钙、奶及奶制品摄入量与超重肥胖的关系

目的调查成都市龙泉驿区7~15岁儿童青少年膳食钙、奶及奶制品摄入情况及超重肥胖现状,并探讨两者间的关系。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法,获1738例有效样本。利用24小时膳食问卷及食物频率问卷(FFQ)收集膳食信息,同时测量身高、体重及腰围,计算体质指数(BMI)、腰围身高比(WHtR),并进一步计算体质指数分数(BMI SDS)。根据中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)标准评价超重肥胖。将钙、奶及奶制品摄入量分成3组,分析超重肥胖指标与钙、奶及奶制品之间的关系。结果男生的超重率与肥胖率分别为11.92%、7.04%,女生为8.40%、6.30%。女生钙、奶及奶制品摄入量均高于男生(P0.0001)。7~9岁男生的BMI SDS与奶及奶制品摄入量成正比(P=0.01);10~12岁男生钙摄入量较低时,其超重率较高(P=0.03)。不同年龄组女生中,钙、奶及奶制品摄入情况与超重肥胖指标间的差异均无统计学意义。结论男生的钙、奶及奶制品摄入量可能与超重肥胖相关,但在不同年龄组中表现不同;女生中未发现钙、奶及奶制品与超重肥胖的关系。     

杭州地区大学新生膳食模式与超重肥胖的关系

了解杭州地区新入学的大学生膳食情况,为探讨膳食模式与超重/肥胖之间的关系提供参考依据.方法 采用单纯随机抽样的方法,对杭州市6所高校的1 752名大学新生进行体检和膳食调查,利用因子分析法构建大学新生的膳食模式.结果 因子分析得出3种主要的膳食模式,分别为"动物性食物型"(摄入较多的猪肉、牛羊肉、禽肉、鱼虾类及动物肝脏等)、"西方快餐型"(摄入较多的西式快餐及油炸食物、零食、可乐/雪碧、咖啡、糖类)和"传统中国型"(摄入较多的粮谷类、新鲜蔬菜水果、蛋类、豆制品、奶类及猪肉)."动物性食物型"和"西方快餐型"膳食模式中高分位组的体质量均数(BMI)均高于低分位组(t值分别为-5.083,-6.068,P值均<0.01),而"传统中国型"模式中高分位组BMI (20.1kg/m2)低于低分位组(20.7 kg/m2)(t=3.779,P<0.01).非条件Logistic回归分析显示,在调整相关混杂因素后,"西方快餐型"膳食模式可以增加超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖的患病风险(超重/肥胖:OR=1.36,95% CI=1.02 ~ 2.08,P<0.05;中心性肥胖:OR=1.54,95% CI=1.16 ~ 2.03,P<0.01);而"传统中国型"膳食模式可以降低超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖的危险性(超重/肥胖:OR=0.60,95% CI=0.44 ~0.90,P<0.01;中心性肥胖:OR=0.87,95% CI=0.67 ~ 0.99,P<0.05).结论 膳食模式对大学新生超重/肥胖和中心性肥胖的发生有影响,应坚持"传统中国型"膳食模式.     

学龄期儿童肥胖与膳食钙关系

目的了解目前上海市区学龄期儿童超重肥胖发生率和膳食钙摄入情况,分析肥胖与膳食钙关系。方法对上海市杨浦区和宝山区10所小学二、三年级学生进行体检,并对其中6所小学学生进行钙摄入量调查,分析学生超重肥胖流行状况和膳食钙摄入情况及其相互关系。结果上海市部分地区学龄期儿童超重肥胖率高达36.0%;总钙摄入量为647mg/d,达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的仅有26.4%;总钙摄入量与肥胖无关(χ2=0.319,P=0.956);单位体重钙摄入量与肥胖有关,单位体重钙摄入量越高,超重和肥胖的发生率越低(χ2=65.022,P=0.000);肥胖相关指标如体重(χ2=101.660,P=0.000)、体质指数(BMI)(χ2=85.223,P=0.000)、体脂百分比(PBF)(χ2=64.869,P=0.000)、收缩压(SBP)(χ2=35.626,P=0.000)、舒张压(DBP)(χ2=24.779,P=0.000)等随着单位体重钙摄入量的增高而降低。结论单位体重钙摄入量为与肥胖有关,随着单位体重钙摄入量的增高,超重肥胖发生率降低,体重、BMI、PBF、SBP、DBP、腰围和肥胖度也明显降低(P0.05)。     

