尺骨撞击综合征的特点及早期诊断

目的探讨尺骨撞击综合征的特点及早期诊断方法并提出新的诊断标准。方法对1998年12月～2004年12月治疗的123例腕尺侧疼痛患者进行仔细检查,采用顾玉东等提出的诊断标准,特别结合腕部MRI检查,确诊尺骨撞击综合征48例。总结尺骨憧击综合征的X线及MRI影像学特点,分析腕部临床症状与Chun和Palmer评分及影像学表现的关系。结果本组33例患者存在尺骨阳性变异(68．8%),X线检查发现患者出现腕骨坏死比例为27．1%,其中以月骨坏死为主(64．7%)；MRI检查均发现腕骨不同程度信号改变,腕部骨坏死均位于月骨尺侧部分的近端和三角骨腰部及底部；患者腕部临床症状与Chun和Palmer评分及影像学表现关系密切。结论提高对尺骨撞击综合征的认识水平,以临床症状为基础,充分利用影像学检查,特别是MRI检查,可以明显提高该病征的早期诊断率。     

桡骨远端骨折治疗后腕部尺骨撞击综合征

目的探讨桡骨远端骨折后尺骨撞击综合征与遗留腕部功能受限的关系。方法对桡骨远端骨折后遗留腕尺侧疼痛、握力下降的患者进行仔细检查,结合Tamaino和Cerezal的诊断标准,确诊尺骨撞击综合征52例,并探讨腕关节功能评分(Sarmiento改良方法)与尺骨变异程度的关系。结果尺骨阳性变异38例(73.1%),其中变异超过10mm者31例(59.6%);优、良组的平均尺骨变异为(1.5±0.5)和(4.5±1.8)mm,可、差组的平均尺骨变异为(9.6±3.7)和(16.2±4.8)mm,腕部症状与尺骨变异程度关系密切(P<0.01)。MRI检查发现腕骨及三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)不同程度信号改变,腕骨坏死位于月骨尺侧部分的近端和三角骨腰部及底部。结论桡骨远端骨折后治疗不当可导致尺骨撞击综合征,遗留腕尺侧疼痛、握力下降,其病理过程是腕骨及TFCC损伤,而非单纯的软组织损伤。     

非创伤性尺腕撞击综合征的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨无明确创伤病史且X线片表现不典型的尺腕撞击综合征的特点及诊断标准和治疗方法.方法 回顾性研究2003年10月至2010年10月明确诊断和治疗的55例尺腕撞击综合征患者中没有明确创伤病史且X线片表现不典型的25例,在Kostas诊断标准基础上,观察尺腕压力试验、动态尺骨正向变异、MRI检查的阳性率和腕关节镜检查,分析观察指标对诊断结果的影响和临床意义.治疗采取尺骨短缩手术,截骨方式中16例采用水平截骨(Darrow法),9例采用斜行截骨(Rayhack法),加压钢板螺钉内固定.采用Darrow标准作为疗效评价标准.结果 本组25例患者中尺腕压力试验阳性比率为84％,动态尺骨正向变异的发生比率为52％,MRI检查发现腕骨信号改变的比率为82％,以月骨尺侧部近端和三角骨腰部最为常见,腕关节镜检查三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)退变及尺骨头和月骨的软骨退变比率为100％.随访时间4～48个月,平均26个月.25例骨折均愈合,水平截骨的平均愈合时间为4.5个月,斜行截骨的平均愈合时间为2.5个月.优7例,良15例,中2例,差1例;总优良率为88％.术后未发生严重并发症,治疗结果满意.结论 非创伤性尺腕撞击综合征由于缺少明确的创伤病史,尤其当X线片表现不典型时同其他引起腕关节尺侧疼痛的病因较难鉴别,应用尺腕压力试验、动态尺骨正向变异检查和早期MRI检查可早期明确诊断,有效提高诊断率.腕关节镜检查可作为诊断困难和鉴别诊断的补充手段.应用尺骨短缩手术可明显改善症状,斜行截骨是值得推荐的截骨方式.     

计算机操作引起的尺骨撞击综合征

[目的]探讨键盘鼠标操作引起腕部尺骨撞击综合征的原因.[方法]2004年12月～2007年12月,诊断为尺侧撞击综合征的长期键盘鼠标操作者33例,利用物理检查及影像学检查,分析操作键盘鼠标引起尺骨撞击综合征的原因.[结果]尺骨阳性变异13例(39.3%),10例尺骨中性变异患者在握拳、旋前位能够诱发尺骨动态阳性变异(66.7%);13例(92.9%)出现腕骨MRI信号改变,信号改位于腕骨、尺骨头相对部位;13例(92.9%)出现三角纤维软骨(triangular fibrocartilage,TFC)损伤,部位多在尺侧及中央部(76.9%).[结论]长时间反复键盘鼠标操作,使腕部频繁或高重复性尺偏、旋前,加剧或诱发尺骨动态阳性,导致尺骨头密集地撞击TFC和腕骨,造成尺骨撞击综合征.     

误诊为腕部软组织损伤的尺骨撞击综合征

[目的]探讨尺骨撞击综合征被误诊为腕部软组织损伤的原因。[方法]1998年12月～2005年12月，利用X线片及MRI对诊断为腕部软组织损伤的患者216例进行仔细的甄别，确诊为尺骨撞击综合征48例，误诊率达22．2％。[结果]本组患者大部分存在尺骨阳性变异（68．8％），X线片检查发现患者出现腕骨坏死比例为27．1％；MRI可以早期发现腕部软组织、三角纤维软骨（TFC）及腕骨不同程度信号改变，分别表现为腕关节周围软组织肿胀、韧带区域出现条状高信号或混杂信号，TFC区域出现增强的信号影、并延伸至尺侧腕骨的关节面，软骨局部信号异常、关节软骨增厚、软骨下骨及骨髓可见水肿。MRI发现早期腕骨信号改变比例为100％。[结论]提高对尺骨撞击综合征的认识水平，以临床症状为基础，充分利用影像学检查、特别是MRI检查，可以减少该病征的误诊。     

关节镜技术结合尺骨短缩截骨与单纯尺骨短缩截骨治疗尺骨撞击综合征的对比研究

目的比较关节镜技术结合尺骨短缩截骨与单纯尺骨短缩截骨治疗尺骨撞击综合征的疗效差异。方法自2017年5月至2020年5月我科手术治疗尺骨撞击综合征患者78例, 其中关节镜技术结合尺骨短缩截骨组(A组)42例, 单纯尺骨短缩截骨组(B组)36例。49例无明显外伤史, 21例轻微外伤史和8例严重外伤史。术前保守治疗时间3～26个月, 平均(8.4±11.5)个月。术后随访时进行疼痛评估, 测量前臂旋转及腕关节屈伸活动度和握力, 并进行改良Mayo腕关节和DASH上肢功能评分, 比较两组间的差异。结果术后随访时间8～38个月, 平均(22.3±14.8)个月。根据改良Mayo腕关节功能评分, 总体优良率达到92.3%, A组和B组的优良率分别为90.4%和94.4%(P=0.9)。两组间在腕关节屈伸活动, 前臂旋转, 手部握力, 疼痛评分, 改良Mayo腕关节评分和DASH上肢功能评分方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论关节镜技术结合尺骨短缩截骨和单纯尺骨短缩截骨均能有效治疗尺骨撞击综合征, 两种方式的疗效相同。     

多层螺旋CT不同重建技术在复杂腕关节损伤中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT不同重建技术对复杂腕损伤的临床应用价值。方法对65例X线诊断腕关节多发骨折患者进行MSCT扫描,采集数据后进行薄层处理、多平面重建（multi-planarre construction,MPR）、容积显示（volume rendering,VR）重建,将重建结果与X线平片对比观察。结果与X线平片比较,MSCT不同重建图像能全面、直观地显示相应的腕关节骨折、脱位及关节腔内骨片情况。MSCT诊断不同重建技术与临床符合率均为100%。MSCT与X线平片对比P〈0.05,具有统计学意义。而MSCT各重建技术之间P〉0.05,不具有无统计学意义。结论多层螺旋CT对复杂腕关节骨折能提供更多直观、立体腕关节损伤的信息,应做为常规检查手段之一。     

