老年肾病综合征的临床特点及病理类型分析

目的探讨老年肾病综合征的临床表现和病理特点。方法收集60岁以上老年肾病综合征患者41例,对其临床表现及肾活检病理进行分析。结果 41例患者中,原发性肾小球疾病28例(68.29%),病理类型以膜性肾病最常见,其次为局灶节段性肾小球硬化、微小病变性肾病;继发性肾病综合征13例(31.71%)。除肾病综合征表现外,伴血尿25例(60.98%),高血压24例(58.54%),肾功能异常20例(48.78%)。病程中出现感染11例(26.83%)。肾活检后无严重并发症。结论老年肾病综合征最常见的病因为原发性肾小球疾病,病理类型以膜性肾病最常见。主要临床表现为浮肿、血尿、高血压、肾功能减退,并发症主要为感染。行肾活检对老年患者是安全的。     

M型磷脂酶A2受体抗体检测在老年膜性肾病诊断中的价值

目的研究M型磷脂酶A2受体(M型PLA2R)抗体在老年特发性膜性肾病(IMN)与乙型肝炎病毒相关膜性肾病(HBV-MN)患者诊断中的价值。方法行肾活检的43例老年MN患者当日肾活检血清,其中IMN组20例,HBV-MN组23例,并选择同期10例行肾穿刺活检的微小病变(MCD)肾病患者血清作为对照组,均未经过任何免疫抑制剂与糖皮质激素治疗。采取双抗体两步夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中PLA2R抗体浓度。结果 HBV-MN组血清中PLA2R抗体浓度〔(10.2+4.6)μg/ml〕明显低于IMN组〔(14.3+6.1)μg/ml〕(P0.05),MCD组血清中PLA2R抗体浓度则均小于0.1μg/ml。结论血清M型PL A2R抗体浓度检测有利于老年IMN诊断及与HBV-MN鉴别诊断。     

经肾活检证实的老年肾脏病的临床病理特点及预后

目的探讨老年肾脏病的临床病理特点和预后。方法回顾性分析2006~2014年肾活检且年龄≥60岁患者72例临床病理资料,与同期356例中青年患者的临床病理资料进行对比。同时对获得随访的61例老年患者进行疗效分析和预后相关因素分析。结果 (1)老年组患者中男性比例较高(70.8%);肾病综合征、急性肾损伤(AKI)、初诊时存在肾功能损害、需要行肾脏替代治疗及其他并发症发生率均较中青组高(P<0.05)。(2)老年组原发性肾小球疾病中膜性肾病最为常见(54.5%),其次为微小病变;而中青年组以免疫球蛋白(Ig)A肾病的比例最高(46.2%);老年组继发性肾小球疾病中抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)相关性血管炎肾损害最为常见(36.0%),其次是感染相关性肾病;而中青年组以自身免疫性疾病相关性肾病比例最高(63.6%)。(3)老年组肾病综合征的病理类型中最常见的是膜性肾病,其次是微小病变,第三是局灶节段性肾小球硬化。(4)获得随访的老年患者总缓解率为55.7%(34例),未缓解的27例患者中有11例临床死亡,均为非肾性原因;进行多因素Logistic回归分析发现需要肾脏替代治疗是预后不良的危险因素。结论老年肾脏病患者的临床表现和病理类型与中青年患者有显著差异;需要肾脏替代治疗是老年肾脏病患者预后不良的危险因素。     

老年肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭临床及病理分析

目的探讨老年肾病综合征(NS)并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)临床、病理特点及转归。方法对经皮肾活检病理检查确诊的30例老年NS并发ARF患者的临床、病理特点及转归进行回顾性分析,并与同期54例非老年NS并发ARF患者进行比较。结果两组病因均以原发性肾小球疾病为主,其中老年组以继发糖尿病肾病、恶性肿瘤为主;老年组肾活检病理类型以膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,非老年组的肾活检病理类型多样;老年组NS并发ARF发病率较高,为25.0%(30/120),且男性多于女性,非老年组发病率为7.15%(54/755);老年组病死率高,治愈率低。结论老年NS并发ARF患者的病理类型以膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化多见,发病率高,治愈率低,预后差。     

