肠指检(DRE)、前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、经直肠B超(TRUS)、前列腺穿刺活检、CT、MRI、同位素骨扫描(ECT)等检查明确诊断。结果:DRE提示前列腺增大、质地坚硬或触及结节36例(72%);PSA<4×10-3ng/L 3例(6%),PSA(4~10)×10-3ng/L 7例(14%),PSA>10×10-3ng/L 40例(80%);前列腺穿刺活检阳性74.4%(32/43);TRUS诊断符合率84%(42/50);CT、MRI诊断符合率40%(20/50);ECT诊断符合率60%(30/50)。病理分期为A期和B期10例(20%),C期和D期40例(80%)。结论:前列腺癌的早期诊断仍是一个急待解决的问题,开展有关前列腺癌的预防教育工作,提高患者防范意识及医务人员的诊断意识,定期专科检查和加强特定人群的随访意识,可提高前列腺癌的早期诊断率。     

前列腺腺癌的经直肠超声分型

目前,直肠指诊、血清PSA值测定、CT、MR和经直肠超声（TRUS）是诊断前列腺腺癌的主要方法,TRUS以其简捷、经济、准确并可进行引导穿刺活检而得到临床医生越来越广泛的重视。然而,前列腺腺癌的声像图复杂多样,并不能以简单的外周区低回声结节来全面概括,本文旨在通过对31例前列腺腺癌的回顾性分析对其TRUS图像进行分型,以更加全面地认识前列腺腺癌,减少漏诊。     

盆腔MRI辅助模板定位B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的临床应用

目的:评估盆腔MRI辅助模板定位B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的临床价值和安全性。方法:2015年12月至2018年05月,对164例(PSA10μg/L 28例、PSA 10～20μg/L 56例、PSA 20.01～100μg/L 53例、PSA100μg/L 27例)可疑前列腺癌患者由同一医疗小组实施盆腔MRI辅助模板定位B超引导经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术。患者平均年龄71.2岁,穿刺前均行血清PSA检测、直肠指检以及盆腔前列腺MRI平扫检查。所有患者均接受截石位穿刺,选择静脉全身麻醉或腰麻,均采用X+12针穿刺。结果:所有患者均顺利完成活检操作,活检针数(2～4)+12针;活检时间15～28 min,平均18 min。术后一过性血尿4例,会阴阴囊皮下淤血12例,发热1例,无尿潴留病例。穿刺病理结果:前列腺腺癌95例,导管上皮癌2例;前列腺增生伴间质慢性炎症63例,前列腺不典型增生症4例。PSA 10、10～20、20.01～100、100μg/L组穿刺阳性率分别为25.00%、42.86%、73.58%、100.00%。PSA10μg/L组与PSA10～20μg/L组相比无统计学差异(P=0.086),但与PSA 20.01～100μg/L和100μg/L组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:与目前常规使用的经直肠前列腺穿刺术相比,盆腔MRI辅助模板定位B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术并发症发生率更低,且阳性率显著增高同时穿刺方法更简单易掌握,是诊断前列腺癌的理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.