桡骨远端骨折致月骨损伤的MRI表现

目的通过分析桡骨远端骨折合并腕骨损伤的MRI表现,证明桡骨撞击可以导致月骨损伤。方法自1997年3月至6月收治急症初诊桡骨远端骨折患者46例,男16,女30例;年龄28～62岁,平均48.2岁。确诊后均采取保守治疗,复位纠正阳性尺骨变异,尺骨变异范围要求达到1.5mm以内。骨折按MayoClinic分型：Ⅰ型18例（39%）、Ⅱ型14例（30%）、Ⅲ型9例（20%）、Ⅳ型5例（11%）。拍摄腕部正位及侧位X线片,用投影线技术测量尺骨变异。行CT检查排除月骨和三角骨微骨折、囊性变和先天发育不良。行MR检查观察月骨损伤和损伤信号出现的位置。结果MRI出现月骨损伤信号42例（91%）,Ⅰ型15例（15/18,83%）、Ⅱ型13例（13/14,93%）、Ⅲ型9例（9/9,100%）、Ⅳ型5例（5/5,100%）。损伤信号单纯位于月骨尺侧近端35例（占月骨损伤信号的83%）,单纯位于月骨中部5例（12%）,月骨中部和尺侧近端同时出现损伤信号2例（5%）。月骨中部出现损伤信号的7例患者中5例为MayoClinicⅢ型桡骨远端骨折,MayoClinic骨折类型与月骨中部损伤信号的出现率有相关性（Χ^2=19.475,P=0.000,r=0.545）。三角骨中心出现损伤信号2例,与月骨相关节的桡骨区出现不同程度的损伤信号。结论桡骨远端骨折导致的月骨损伤,其MRI上月骨损伤信号位于不同部位,从力学角度分析月骨中部的损伤信号应为桡骨撞击所致。     

尺骨斜行短缩截骨术治疗尺骨撞击综合征

目的 探讨尺骨斜行短缩截骨术治疗尺骨撞击综合征的临床疗效与术中操作体会.方法 回顾性分析自2012-03-2018-05诊治的17例(23腕)尺骨撞击综合征,行尺骨斜行短缩截骨术,矫正尺骨正向变异,垂直截骨面予以拉力螺钉加压固定,辅以3.5 mm重建接骨板固定截骨端.术后采用疼痛VAS评分评价腕关节疼痛缓解情况,采用改...     

月骨周围脱位的影像学分析及临床应用

目的:分析月骨周围脱位的影像学表现,提高对月骨周围脱位的认识和诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析56例月骨周围脱位患者X线片与多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建(3D)和多平面重建(MPR)图像.其中男55例,女1例;年龄18～47岁,平均32.4岁.结果:56例月骨周围脱位,均为背侧型,其中经舟状骨月骨周围脱位11例,不伴腕骨骨折的单纯月骨周围脱位10例,经舟状骨、三角骨、月骨周围脱位26例(其中1例伴豌豆骨撕脱骨折),经三角骨、月骨周围脱位6例,经头状骨、月骨周围脱位3例.伴尺桡骨远端骨折24例,伴掌腕关节脱位4例.X线片诊断准确29例,误漏诊27例.运用CT薄层扫描及重建技术诊断全部准确.结论:熟悉腕关节的正常影像学解剖,掌握各型月骨周围脱位的影像学特点,是作出准确诊断和及时治疗的基础.多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建能够直观清晰地显示骨折脱位的类型,为临床确定骨折分型、选择合适的治疗方案提供了可靠而直观的依据,是避免误漏诊的关键.     

Positive or Negative Ulnar Variance after Ulnar Shortening for Ulnar Impaction Syndrome: A Retrospective Study

Background

The goal of this study was to compare simple radiographic findings and clinical results according to residual ulnar variance following ulnar shortening for ulnar impaction syndrome.

Methods

Forty-five cases of ulnar impaction syndrome, which were treated with ulnar shortening from 2005 to 2008, were studied retrospectively. Group I included 13 cases with positive residual variance after ulnar shortening and group II included 32 cases with negative variance after shortening. The presence of a lunate cystic lesion both preoperatively and at final follow-up and assessments of wrist function based on the modified Mayo wrist score, the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score, as well as the Chun and Palmer score were evaluated.

Results

A cystic lesion of the lunate was present in 4 cases preoperatively and the size decreased in 2 cases at final follow-up in group I, and in 10 and 5 cases, respectively, in group II. No statistical difference was observed between the groups. The modified Mayo wrist score, DASH score, as well as the Chun and Palmer score improved significantly in both groups. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the proportion of positive cystic lesions at final follow-up or the functional scores.

Conclusions

After ulnar shortening, the degree of radiological change in the cystic lunate lesions and clinical improvement did not differ significantly between the groups with unintended residual positive and negative variance after shortening.     

Arthroscopic treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome

Ulnar impaction syndrome occurs in the setting of a central traumatic or degenerative defect in the triangular fibrocartilage complex in patients with ulnar positive variance. Chondral and subchondral edema, mechanical impingement of the articular disc, and chondromalacia of the distal ulna, proximal lunate, and proximal triquetrum produce symptoms with activity that do not improve with rest. Decreasing ulnocarpal load-sharing across the wrist with recession of the distal ulna is necessary to relieve symptoms in the majority of patients. Arthroscopic treatment with triangular fibrocartilage complex debridement and arthroscopic ulnar wafer resection is an effective treatment for ulnar impaction syndrome. It affords a single-stage, minimally invasive approach, with similar efficacy and fewer complications than open wafer resection or ulnar shortening osteotomy.     

Long-term Outcomes of Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy for Idiopathic Ulnar Impaction Syndrome: At Least 5-Years Follow-up

Background

There have been few outcomes studies with follow-up after performing ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome. We investigated the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of ulnar shortening osteotomy for the treatment of idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 36 patients who had undergone ulnar shortening osteotomy for idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome for a mean follow-up of 79.1 months (range, 62 to 132 months). The modified Gartland and Werley scores were measured pre- and postoperatively. The radiographic parameters for the assessment of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) as well as the relationship between these radiographic parameters and the clinical and radiological outcomes were determined.

Results

The average modified Gartland and Werley wrist score improved from 65.5 ± 8.1 preoperatively to 93.4 ± 5.8 at the last follow-up visit. The average preoperative ulnar variance of 4.7 ± 2.0 mm was reduced to an average of -0.6 ± 1.4 mm postoperatively. Osteoarthritic changes of the DRUJ were first seen at 34.8 ± 11.1 months follow-up in 6 of 36 wrists (16.7%). Those who had osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ had significantly wider preoperative ulnar variance, a longer distal radioulnar distance and a greater length of ulnar shortening, but the wrist scores of the patients who had osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ were comparable to those who did not have osteoarthritic changes in the DRUJ.

Conclusions

The clinical outcomes are satisfactory for even more than 5 years after ulnar shortening osteotomy for treating idiopathic ulnar impaction syndrome despite the osteoarthritic changes of the DRUJ. The patients who need a larger degree of ulnar shortening may develop DRUJ arthritis.     

Kienbock's disease: diagnosis and treatment

Kienbock's disease, or osteonecrosis of the lunate, can lead to chronic, debilitating wrist pain. Etiologic factors include vascular and skeletal variations combined with trauma or repetitive loading. In stage I Kienbock's disease, plain radiographs appear normal, and bone scintigraphy or magnetic resonance imaging is required for diagnosis. Initial treatment is nonoperative. In stage II, sclerosis of the lunate, compression fracture, and/or early collapse of the radial border of the lunate may appear. In stage IIIA, there is more severe lunate collapse. Because the remainder of the carpus is still uninvolved, treatment in stages II and IIIA involves attempts at revascularization of the lunate-either directly (with vascularized bone grafting) or indirectly (by unloading the lunate). Radial shortening in wrists with negative ulnar variance and capitate shortening or radial-wedge osteotomy in wrists with neutral or positive ulnar variance can be performed alone or with vascularized bone grafting. In stage IIIB, palmar rotation of the scaphoid and proximal migration of the capitate occur, and treatment addresses the carpal collapse. Surgical options include scaphotrapeziotrapezoid or scaphocapitate arthrodesis to correct scaphoid hyperflexion. In stage IV, degenerative changes are present at the midcarpal joint, the radiocarpal joint, or both. Treatment options include proximal-row carpectomy and wrist arthrodesis.     

尺骨短缩术治疗桡骨骨折后尺骨撞击综合征

目的 评价尺骨短缩术治疗尺骨撞击综合征的效果及其影响因素. 方法 2002年1月至2006年12月对28例诊断为腕部尺骨撞击综合征患者给予尺骨截骨短缩治疗,采用改良的Gartland and Werley腕关节功能评分系统判定治疗效果;分析尺骨短缩数量与手术效果的关系. 结果 本组术前尺骨阳性变异23例,中件变异3例,阴性变异2例;术后阳性变异3例,中性变异4例,阴性变异21例.尺骨变异术前平均(3.1±2.3)mm,术后平均(0.9±1.4)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=4.32,P<0.05).按改良的Gartland and Werley评分:术前平均为(62.6±4.3)分,可21例,差7例;术后评分改善到平均为(92.2±7.8)分,优22例,良3例,可2例,差1例,腕关节功能评分术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义(t=10.45,P<0.05).3例切断尺桡远端韧带,4例部分切断尺桡远端韧带.6例术前存在远端尺腕部背侧半脱位,尺骨短缩术后明显改善. 结论 尺骨短缩术能显著改善桡骨远端骨折后继发尺骨撞击综合征的功能评分和临床症状;但尺骨短缩过多,远侧尺桡关节间压力增大,则影响手术效果.     

Ulnar impaction

Ulnar impaction syndrome is a common source of ulnar-sided wrist pain. It is a degenerative condition that occurs secondary to excessive load across the ulnocarpal joint, resulting in a spectrum of pathologic changes and symptoms. It may occur in any wrist but is usually associated with positive ulnar variance, whether congenital or acquired. The diagnosis of ulnar impaction syndrome is made by clinical examination and is supported by radiographic studies. Surgery is indicated if nonoperative treatment fails. Although a number of alternatives exist, the 2 primary surgical options are ulnar-shortening osteotomy or partial resection of the distal dome of the ulna (wafer procedure). This article discusses the etiology of ulnar impaction syndrome, and its diagnosis and treatment.     

The changes in bone mineral density of the forearm and distal radius–ulna subcortical bone due to ulnar variance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in subcortical bone mineralization of the distal radius and ulna in the presence of negative ulnar variance. A total of 77 healthy right hand-dominant volunteers [34 women and 43 men of mean age 38 ± 14.8 years (range 14–71)] were enrolled in this study. Bilateral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral density ratio (BMDR) measurements of the distal radius and ulna were performed by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found a significant decrease of ulnar subcortical BMD and BMDR subcortical in the dominant forearms of the subjects with negative ulnar variance when compared to that of subjects with neutral ulnar variance (P < 0.02). But this difference was not seen on the non-dominant side. There was no significant difference in BMDRs between the dominant and non-dominant forearms for all subjects. Radial and ulnar subcortical BMD values were significantly different between dominant and non-dominant forearms in subjects with bilateral neutral ulnar variance, whereas not significantly different in subjects with bilateral negative ulnar variance. The increase found in the BMD value of radial subcortical bone in subjects with negative ulnar variance may be due to the indirect shift of axial forces through the ulna to radius.     

A finite-element analysis of Kienbock's disease

A finite-element analysis model of the lunate was established using geometrical data obtained from cadaveric bones. The lunate cortex was modelled with triangular and quadrilateral elements and its intraosseous structure was represented either as a homogenous elastic structure or as an anisotropic network of cortical bone beams (trabeculae) with different orientations and thicknesses. Compressive loads applied to the metacarpus were distributed in the carpus against the fixed radius and ulna. The ulnar variance had a strong influence on the ratios radiolunate/ulnolunate total load and peak pressures. The distribution of internal stresses was markedly affected by the lunate uncovering index. The evolution of a simulated incomplete fracture was dramatically influenced by morphological parameters: with positive ulnar variance, the fracture did not progress, but in the presence of three associated conditions, negative ulnar variance, a high lunate uncovering index and angulated trabeculae, the fracture progressed and the proximal part of the lunate collapsed. This study supports the concept that some lunates are predisposed to Kienb?ck's disease because their anatomy induces abnormal internal stresses, which allow an incomplete fracture to progress, under heavy loading conditions, and cause progressive collapse and localised trabecular osteonecrosis.