老年原发性肾病综合征患者81例临床病理分析

<正>首发表现为肾病综合征的老年肾活检患者约占35.7%~66.7%〔1,2〕。本研究分析老年原发性肾病综合征患者临床病理分析。1材料和方法1.1研究对象2005年4月至2013年6月在我科住院诊断原发性肾病综合征并行肾活检的老年患者121例,其中男67例,女54例,年龄60~83〔平均(67.8±5.5)〕岁。膜性肾病42例、轻微/微小病变型肾病31例、非Ig A系膜增生性肾小球     

含汞化妆品相关肾病的临床病理特征及预后

目的:探讨使用含汞化妆品后出现肾脏疾病的临床病理特征、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年12月间结合病史、临床、肾活检和尿汞检测诊断为含汞化妆品相关肾病患者的临床表现、实验室指标、肾脏病理特点、治疗及预后。结果:共收集41例患者,均为女性,平均年龄39.4±6.6岁,使用含汞化妆品中位时间为6月,平均尿汞水平为66.80±38.55μg/(g·Cr),临床表现以蛋白尿为主,多数患者(32/41,78.05%)为肾病综合征。肾活检病理:膜性肾病(MN)22例(53.65%)、微小病变肾病(MCD)13例(31.71%)、IgA肾病(微小病变型)(IgAN-MCD)5例(12.20%)、局灶节段肾小球硬化(FSGS)1例(2.44%)。病理表现为MN的患者发病前含汞化妆品使用的中位时间更长、合并自身抗体阳性的(以ANA为主)比例(7/22)更高,且血抗磷脂酶A2受体抗体(PLA2R-Ab)及肾组织抗磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)均阴性。接受激素和(或)免疫抑制剂治疗36例、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)治疗5例,其中9例同时接受驱汞治疗。中位随访时间9月,尿检达完全缓解32例(78.05%),8例(19.51%)部分缓解,1例(2.44%)未缓解,激素减量后复发1例,15例成功停用免疫抑制剂及保肾药物。结论:含汞化妆品相关肾病临床主要表现为肾病综合征,肾小球病变多样,以MN为主,其次为MCD,激素或免疫抑制剂治疗后缓解率高,预后佳。     

肾病综合征合并急性肾功能衰竭19例临床及病理分析

目的 探讨肾病综合征(NS)合并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的病理类型及临床治疗方法。方法 对19例NS合并ARF患者进行肾活检，治疗方案根据病理特征做相应调整，观察治疗前后肾功能的变化。结果 微小病变8例，系膜增生性6例(轻、中度增生各3例)，局灶节段性肾小球硬化1例，膜性肾病1例，IgA肾病2例，膜增生性肾炎1例。肾间质水肿、肾小管细胞病变为共性病理改变。治疗后恢复12例，好转6例，死亡1例。结论 NS合并ARF可见于多种病理类型，以微小病变及系膜增生为主，及时活检有助于NS合并ARF的诊断和治疗。     

老年人肾脏疾病的临床表现与病理特点分析

目的分析肾脏疾病在老年人中的临床表现和病理特点。方法收集60岁以上老年肾脏病患者51例,对其临床表现及肾活检病理进行分析。结果 51例老年肾脏病患者中,原发性肾小球疾病33例,继发性肾脏疾病18例。临床表现为肾病综合征(NS)28例,肾炎综合征10例,慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)5例,急性肾损伤(AKI)4例,肾病综合征合并急性肾损伤4例。老年原发性肾小球疾病最常见的病理类型为膜性肾病(17例),其次是Ig A肾病(5例),系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(4例)。在继发性肾脏疾病中,最常见的诊断是乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎(4例),其次为ANCA相关性血管炎肾损害和肾淀粉样变(各3例)。结论老年原发性肾小球疾病多见,且以膜性肾病为主。老年继发性肾脏病以乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎、血管炎肾损害和肾淀粉样变多见。肾病综合征是老年肾脏病患者最常见的肾活检适应证。对病因不明的老年肾脏病患者,应及早行肾脏病理活检,有助于明确诊断及治疗。     

泌尿系统疾病

一58,中国医学文摘·内科学1997年第18卷第1期 970554 104例肾活检病理与临床分析/王文新一//临床医学一19弱,le(5),一1~3 肾活检10吕例,成功104例(9石.3%),失败4例,无1例出现严重术后并发症。病理类型共19种,诊断原发性肾小球疾病71例(68%),以系膜增殖性肾炎最多见,坛八肾病次之,膜性肾病第三,少数为膜增殖性肾小球肾炎亚型及毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎‘各型肾小球疾病中,临床表现以肾病综合征最常见占62.5%,其次为慢性肾炎占27%,IgA肾病及紫舞性肾炎临床表现多样。用激素治疗各型患者,微小病变型肾病近期疗效最佳,膜性肾病次之,系膜膜…     

成人特发性膜性肾病血清抗M型磷脂酶A2受体抗体临床意义研究

目的探讨抗M型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R)抗体在诊断特发性膜性肾病(IMN)与判断病情中的作用。方法以2012年6月至2013年6月第二军医大学长征医院肾内科经肾活检确诊为肾小球疾病的342例患者和30名健康成人为研究对象。肾小球疾病包括IMN 72例,存在继发因素的MN 13例,Ig A肾病172例,系膜增生性肾炎47例,微小病变型肾病23例,局灶节段性肾小球硬化15例。收集患者及健康人群的临床资料,应用间接免疫荧光法检测其血清抗M型PLA2R抗体,并对抗体阳性和阴性的两组IMN患者年龄、24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮、总胆固醇、三酰甘油以及大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症的发生率进行比较。结果 (1)57例(79.2%)IMN患者血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性;5例(38.5%)存在继发因素的MN患者抗体阳性;其他肾小球疾病和健康人群均阴性。(2)IMN血清抗体阳性和阴性两组患者在大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症的分布方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且高抗体滴度患者24 h尿蛋白定量更高,低蛋白血症更加严重,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论血清抗M型PLA2R抗体是反映IMN患者病情严重程度的一项重要指标。     

Renal biopsy in elderly adults over 75 years of age

The results of 177 renal biopsies (RB) in patients over 75 years of age were analysed. The three most frequent histological types were: Overall: membranous nephritis (MN), minimal change disease (MCD) and IgA Nephropathy (IgAN); In nephrotic syndrome (51% of RB): MN (36%), MCD (33%) and amyloidosis (12%); In chronic renal failure without nephrotic syndrome (25% of RB): chronic interstitial nephritis (17%), benign nephrosclerosis (12%) and IgAN (12%); In acute or progressive renal failure (18% of RB): acute tubular necrosis (36%), crescentic GN (16%) and IgAN (12%). Isolated proteinuria was most frequently associated with IgAN. In only 40% of patients was the medical history relevant, and only in selected cases it allowed for accurate prediction of the histological findings. Our data favor a more liberal use of biopsy in the elderly patients.     

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in the elderly

The most frequent primary glomerular diseases (PGD) associated with nephrotic syndrome (NS) in the elderly are membranous nephropathy (MN), minimal change nephropathy (MCN), and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). In older patients MN may be secondary to drugs or neoplasia in 20 to 25% of cases. The natural renal outcome of idiopathic MN is similar in elderly patients and in those of the second age. However, elderly patients are more exposed to the extra-renal complications of NS. Corticosteroids alone do not seem to modify the course of the disease. A 6-month regimen with corticosteroids alternated to chlorambucil, which has proven to improve the outcome of MN in adults, may increase the chances of remission and protect renal function also in the elderly patients but side effects increase with age. Elderly patients with MCN are more prone than younger adults to the complications of the NS and to the development of renal failure. Only 60% of older patients enter remission with an 8-week course of prednisone, but about 80% can achieve complete remission with corticosteroids if treatment is prolonged to 12–16 weeks. Relapses are more rare in the elderly. In patients with contraindications to prolonged corticosteroid therapy, a course of 12 weeks with a cytotoxic agent may obtain stable remission in most cases. Little information is available about the natural course and the management of idiopathic FSGS in the elderly. A recent report showed that more than 40% of older patients may obtain stable remission after an initial treatment with corticosteroids for 6 months. For those patients who do not respond or have contraindications to steroid therapy, a cautious trial with cyclophosphamide may be tried.     

1217例肾活检患者临床与病理资料分析

目的 了解行肾穿刺活检患者的流行病学特点及病理类型与临床表现间的关系.方法 回顾性分析1217例行肾活检者的性别、年龄、病理类型及临床表现等相关资料.结果 1217例患者行肾活检时的平均年龄为（30.86±13.41）岁,男性612例（50.3％）,女性605例（49.7％）.男性占本组原发性肾小球疾病（PGN）的52.2％,继发性肾小球疾病（SGN）的39.0％.肾脏病患者的高发年龄段为20 ～39岁（50.9％）.本组患者最常见的临床表现为肾病综合征（NS）610例（50.1％）,其余分别为尿检异常型（Uab）453例（37.2％）,反复发作性肉眼血尿型（rGH）89例（7.3％）,慢性肾衰竭（CRF）31例（2.5％）,急性肾损伤（AKI） 12例（1.0％）,高血压型（HT）11例（0.9％）,急性肾炎综合征（ANS）8例（0.7％）,孤立性肉眼血尿型（iGH）3例（0.2％）.原发性肾小球疾病以系膜增生性肾炎（MsPGN）,继发性肾小球疾以狼疮性肾炎（LN）为主要病理类型.本组患者中各临床分型均以系膜增生性肾炎为主要病理类型,除系膜增生性肾炎外,肾病综合征以MN,Uab以IgAN为主要病理类型.结论 原发性肾小球疾病是徐州地区最常见的肾脏疾病,男性、青壮年是高发人群,系膜增生性肾炎是最常见病理类型,肾病综合征是最常见的临床表现.     

The Renal Histopathology Spectrum of Elderly Patients with Kidney Diseases: A Study of 430 Patients in a Single Chinese Center

The elderly population has significantly increased in China. However, data regarding renal histopathology in this population is lacking. The present study retrospectively analyzed renal disease spectrum of 430 elderly patients who had received renal biopsy at Peking University First Hospital between January 2003 and December 2012.Among 6049 patients receiving renal biopsies during the same period, 430 (7.10%) were elderly (≥65 years). The ratio of male (263 patients) to female (167 patients) was 1.57:1, with an age of 70.29 ± 3.99 (range 65–82) years at the time of biopsy. The most common indication for renal biopsy was nephrotic syndrome (59.53%), followed by acute kidney injury (AKI, 19.53%) and chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN, 16.05%). The most common renal histopathology in primary glomerular disease was idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN, 61.02%), followed by IgA nephropathy (18.22%), minimal change disease (MCD, 9.32%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (6.78%). ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV, 43.95%) was the leading secondary glomerular disease, followed by HBV-related glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN, 24.2%), and amyloidosis (14.01%). In patients with nephrotic syndrome, iMN (50%) was the leading cause, followed by HBV-GN (16.02%), MCD (7.81%), and amyloidosis (7.81%). In patients with iMN, 89.5% presented as nephrotic syndrome, 8.39% as CGN. In patients with AKI, the leading cause was AAV (48.12%), followed by acute interstitial nephritis (20.48%) and acute tubular necrosis (8.43%).In conclusion, in elderly Chinese patients, the most common renal histopathology pattern was iMN in patients with nephrotic syndrome, and AAV in patients with AKI.     

The Beneficial Effects of Lymphocytapheresis for Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome

Abstract: A considerable permeability factor (or factors) derived from circulating T cells has a crucial role in proteinuria of nephrotic syndrome (NS). We attempted to remove pathogenic T cells through lymphocytapheresis (LCAP) in 6 patients with primary NS, 2 patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), 2 patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 1 patient with membranous nephropathy (MN), and 1 patient with MN and FSGS using Cellsorba (Asahi Medical Co., Osaka, Japan). LCAP was performed 2 times in 2 consecutive weeks and was followed with corticosteroid therapy with or without cyclosporine A in 5 patients. Two patients with MCNS, 1 with FSGS, and 1 with MN and FSGS showed a dramatic decrease of proteinuria (?30% and ?94%) in their urine protein/creatinine ratio. Three out of 4 patients had a complete or partial remission (proteinuria <1g/day) within 8 weeks following immunosuppressive therapy. During the LCAP, T cells, especially activated T cells, decreased significantly in the response group. The other 2 patients, 1 with FSGS and 1 with MN, however, had no response to LCAP and following immunosuppressive therapy or low‐density lipoprotein apheresis and suffered from end‐stage renal failure or death by pneumonia. These results suggested that LCAP might have a beneficial effect on the treatment of NS, especially MCNS and in some patients with FSGS, despite varying responses to LCAP and concomitant immunosuppressive therapy.     

肾病综合征合并血栓栓塞症临床特点分析

目的:回顾性分析肾病综合征(NS)不同肾脏病理类型合并血栓栓塞症患者临床表现和实验室检查特点。方法:42例NS合并血栓栓塞症患者均行肾活检明确诊断,其病理类型包括微小病变(MCD)9例(21.4%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)10例(23.8%)和膜性肾病(MN)23例(54.8%)。分析患者发生血栓栓塞症时的临床表现,血液和尿液等实验室检查特点。血栓栓塞症的确诊方法为:肾血管、下腔静脉、肺动脉以及腹部其他血管行CT血管成像(CTA);四肢深静脉、颈内静脉采用压迫型超声;磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查头颅血管。结果:(1)本组患者年龄9岁～65岁,三组患者平均年龄、性别分布无统计学差异,MN组平均年龄(36.2±17.0)岁,较文献报道特发性MN患者平均年龄水平低(P0.05)。(2)NS病程中的任何阶段均可发生血栓栓塞症,MCD组多见于NS复发阶段,MN组多为NS治疗无效者。(3)全身深静脉均可发生血栓,常见部位:肾静脉血栓(RVT)21处、肺动脉栓塞(PE)15处和下腔静脉10处;90.5%RVT和60%PE患者为MN组;MN组平均每例发生血栓部位数(1.87处)显著高于MCD(1.1处)和FSGS(1.1处)。(4)镜下或肉眼血尿、腰痛和肾脏体积增大为RVT患者的常见临床症状;PE患者主要临床症状为胸痛、呼吸困难和咯血;少数患者为无症状性VTE。(5)实验室检查结果提示MN组血白蛋白高于MCD和FSGS组,而胆固醇、血红蛋白水平,血小板数量和红细胞压积均低于MCD和FSGS组;MCD和FSGS组抗凝血酶III值降低尤其明显(均低于MN组)。D二聚体阳性率86.5%。结论:NS合并血栓栓塞症十分常见,不同病理类型,其发生血栓的时间、部位和实验室检查特点有所不同,少数患者发生VTE可无临床症状,高危患者D二聚体阴性亦不能排除血栓可能,需进一步筛查。     

The nephrotic syndrome in the elderly: clinico-pathological correlations in 317 patients

We have used the Medical Research Council's Glomerulonephritis (GN) registry to review the clinicopathological findings in a large group (317) of patients over 60 years of age and presenting with the nephrotic syndrome. A wide variety of histological appearances were seen to underlie this clinical diagnosis with the most frequent being membranous nephropathy (36.6%), minimal change nephrotic syndrome (11.0%) and renal amyloid (10.7%). Clinical parameters measured at the time of biopsy were unhelpful in distinguishing between the individual histological groups. A secondary cause for the nephrotic syndrome was identified in 103 (32%) patients, and a malignancy was known to be present at the time of biopsy in 15 patients. As confusion currently surrounds the treatment of these patients (particularly those with membranous nephropathy) and as histology cannot be predicted by clinical parameters, we believe that renal biopsy is an important investigation in the management of elderly adults with the nephrotic syndrome.     

Clinicopathological study of nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

We carried out a retrospective study to investigate the clinical and pathological findings in 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In clinical findings, 17 patients showed nephrotic syndrome, five had isolated proteinuria, two had proteinuria and hematuria and seven had renal failure. In pathological findings, there were 16 patients with membranous nephropathy (MN), two with proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN), two with minor glomerular abnormality (MGA), six with amyloidosis, 2 with tubulointerstitial nephritis, and three patients had accompanying lupus nephritis. Eleven of 16 with MGN had been treated with gold, bucillamine or D-penicillamine, so they were diagnosed as drug induced MGN. In the other five patients, we could not decide which drugs induced the nephropathy. The 2 cases of MGA were associated with nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure, which were caused by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. There were two cases of non-Ig A DPGN, which was regarded as the native nephropathy in RA. The three cases with lupus nephritis were diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus by the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA). In conclusion, the nephropathy in patients with RA was varied and renal biopsy was a useful examination.     

老年人原发性肾病综合征52例临床分析

目的 观察老年原发性肾病综合征患者临床特征及预后.方法 回顾性分析52例老年原发性肾病综合征患者的临床病理特点,并与64例非老年原发性肾病综合征患者进行比较.对老年原发性肾病综合征患者给予常规治疗,口服糖皮质激素泼尼松1 mg·kg-1·d-1,维持治疗8周后,若症状得到缓解,逐渐降低剂量至维持量后,再逐渐停药;若症状没有缓解,则加用环磷酰胺或环孢霉素、骁悉等治疗.结果 老年组并存高血压、感染、慢性肾功能不全和血尿者,与非老年组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组血白蛋白、24 h尿蛋白定量和急性肾功能不全发生率,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).老年人肾病综合征病理类型以膜性肾病、IgA肾病和局灶节段性肾小球硬化为主,分别占46.2%、23.1%和11.5%,非老年组以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎IgA肾病和微小病变性肾病为主,分别占32.8%、25.0%和20.3%.治疗后完全缓解31例,部分缓解18例,无效3例,完全缓解率为59.6%.结论 老年人原发性肾病综合征临床病理以膜性肾病为主,采用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗临床疗效显著,但在不同病理类型中具有差异.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) in the elderly. Methods The clinical and pathological features of 52 elderly patients with PNS and 64 non-elderly patients with PNS were retrospectively analyzed and compared.The elderly patients with PNS received routine treatment:oral corticosteroids prednisone 1mg·kg-1 ·d-1.After 8 weeks maintenance treatment,if symptoms were alleviated,the prednisone dose was gradually reduced to a maintenance dose, then was stopped gradually. If symptoms were not alleviated, the cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil was added. Results There were significant differences in the numbers of patients complicated with hypertension, infection,chronic renal insufficiency and hematuria between the elderly group and non-elderly group (P＜0. 05＝.But there were no significant differences in the level of blood albumin, quantitative measurement of 24 hours urinary protein and incidence rate of acute renal insufficiency between the two groups (P＞0.05). The major pathological types of PNS in the elderly were membranous nephropathy (46.2 %),IgA nephropathy (23. 1 %) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ( 11.5 %), respectively. And the major pathological types of PNS in non-elderly group were mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (32.8%), IgA nephropathy ( 25.0% ) and minimal change nephropathy ( 20. 3 %), respectively.Complete remission after treatment was found in 31 patients(59.6%), partial remission in 18 cases and inefficacy in 3 cases. Conclusions The major clinicopathological type of PNS in the elderly is membranous nephropathy and should be treated using corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents,with different effects in different pathological types.