冶金炼铁生产职业病危害调查与分析

目的 了解冶金炼铁过程存在的职业病危害因素,分析其危害程度。方法 现场职业卫生学调查,根据国家现行职业卫生标准进行职业病危害因素检测。结果 冶金炼铁生产过程存在的主要职业病危害因素为粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化硫,高温、噪声、电离辐射等。其中粉尘合格率为83.33%,有毒物质合格率为88.89%,噪声强度合格率为85.71%,料位计源容器周围5、100、300cm处空气比释动能率均符合国家标准。结论 采取必要的职业病危害防护措施,加强冶金炼铁生产过程的职业卫生管理。     

济南市部分企业职业病危害因素监测与健康监护结果分析

目的 了解济南市作业场所职业病危害因素监测和有毒有害作业人员健康监护情况,为制定职业病防治对策提供科学依据。方法 根据该市2013年职业病危害监测情况和健康监护结果进行分析。结果 该市作业场所职业病危害因素检测合格率为90.22%。化学毒物、粉尘、物理因素检测合格率分别为92.8%、88.8%、78.8%。职业健康检查中职业禁忌症检出率为0.2%,与职业相关的异常结果检出率为4.5%。结论 济南企业职业病危害因素监测点达标率较高,但仍存在超标作业点的情况,需监管部门加强监管,重点加强粉尘、噪声、锰、苯系物等职业病危害作业场所的职业卫生管理及作业人员的健康监护工作。     

某废旧铅蓄电池回收利用企业职业病危害调查分析与防治对策

目的 了解某废旧铅蓄电池回收利用企业的职业病危害状况,提出职业卫生防治对策。方法 采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测和职业健康监护等方法收集某废旧铅蓄电池回收利用企业的职业病危害数据和资料,对数据进行分析。结果 该企业铅尘、铅烟合格率分别为40%和20%,煤尘、硫酸、二氧化硫、一氧化碳合格率均为100%,噪声合格率为77.8%。结论 该废旧铅蓄电池回收利用企业铅尘、铅烟职业危害严重,应改善工艺布局,加强生产设施的密闭化,完善通风除尘设施,加强铅作业人员职业卫生管理措施。     

南通市某区小微企业重点职业病危害现况调查

  目的  通过调查与分析南通市通州区部分小微企业职业卫生管理现况,为相关部门制订基本职业卫生公共服务政策、全面开展职业病防治工作提供依据。
  方法  按照工作场所职业病危害因素监测工作方案,选取辖区内涉及方案中重点行业和重点危害因素的30家企业作为调查对象,调查用人单位职业卫生管理基本情况,并对工作场所职业病危害因素进行检测。
  结果  30家小微企业均未执行职业卫生"三同时",其余各项职业卫生管理工作执行率为43.3%~96.7%;在职业病危害申报、劳动者培训、工作场所职业病危害因素定期检测、接触职业病危害因素人员职业健康检查四项指标方面,小型企业均明显高于微型企业（P < 0.05）。矽尘（总粉尘）、矽尘（呼吸性粉尘）岗位时间加权平均浓度中位数分别为0.8 mg/m3、0.32 mg/m3,合格率分别为57.1%、89.8%。苯、甲苯浓度检测合格率为100%,二甲苯合格率为97.0%。64个噪声作业场所的噪声超标率为68.8%。30家企业接触职业病危害因素420人,体检244人,体检率58.1%;检出噪声作业职业禁忌证2人,未检出疑似职业病。小型企业职业健康检查率高于微型企业,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。
  结论  该辖区小微企业职业病危害比较严峻,尤其是微型企业。须不断完善职业卫生管理,进一步落实职业卫生"三同时",加强对小微企业职业病防治工作的监管。
     

深圳市福田区汽修企业职业病危害情况分析

目的 了解深圳市福田区汽车维修企业职业病危害及防护现状。方法 2015年10月－2017年9月对福田区52家汽车维修企业的基本情况、职业病防护设施、职业健康监护等现状进行专题调查,并对工作场所职业病危害因素进行检测。结果 52家企业有机溶剂挥发性有机组份主要为苯系物、乙酸酯类、醇类、酮类等。工作场所职业病危害因素检测化学性危害因素合格率99.93%,粉尘合格率95.65%,噪声合格率97.48%。化学性危害因素(粉尘除外)检出率前四位分别为二甲苯(45.93%)、甲苯(40.00%)、乙酸丁酯(22.96%)、异丙醇(21.43%),4S店二甲苯、甲苯检出率低于普通汽修企业,而异丙醇检查率高于普通汽修企业(均P<0.05);52家汽修企业职业卫生专/兼职负责人配备率94.23%、有效防护用品配备率78.85%、物料安全数据表(MSDS)提供率57.69%、有效通排风设施设置率32.69%、职业病危害因素申报率76.92%、定期检测开展率40.38%、劳动者职业健康检查率61.41%、劳动者职业卫生培训率61.54%,其中4S店的有效防护用品配备率、有效通排风设施设置率、职业病危害因素申报率、定期检测开展率、劳动者职业健康检查率、劳动者职业卫生培训率等高于普通维修企业(均P<0.05)。结论 汽车维修企业仍存在多种职业病危害因素,大部分企业职业病防治措施未落实到位,特别是普通汽修企业;汽修行业职业卫生问题不容忽视, 应采取相应的预防对策和措施。     