学龄期儿童膳食钙与骨密度的关系

目的 调查上海地区学龄期儿童膳食钙摄入现状及骨营养状况,分析膳食钙与骨密度(BMD)的关系.方法 以上海市杨浦区和宝山区10所小学二、三年级学生为研究对象,每个年级随机 抽取2个班级进行定量超声BMD测量,对宝山区6所小学所有二、三年级学生采用食物频率问卷法进行钙摄入量调查,分析调查人群膳食钙与BMD关系.结果 受试儿童平均钙摄入量为647 mg/d.不同年龄别BMD间差异无统计学意义(F=1.595,P=0.173),但不同年龄别间BMD的Z值差异有统计学意义(F16.02,P=0.000).总钙摄入量与BMD及其Z值无关.乳钙占总钙的百分比与BMD及其Z值均呈显著正相关(r=0.097,P=0.015;r=0.117,P=0.003),非乳钙占总钙的百分比和非乳钙摄入量与BMD及其Z值均呈显著负相关(r=-0.097,P=0.015;r=-0.110,P=0.006).当总钙摄入量≥600mg/d时,高乳钙组的BMD及其z值明显高于低乳钙组(P<0.05).当总钙摄入量<600mg/d时,高乳钙组的BMD及其Z值较低乳钙组虽有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 高乳钙摄入对BMD有促进作用,当总钙摄入量≥600 mg/d时,该作用明显增强.     

膳食因素对维吾尔族中学生体质量指数的影响

了解维吾尔族中学生膳食因素对体质量指数(BMI)的影响,为少数民族地区学校开展营养健康干预提供理论支持.方法 随机选取乌鲁木齐、喀什各2所中学,每所中学在初一至高三年级各随机整群抽取2个教学班级,共调查48个班级,班级内全体1 682名维吾尔族中学生作为调查对象,对其进行问卷调查.结果 新疆维吾尔族中学生男生超重率为19.79%,女生为12.75%;男生肥胖率为10.76%,女生为7.67 %.维吾尔族男女生的超重肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=23.106,P<0.01);维吾尔族中学生在14和15岁年龄段男生、女生超重肥胖检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为6.348,6.423,P值均<0.05).经常加餐的维吾尔族中学生超重、肥胖比例均高于不经常加餐学生,差异有统计学意义(x2=12.435,P<0.01).维吾尔族中学生蛋类、肉禽类、谷物类摄入量与超重肥胖检出率呈正相关(r值分别为0.332,0.412,0.395,P值均<0.05),维吾尔族中学生水果、蔬菜的摄入量与超重肥胖检出率呈现负相关(r值分别为-0.058,-0.065,P值均<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,加餐、能量、脂肪、肉禽类是维吾尔族中学生超重肥胖的危险因素,蔬菜摄入是其保护因素(OR值分别为1.752,2.045,1.082,1.599,0.713,P值均<0.05).结论 维吾尔族中学生膳食行为和摄入食物种类对BMI均有影响,应进一步改善维吾尔族中学生膳食结构.     

超重肥胖小学生BMI、腰围与体脂百分比及腹部脂肪率的关系

目的 研究超重肥胖小学生BMI、腰围与体脂百分比及腹部脂肪率的相关性.方法 于2010年5月,采用方便抽样方法在北京市东城区抽取2所小学,以两所学校医务处4月份体检记录中符合超重肥胖标准的162名2～5年级学生为研究对象,对其进行体检,测量其体脂百分比、腹部脂肪率和内脏脂肪等级,并计算BMI.采用t检验和秩和检验分析各指标性别间的差异;采用相关分析探索各脂肪分布指标(体脂百分比、腹部脂肪率和内脏脂肪等级)与BMI及腰围的相关性;运用单因素回归分析探索各变量对各脂肪分布指标的贡献率.结果 超重肥胖小学生体脂百分比为(43.62±2.98)％,腹部脂肪率为(28.06±6.02)％,内脏脂肪等级为7.51±3.43,BMI为(23.41±2.83) kg/m2.男生腰围、体脂百分比和腹部脂肪率分别为(78.57-±7.76)cm、(42.36±2.56)％和(26.47±5.39)％,女生分别为(73.34 ±7.22)cm、(45.88±2.26)％和(30.92±6.07)％,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.22、8.75和4.81,P值均＜0.01);男、女生内脏脂肪等级分别为8.86±3.42和5.09±1.70,差异有统计学意义(Z=-7.08,P＜0.01).BMI与体脂百分比的相关性及对其方差贡献率(r =0.563,R2 =31.7％)高于腰围(r=0.402,R2=16.1％)(P值均＜0.01),腰围与内脏脂肪等级的相关性及对其方差贡献率(r=0.723,R2=57.3％)高于BMI(r=0.621,R2=41.7％)(P值均＜0.01).结论 BMI对体脂百分比的相关性及预测能力优于腰围,腰围则对内脏脂肪的相关性和预测性较BMI强.     

新疆某高校医学生膳食钙摄入状况

了解大学生膳食钙的摄入水平,为合理指导学生膳食营养提供参考.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取新疆某高校医学生530名,通过自行设计的半定量食物频率问卷对研究对象食物摄入量进行调查,并评价钙摄入水平.结果 男生谷薯类、蔬菜、禽畜类、蛋类摄入量高于女生,女生水果类摄入量高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).学生钙平均摄入量为601 mg/d,占DRIs的75.1%,未达到膳食营养素参考摄入量标准,其中男生为605 mg/d,女生为598 mg/d,差异无统计学意义(t=0.440,P>0.05);学生膳食钙主要来自植物性食物(67.82%),奶及其制品来源的钙占25.61%.结论 学生膳食钙摄入不足,建议增加富含钙的食物摄入量.     

膳食多不饱和脂肪酸与女性内脏型肥胖的关系

目的分析女性内脏型肥胖与膳食多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)之间的相关性,为预防女性肥胖提供依据。方法选取2013年在天津市和平区健康体检中心进行健康体检的1 617名女性为调查对象,按照内脏脂肪面积(VFA)的大小,分为内脏脂肪正常组(VFA90 cm2,1 011例)和内脏脂肪肥胖组(VFA≥90 cm2,606例)。对体检者进行体格检查、实验室生化指标检查和膳食调查,并采用体脂仪测定VFA。应用SPSS 19.0软件及t检验和χ2检验进行统计学分析。应用协方差分析以及logistic回归分析女性VFA与PUFA之间的相关性。结果女性内脏脂肪肥胖组的年龄、体质指数(BMI)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)以及空腹血糖(FPG)均高于内脏脂肪正常组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)显著低于内脏脂肪正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。年龄、BMI、TG、TC、LDL-C和FPG与VFA呈正相关(r值分别为0.479、0.792、0.401、0.300、0.325和0.262,P0.01),HDL-C与VFA呈负相关(r=-0.210,P0.01)。随着VFA的升高,膳食n-3 PUFAs的摄入量逐渐减少,趋势性检验差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用步入法调整年龄、BMI、能量、膳食纤维、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、体力活动和吸烟饮酒等混杂因素后,最高摄入水平的n-3 PUFAs(OR=0.67,95%CI:0.45~0.98)和n-6 PUFAs(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.44~0.97)是女性内脏型肥胖的保护性因素。未发现n-6/n-3比例与女性内脏型肥胖相关。结论在女性人群中膳食低n-3、n-6 PUFAs摄入水平容易导致体内内脏脂肪蓄积。     

广州某设计院工程师与某高校教师膳食营养调查分析

目的 了解广州市某设计院工程师与广州某高校教师膳食营养状况,为科学指导膳食提供依据.方法 随机抽取某设计院53名工程师和某高校78名教师,用称重法和24 h回顾法进行连续3天膳食摄入调查.结果 2组人群肉类、蛋类、烹调油及食用盐摄入量较高,粮谷类、水果、乳制品摄入量较低;设计院工程师肉类、乳类、蛋类、烹调油摄入量显著高于高校教师(t =21.60、2.24、6.73、23.53,P＜0.01或P＜0.05);高校教师粮谷类和水果摄入量显著高于设计院工程师(t =4.95、25.27,P＜0.01);2组人群蛋白质、碘、维生素A、和维生素C膳食摄入量高,钙、维生素B1、锌摄入量相对较低;优质蛋白比例合适;2组人群早餐餐次比均较低.结论 2组人群膳食摄入呈现高脂肪、高蛋白、低奶类、低蔬菜水果状态,应加强营养教育,引导合理膳食.     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)45岁及以上居民饮奶状况及其对膳食钙摄入的影响

目的探讨2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)中老年居民饮奶状况及其对膳食钙摄入的影响。方法以"中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)"第10轮调查数据资料为基础,将有完整膳食数据信息的45岁及以上共9766名中老年居民作为研究对象,并按平均每日奶摄入量将调查对象分为0(不饮奶组)、1~99、100~199、200~299、≥300 g/d饮奶组。比较不同奶摄入量组中老年居民平均每日膳食钙摄入量差异。计算调查人群平均每日膳食钙摄入量达到推荐摄入量的人群比例。计数资料差异比较采用卡方检验,计量资料差异比较采用非参数检验。结果 2015年,我国45岁及以上中老年居民饮奶率和每日奶摄入量第95百分位数(P95)分别为14.7%和158.9 g/d;不同奶摄入量组中老年居民每日膳食钙摄入量分别为283.8、376.8、467.5、547.2和785.8 mg/d;饮奶者和非饮奶者平均每日膳食钙摄入量达到推荐摄入量的人群比例分别为4.3%和1.3%。结论我国中老年居民膳食奶类摄入水平仍然较低,膳食钙摄入量有随饮奶量增加而上升的趋势。     

Dietary calcium intake as a mitigating factor in colon cancer

A population-based case-control study was conducted in Utah to test the hypothesis that calcium decreases the risk of developing colon cancer. A total of 231 cases and 391 controls were identified and interviewed between 1979 and 1982. A quantitative food frequency instrument was used to ascertain individual dietary intake two years prior to diagnosis for the cases and two years prior to interview for the controls. Calcium, calcium per 1,000 calories, and total dairy product consumption were used as indicators of dietary calcium intake. Categories of dietary intake were determined by the distribution of these variables in the control population. A protective effect was observed for males for intake of calcium (odds ratio (OR) = 0.48), calcium per 1,000 calories (OR = 0.35), and total diary products (OR = 0.49). The magnitude of the protective effect from calcium intake increased after adjusting for intake of calories (OR = 0.41), protein (OR = 0.31), and fat (OR = 0.46). Calcium provided less of a protective effect in females, with the odds ratio for calcium being 0.50, 0.55, and 0.56 after adjusting for calories, protein, and fat, respectively. Risk associated with calories, protein, and fat also increased after adjusting for calcium. Of interest is an odds ratio of 5.30 in males for protein after adjusting for calcium. A biologic mechanism is presented to help explain the role of calcium in the development of colon cancer.     

Whole-fat dairy food intake is inversely associated with obesity prevalence: findings from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg study

Because research focusing on dairy food consumption and the risk for obesity is inconsistent and only a few studies have even examined specific dairy products, in regard to type of food and fat content, in relation to obesity risk, this cross-sectional study investigated whether dairy food consumption is associated with the prevalence of global and abdominal obesity. Data were analyzed from 1352 participants in the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg survey. We hypothesized that higher total dairy food consumption would be independently associated with reduced prevalence of obesity. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to measure intakes of dairy foods. Odds for global obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m²) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women) were determined based on total dairy food intake as well as intakes of individual low- and whole-fat dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese). Total dairy food intake was inversely associated with the likelihood of global obesity (odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.89; P < .05) and abdominal obesity (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32-0.83; P < .01). Participants in the highest tertile of whole-fat dairy intakes (milk, cheese, yogurt) had significantly lower odds for being obese (global obesity: OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.72; P < .01; abdominal obesity: OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23-0.54; P < .001), compared with those in the lowest intake tertile, after full adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and cardiovascular risk factor variables. Increasing consumption of dairy foods may have the potential to lower the prevalence of global and abdominal obesity.     

Lack of relationship between calcium intake and body size in an obesity-prone population

OBJECTIVE: Dietary calcium intake, especially from dairy products, may have a protective effect against obesity. This study aimed to determine if calcium intake is associated with body weight and adiposity in Pima Indians, an obesity-prone population. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects were 65 Pima Indian adults (35 men/30 women, age 33+/-8 years [mean+/-standard deviation]) participating in a study of eating behavior and 78 Pima Indian children (36 boys/42 girls, age 10.4+/-0.3 years) participating in a study of childhood obesity. Height and weight were measured, and body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Food intake in adults was assessed using the Block 1998 Food Questionnaire; food intake in children was assessed using a 24-hour recall with parental assistance. RESULTS: In adults, mean energy intake was 3,163+/-1,037 kcal/day, mean percentage of energy from fat was 41%+/-7%, and calcium intake was 914+/-333 mg/day. In children, mean energy intake was 1,988+/-733 kcal/day, mean percentage of energy from fat was 36%+/-9%, and calcium intake was 637+/-352 mg/day, half the recommended daily intake for this age group. There were no significant associations between calcium intake and body weight (r=0.05, P=.71; r=0.04, P=.73), body fat (r=0.16, P=.19; r=0.12, P=.42), or body mass index (r=0.01, P=.97; r=0.04, P=.77) in either adults or children, respectively. DISCUSSION: One explanation for the lack of association between reported calcium intake and body size in Pima Indians may be that the high-fat, high-energy diet consumed by the population overwhelmed the "anti-obesigenic" effect of calcium. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to find an association between calcium intake and body size or adiposity in Pima Indian adults and children. Although the essentiality of calcium to bone health is well established, the role of calcium and dairy product intake in obesity and weight management remains uncertain.     

Dairy products do not lead to alterations in body weight or fat mass in young women in a 1-y intervention

BACKGROUND: Previous results suggested that increased intake of dairy calcium is associated with reduced weight and fat mass. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term increases in consumption of dairy calcium alter body weight and fat mass in young, healthy women. DESIGN: We used a randomized, 1-y intervention for dairy calcium. Subjects were 155 young (aged 18-30 y), healthy, normal-weight women with intake of dietary calcium < 800 mg/d and energy intake 相似文献   

Calcium supplementation for 1 y does not reduce body weight or fat mass in young girls

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence from observational studies indicates that a high calcium intake may reduce body weight and body fat. However, few randomized trials have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether calcium supplementation affects body weight and body fat in young girls and whether a relation exists between habitual calcium intake and body weight and body fat. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted in 110 young girls. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg Ca/d as calcium carbonate or placebo for 1 y. Two groups of girls were selected according to habitual calcium intake from a large group; one group consumed 1000-1304 mg/d (40th-60th percentile; n = 60) and the other group consumed <713 mg/d (<20th percentile; n = 50). Height, body weight, body fat, and calcium intake were measured at baseline and after 1 y. RESULTS: At baseline a significant negative correlation was observed between habitual dietary calcium intake and percentage of body fat (r = -0.242, P = 0.011). However, calcium supplementation had no effect on height, body weight, or percentage body fat. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with body fat, but a low-dose calcium supplement had no effect on body weight, height, or body fat over 1 y in young girls. It is possible that the effect of calcium on body weight is only exerted if it is ingested as part of a meal, or the effect may be due to other ingredients in dairy products, and calcium may simply be a marker for a high dairy intake.     

Normal-weight adults consume more fiber and fruit than their age- and height-matched overweight/obese counterparts

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in dietary intake of overweight/obese subjects and sex-, age-, and height-matched controls and to identify dietary components associated with increased deposition of body fat. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of 52 overweight/obese and 52 normal-weight adults matched for sex, age (+/-1 year), and height (+/-1 inch) were recruited from the local area. Dietary intake was assessed with the Block 60-item food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was measured by the Yale Physical Activity Survey, and percent body fat was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Independent t tests compared between-group consumption of dietary components. The ability of dietary components to predict percent body fat before and after controlling for age-, sex-, and physical activity-related energy expenditure and other macronutrients was assessed with multiple regression analyses. Spearman correlation coefficients examined relationships among nutrients, Food Guide Pyramid servings, and percent body fat. RESULTS: Overweight/obese subjects consumed more total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol and less carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, and dietary fiber than control subjects. Reported intake of dietary fiber was inversely related to percent body fat without (R(2)=0.052, P=0.02) and with (R(2)=0.045, P=0.013) control for potential confounding factors. Servings of fruit per day were negatively related to percent body fat (r=-0.40, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the composition of a diet, especially low dietary fiber and fruit intake, plays a role in the etiology of obesity.     

Associations between Yogurt,Dairy, Calcium,and Vitamin D Intake and Obesity among U.S. Children Aged 8–18 Years: NHANES, 2005–2008

The aim of this study was to investigate associations of yogurt and dairy consumption with energy, macronutrient, calcium, and vitamin D intakes, and associations with indicators of overweight/obesity in U.S. children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005–2008). Using 24-hour recall data, children 8–18 years of age were classified to dairy consumption groups of <1, 1 to <2, or 2+ dairy servings, and yogurt consumers were those who reported eating yogurt during at least one of two dietary intake interviews. NHANES anthropometric measurements were used, and BMI and BMI-for-age percentiles were calculated. Yogurt and dairy consumption were associated with higher intakes of calcium, vitamin D and protein. Yogurt intake was associated with lower total fat and saturated fat intakes and body fat as measured by subscapular skinfold thickness. This study supports consumption of yogurt and higher amounts of dairy as eating patterns associated with greater intake of specific shortfall nutrients, and lower body fat in U.S. children.     

Dietary fat and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the USA: a case-control study

An increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been linked with obesity. However, there is limited information about the contribution of dietary fat and fat-related food groups to RCC risk. A population-based case-control study of 406 cases and 2434 controls aged 40-85 years was conducted in Iowa (1986-89). For 323 cases and 1820 controls from the present study, information on dietary intake from foods high in fat nutrients and other lifestyle factors was obtained using a mailed questionnaire. Cancer risks were estimated by OR and 95 % CI, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, obesity, hypertension, physical activity, alcohol and vegetable intake and tea and coffee consumption. In all nutrient analyses, energy density estimates were used. Dietary nutrient intake of animal fat, saturated fat, oleic acid and cholesterol was associated with an elevated risk of RCC (OR = 1.9, 95 % CI 1.3, 2.9, P trend < 0.001; OR = 2.6, 95 % CI 1.6, 4.0, P trend < 0.001; OR = 1.9, 95 % CI 1.2, 2.9, P trend = 0.01; OR = 1.9, 95 % CI 1.3, 2.8, P trend = 0.006, respectively, for the top quartile compared with the bottom quartile of intake). Increased risks were also associated with high-fat spreads, red and cured meats and dairy products (OR = 2.0, 95 % CI 1.4, 3.0, P trend = 0.001; OR = 1.7, 95 % CI 1.0, 2.2, P trend = 0.01; OR = 1.8, 95 % CI 1.2, 2.7, P trend = 0.02; OR = 1.6, 95 % CI 1.1, 2.3, P trend = 0.02, respectively). In both the food groups and nutrients, there was a significant dose-response with increased intake. Our data also indicated that the association of RCC with high-fat spreads may be stronger among individuals with hypertension. These findings deserve further investigation in prospective studies.     

单餐大份量进食是儿童单纯性肥胖的饮食危险因素

目的了解儿童单餐摄食量与肥胖的关系,探索儿童单纯性肥胖的饮食危险因素。方法设计问卷,对202名超重肥胖儿童和209名正常体重儿童进行图片法食量评估、24h膳食回顾、饮食行为及家庭环境等调查。采用logistic回归方法分析儿童单纯性肥胖的饮食危险因素。结果肥胖儿童在单餐进食份量(P<0.05)、每日总能量(P<0.05)及供能营养素摄入量(P<0.05)上明显高于对照组,蔬菜摄入量则低于对照组(P<0.05)。食物图片法分析儿童食量的结果与24h膳食调查结果一致。多因素校正后的回归分析显示儿童肥胖与单餐进食份量(午餐OR=1.003,P<0.05、晚餐OR=1.002,P<0.05)、晚餐能量密度(OR=2.260,P<0.05)、蛋白质摄入量(OR=1.027,P<0.05)密切相关,与总能量及脂肪摄入量无关(P>0.05)。结论单餐大份量、高能量密度进食是儿童肥胖的饮食危险因素,食物图片法可以对儿童日常食量作出良好评价,结合食量及食物能量密度分析的方法能更全面地反映儿童肥胖发生的风险。     

Dietary calcium consumption and astrocytic glioma: the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995.

Previous studies suggest an association between calcium consumption and glioma risk. In the present study, we compare consumption of calcium and other dairy components and foods (cholesterol, fat, protein, calories, milk, and cheese) of 337 astrocytic glioma case patients with 450 controls from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995. We use unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) by gender controlling for age, education, and income. A statistically significant inverse association [p (trend) = 0.05] was observed for dietary calcium intake for women only [OR = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24-1.03 for highest vs. lowest quartile of consumption]. In addition, we observed elevated ORs for highest vs. lowest quartiles of cholesterol intake among women and men (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.00-4.28 and OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.92-3.31, respectively). Calcium may exert a protective effect through its known roles in apoptosis, DNA repair, and inhibition of parathyroid hormone production. Recent evidence suggests that parathyroid hormone may influence growth and dedifferentiation of astrocytoma cells. Finally, circulating estradiol might directly stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium and may therefore explain why the inverse association of calcium intake and glioma is confined to women.