安阳市苯作业行业职业病危害调查

目的 为了解安阳市苯作业行业的职业卫生状况防控职业病危害。方法 依据国家相关法规。对6家苯作业企业进行了监督检查。结果 6家企业中,职业病危害项目申报2家,占33.33%。职业病有害因素检测6家,并对6家企业部分作业工人进行了在岗期间职业性健康检查,占82.64%。均未开展上岗、离岗体检。2家企业制订有职业病防护管理制度,配有职业病防护设施和个人防护用品占33.33%。结论 安阳市苯作业行业,作业环境职业危害较为严重。应加强对该行业的职业卫生的监督和管理。     

某纯碱生产企业职业病危害因素现状调查与评价

目的 了解某纯碱生产企业存在的职业病危害因素和采取的职业病危害防护措施,为职业病防治工作提供依据。方法 采用现场职业卫生学调查和工作场所职业病危害因素检测方法,进行职业卫生现况调查分析。结果 粉尘、氨气、碳酸钠、一氧化碳、氯化氢、硫化氢、噪声、高温为该厂存在的主要职业病危害因素,其中粉尘超标率为21.2%、氨气超标率为14.9%、碳酸钠超标率为13.8%、噪声超标率为11.8%,氯化氢、硫化氢、高温均符合国家卫生标准要求。结论 该企业采取的职业病危害防护措施基本可行,职业卫生管理体系较为完整,职业卫生管理水平较高,但某些职业病危害因素存在超标点,应着重改善作业环境,提高防护措施,控制有害因素的浓度和强度,防止职业病的发生。     

某锅炉厂职业病危害因素现况调查

目的 为了解某锅炉厂职业病危害现状,为制定切实可行的职业病防治对策提供科学依据。方法 对该厂职业病危害因素进行了监测并进行统计分析。结果 生产环境有害因素监测粉尘合格率为95.23%;毒物合格率为100%;噪声合格率为100%;工频电场检测结果合格。结论 该厂生产环境有害因素监测符合国家标准要求,但该厂属于多种危害因素并存的企业,应加强职业病危害因素监测及个人防护工作,切实保障劳动者的身体健康。     

某厂职业病危害因素调查

目的 为了解某厂职业病危害现状,识别生产环境中职业危害因素的种类及其危害程度,为制定切实可行的职业病防治对策提供科学依据。方法 我们于2010年对该厂职业病危害因素包括料位计测量系统放射源进行了监测,并对该单位1534名作业工人进行了健康检查。结果 生产环境有害因素监测总合格率2009年为90.09%,2010年为96.96%;其中二氧化硫、苯、硫酸、氨硫化氢、氰化氢、苯酚、萘、苯并芘等2009年、2010年合格率均为100%;对料位计放射源监测显示所测各点均符合国家放射卫生防护标准。体检结果显示X射线胸片异常率2.22%,听力异常率0.9%,血常规异常率3.91%。结论 该厂生产环境有害因素监测合格率基本达到国家标准,在做好放射源管理的同时加强职业病危害因素监测与健康监护工作,保障劳动者的身体健康。     

湿法贮源钴源辐照装置建设项目职业卫生控制效果评价

目的 为湿法贮存钴源辐照装置建设项目职业病危害因素分析和职业卫生控制效果评价提供参考。方法 根据钴源衰变特点,分析钴源辐照装置建设过程中源的运输、转载和使用过程中的危害因素,归纳出职业卫生控制效果评价的重点要注意的问题。结果 依据相应的标准和规范分析正常工况和异常工况下存在的职业病危害因素,根据实际的检测结果分析危害的水平,提出补充措施及建议。结论 湿法贮源γ辐照装置建设项目存在的职业病危害因素为γ射线、臭氧、一氧化氮、二氧化氮和噪声等。其主要的职业病危害因素为γ射线,其职业病危害关键控制点为钴源运输、装载和运行岗位。     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries