血栓弹力图评估阿司匹林和氯吡格雷血小板抑制率的临床应用

目的 用血栓弹力图评估冠心病及冠心病支架术后患者正规使用阿司匹林及氯吡格雷后血小板抑制率的改变.方法 血栓弹力图检测300例住院患者血小板药物治疗后花生四烯酸(AA)通路和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受体途径诱导的血小板抑制率.将抗血小板治疗的患者分为阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组、阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联用组各100例.结果 阿司匹林与氯吡格雷组和阿司匹林和氯吡格雷联用组在血小板抑制率和临床治疗效果上无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联用在对血小板的抑制率无协同作用,由于患者可能存在阿司匹林或者氯吡格雷某一途径抵抗的情况下,可以得到另一途径的有效补充而使血小板抑制率达标.     

血栓弹力图在急性脑梗死患者抗血小板治疗效果评价中的应用

目的探讨采用血栓弹力图(TEG)评价阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗急性脑梗死患者的抗血小板效果,以指导对急性脑梗死患者抗血小板聚集药物治疗的个体化调整。方法选择急性脑梗死患者82例,予阿司匹林100 mg和氯吡格雷75 mg联合治疗7 d后,采用TEG仪检测花生四烯酸(AA)途径诱导的血小板抑制率和腺苷二酸(ADP)受体途径诱导的血小板抑制率,比较患者经两种途径诱导的血小板抑制率以及患者对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗反应的差异。同时选择急性脑梗死患者40例作为对照组,单用阿司匹林100 mg抗血小板治疗7d,对比两组TEG参数(R值、K值、angle角、MA值)。结果急性脑梗死予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷双抗血小板,阿司匹林对AA途径的抑制率明显高于氯吡格雷对ADP受体途径的抑制率,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);对阿司匹林反应良好的患者,4例对氯吡格雷无反应,15例反应低下;对氯吡格雷反应良好的患者,仅1例对阿司匹林反应低下。对氯吡格雷反应低下者,3例对阿司匹林无反应,5例低下,6例对阿司匹林有效,15例良好。两种疗效有一定关联性(P0.01)。对阿司匹林反应良好+有效为62例,反应低下+无效者20例;氯吡格雷反应良好+有效者42例;反应低下+无效者38例,两种药物疗效差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。单用阿司匹林组与双联抗血小板组比较两组患者R值、K值、α角、MA值均无明显差别(P0.05)。结论采用TEG仪检测对急性脑梗死患者抗血小板治疗的疗效评价有较高的临床价值。双联抗血小板中阿司匹林对急性脑梗死患者血小板聚集的抑制作用强于氯吡格雷。患者对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗的反应有差异性,部分对氯吡格雷反应低下者,可能对阿司匹林反应良好或有效。双联抗血小板治疗对血凝的影响较单用阿司匹林无明显差别。     

高龄老年冠心病患者抗血小板药物使用及效果

目的分析高龄老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者服用抗血小板药物情况及治疗效果。方法回顾性纳入2013年6月至2014年12月间在北京军区总医院干四科住院治疗的高龄老年(年龄≥75岁)冠心病患者75例,分为双联抗血小板组(n=32)、单用阿司匹林组(n=16)、单用氯吡格雷组(n=12)及未服用抗血小板药物组(n=15)。比较双联抗血小板组、阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组患者凝血功能及血栓弹力图指标。结果 75例高龄老年冠心病患者中双联抗血小板占42.7%,单用阿司匹林占21.3%,单用氯吡格雷占16.0%,未服用抗血小板药物占20.0%。双联抗血小板组、阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组3组患者在年龄、性别构成、常规凝血指标及血小板计数方面无统计学差异(P0.05)。97.9%服用阿司匹林治疗者花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率(IRAA)50%,70.5%服用氯吡格雷治疗者二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率(IRADP)≥30%。双联抗血小板组、阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组3组患者R、K、Angle、MA值水平无统计学差异(P0.05),MAADP、IRADP、IRAA存在统计学差异(P0.05),双联抗血小板组MAADP显著低于阿司匹林组及氯吡格雷组(P0.05),IRADP显著高于阿司匹林组及氯吡格雷组(P0.05),氯吡格雷组IRAA显著低于双联抗血小板组及阿司匹林组(P0.05)。结论高龄老年冠心病患者抗血小板药物使用率较高,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷均获得较好的抗血小板疗效,但阿司匹林反应低下的发生率明显低于氯吡格雷。     

阿司匹林与氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集作用效果观察

目的 探讨阿司匹林与氯吡格雷抑制血小板聚集的临床效果。方法 将107例急性脑梗死患者分为阿司匹林组34例、氯吡格雷组19例、联合组54例。阿司匹林组口服阿司匹林100 mg/d;氯吡格雷组口服氯吡格雷75 mg/d;联合组同时服用以上两种药物（剂量同前）。三组均连续服用7 d后采用血栓弹力图检测花生四烯酸（AA）途径血小板抑制率（AA%）及二磷酸腺苷（ADP）途径血小板抑制率（ADP%）。结果 阿司匹林组血小板抑制敏感率明显高于氯吡格雷组,P〈0.01;联合组AA%明显高于阿司匹林组,ADP%明显高于氯吡格雷组,P均〈0.01;联合组血小板抑制敏感率AA为90.7%（49/54）,ADP为70.4%（38/54）,较其余两组明显增高（P均〈0.01）。结论 阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联合应用可协同抑制血小板聚集。     

血栓弹力图对支架辅助颅内栓塞动脉瘤不同剂量抗血小板聚集药物疗效的初步评价

目的采用血栓弹力图检查(TEG)评估支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤患者术前不同剂量阿司匹林及氯吡格雷联合治疗方案对血小板抑制率的影响。方法回顾性连续纳入南京军区南京总医院接受支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤的57例未破裂动脉瘤患者,并按阿司匹林口服剂量的不同分为低剂量组(阿司匹林100 mg+氯吡格雷75 mg)26例和高剂量组(阿司匹林300 mg+氯吡格雷75 mg)31例。两组患者均于术前开始服用阿司匹林及氯吡格雷,于服药第3天,采用TEG检测患者花生四烯酸(AA)途径血小板抑制率和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径血小板抑制率。比较两组患者血小板抑制情况以及药物抵抗的发生情况。结果 (1)服药3 d血小板抑制率:低剂量组AA抑制率及ADP抑制率分别为(76±21)%、(72±26)%;高剂量组AA抑制率及ADP抑制率分别为(80±21)%、(73±29)%,两组抑制率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(2)药物抵抗:低剂量组发生阿司匹林抵抗2例(7.7%),氯吡格雷抵抗1例(3.8%);高剂量组中发生阿司匹林抵抗3例(9.7%),氯吡格雷抵抗4例(12.9%);两组患者阿司匹林抵抗及氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(3)围手术期缺血并发症:低剂量组中1例(3.8%)发生围手术期缺血事件,高剂量组中2例(6.5%)发生围手术期缺血事件,两组围手术期缺血并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤患者,TEG评价的低剂量与高剂量抗血小板聚集治疗对血小板抑制效果无明显差异。     

血栓弹力图评价老年患者抗血小板治疗的临床意义

目的应用血栓弹力图观察我院老年患者服用抗血小板药物后血小板抑制率的变化情况。方法选择我院门诊和住院的62例抗血小板治疗的老年患者,并将患者分成阿司匹林组、氯吡格雷组、阿司匹林+氯吡格雷组,16例未服用抗血小板药物的患者为对照组,应用血栓弹力图仪分别测得4组花生四烯酸(AA)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径诱导的血小板抑制率值,并进行比较分析。结果阿司匹林组AA诱导的血小板抑制率为(78.93±11.73)%,氯吡格雷组ADP诱导的血小板抑制率为(53.4±21.5)%,阿司匹林+氯吡格雷组AA诱导和ADP诱导的血小板抑制率分别为(93.27±5.73)%和(55.8±24.6)%,血小板抑制率均显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论血栓弹力图能客观反映老年患者服用抗血小板药物后血小板抑制率的变化。阿司匹林能起到较好的抗血小板作用,其抗血小板作用优于氯吡格雷,同时服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷能起到更有效的抗血小板作用。     

不同抗血小板药物联合治疗进展性脑梗死的比较

目的比较不同抗血小板药物(阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和奥扎格雷)联合治疗对进展性脑梗死患者的血小板活化水平和神经功能的影响。方法将97例急性进展性脑梗死患者随机分为A组(阿司匹林+氯吡格雷)、B组(阿司匹林+奥扎格雷)、C组(氯吡格雷+奥扎格雷),分别比较各组患者在治疗前、治疗3天后和治疗14天后血小板CD62P表达水平和临床神经功能缺损程度评分。结果三组患者联合抗血小板治疗14天后,与同组治疗前相比,血小板CD62P的表达水平和神经功能缺损程度评分均有明显下降(P<0.05),其中A组(阿司匹林+氯吡格雷)和C组(氯吡格雷+奥扎格雷)较B组(阿司匹林+奥扎格雷)下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于进展性脑梗死患者尽早联合使用两种抗血小板药物治疗,可以取得较好的疗效,其中阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷和氯吡格雷联合奥扎格雷方案治疗效果更好。     

不同负荷剂量国产氯吡格雷与进口氯吡格雷对冠心病患者血小板抑制率的影响比较

目的比较不同负荷剂量国产氯吡格雷与进口氯吡格雷对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者血小板抑制率的影响。方法纳入2017年11月至2018年12月于西京医院心内科住院的115例18~75岁,3个月内未服用氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛的患者。入院后患者按随机数字表法被分为A组(国产氯吡格雷300 mg),B组(国产氯吡格雷600 mg),C组(进口氯吡格雷300 mg),D组(进口氯吡格雷600 mg)4个治疗组。分别于患者服药后2 h和6 h应用血栓弹力图评估氯吡格雷对血小板的抑制效果,主要终点为服药后2 h及6 h二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)及血小板花生四烯酸(arachidonicacid,AA)途径下的血小板抑制率,安全性终点包括1个月内的各种出血、支架内血栓、死亡及心肌梗死。结果 A、B、C和D组患者服药后2 h ADP诱导的血小板抑制率分别是42.18%±23.98%、42.76%±29.05%、51.46%±31.11%以及54.56%±25.26%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.228)。服药后6 h各组ADP诱导的血小板抑制率分别为45.54%±22.72%,44.38%±24.71%,56.54%±27.60%以及59.23%±23.09%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.068)。D组患者住院期间1例发生鼻出血、1例穿刺部位血肿;各组患者均无死亡、心肌梗死及支架内血栓发生。结论负荷剂量分别为300 mg及600 mg的国产氯吡格雷与进口氯吡格雷在2~6 h内的血小板抑制率无明显差异。     

血栓弹力图在PCI患者抗血小板治疗中的应用价值分析

目的:采用血栓弹力图评估经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者服用抗血小板药物后血小板抑制效果。方法:选择2011-05-2015-04治疗的168例冠心病患者为研究对象,以其中56例接受PCI治疗并联合服用阿司匹林与氯吡格雷的患者作为联合用药组,56例未接受PCI治疗单独服用阿司匹林的患者为阿司匹林组,56例未接受PCI治疗单独服用氯吡格雷的患者为氯吡格雷组。采用血栓弹力图检测花生四烯酸(AA)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径诱导的血小板抑制率,并分析抗血小板药物敏感性的相关因素。结果:1联合用药组与阿司匹林组的AA途径血小板抑制率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);联合用药组与氯吡格雷组的ADP途径抑制率也差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2阿司匹林的敏感性与吸烟、肥胖、高脂血症、糖尿病有关(P0.05),氯吡格雷敏感性与性别、吸烟、肥胖及糖尿病有关(P0.05)。结论:采用血栓弹力图可以及时发现对抗血小板药物不敏感的患者,从而有利于制定个体化的抗血小板治疗方案。     

替格瑞洛对急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后血小板聚集功能及预后的影响

目的:观察替格瑞洛对急性冠状动脉综合征患者(ACS)经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后血小板聚集功能及预后的影响。方法:选择72例ACS患者随机分为两组:在PCI术及常规治疗基础上,替格瑞洛组36例应用阿司匹林+替格瑞洛抗血小板治疗,氯吡格雷组36例应用阿司匹林+氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗。两组患者均观察治疗6个月。观察两组患者的血小板聚集指标的变化、不良心脏事件及出血事件。结果:服药前两组患者的血小板最大聚集率(MPAR)及P2Y12反应单位差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。服药后各时间点(术前、术后10min,服药后24h,服药后7d)替格瑞洛组患者的MPAR及P2Y12反应单位均显著低于氯吡格雷组(均P0.01);替格瑞洛组6个月内不良心脏事件发生率显著低于氯吡格雷(χ2=4.5714,P0.05);两组患者出血事件的发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.1406,P0.05)。结论:替格瑞洛较氯吡格雷能够更好地拮抗我国人群中ACS患者PCI术后的血小板聚集,降低近期主要不良心血管事件的发生率,且不增加患者出血事件的发生率。     

Persistent platelet activation is related to very early cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes

INTRODUCTION: Persistent platelet function while on antiplatelet therapy affects outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). AIM: To evaluate whether platelet reactivity measured by collagen-epinephrine (CEPI) or collagen-ADP (CADP) closure times (CT) with Platelet Function Analyzer 100 (PFA-100) is related to very early, in-hospital cardiovascular events in patients with ACS. METHODS: The study included 91 patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation who were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Patients were stratified in accordance with both CEPI-CT (<190 s or >190 s), reflecting aspirin resistance, and our own cut-off point for CADP-CT measured at a mean of 6 days after admission. In-hospital events included re-infarction, cardiac arrest, recurrent angina, severe arrythmias, pulmonary oedema and cardiogenic shock. RESULTS: Patients were divided into 4 study groups: group 1 with CADP-CT <104 s (n=10, 11.0%), group 2 with CEPI-CT <190 s (n=10, 11.0%), group 3 with CADP-CT <104 s and CEPI-CT <190 s (n=9, 9.9%) and a control group with both CT values above the cut-off limits (n=62, 68.1%). The baseline clinical characteristics and received treatment of each subgroup were similar. A test for a trend between controls, group 1 or 2 and group 3 disclosed statistical significance (p <0.001). When analysed separately, only patients from group 3 had a higher incidence of negative outcomes compared to controls (p <0.005; relative risk RR - 9.0; 95% CI 2.4-33.9). CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced platelet function after PCI when measured under high shear rates by both PFA-100 cartridges is independently associated with the most unfavourable in-hospital clinical outcome.     

大鼠模型中糖尿病导致氯吡格雷治疗后血小板高反应性的机制研究

目的在大鼠模型中探讨糖尿病对氯吡格雷治疗后血小板高反应性(HTPR)的影响及其可能的影响机制。方法造模成功的雄性SD大鼠45只,随机分为空白组11只、氯吡格雷组11只、糖尿病组11只和糖尿病+氯吡格雷组(实验组)12只,普通饲料饲养8周,采用灌胃法给予氯吡格雷,糖尿病模型采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)一次性注射法建立。流式细胞术检测CD62P水平和细胞质内Ca2+水平,ELISA法检测同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、血栓素A2(TXA2)、前列环素(PGI2)及NO等水平,RT-PCR和Westernblot检测细胞色素450(CYP450)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)及P2Y12受体基因和蛋白表达。结果糖尿病组和实验组血糖、Hcy、MDA、TXA2、hs-CRP水平、P2Y12基因和蛋白及PKC蛋白表达显著高于空白组和氯吡格雷组(P<0.01);PGI2、SOD及NO、ADP诱导的血小板聚集抑制率(ADP-IR)、CYP450蛋白表达显著低于空白组和氯吡格雷组(P<0.01)。实验组ADP-IR显著低于糖尿病组[(45.64±13.31)%vs(80.14±4.30)%,P<0.01]。糖尿病组CD62P、细胞质内Ca2+水平明显高于其他组(P<0.01);且实验组明显高于空白组和氯吡格雷组(P<0.05,P<0.01);氯吡格雷组细胞质内Ca2+水平显著低于空白组(P<0.05)。各组PKC和CYP450基因表达比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ADP-IR与SOD和TXA2水平呈负相关(P<0.05,P<0.01);CD62P水平与细胞质内Ca2+水平呈正相关(P<0.01)。ADP-IR与CD62P水平呈负相关(r=-0.3567,P=0.015)。结论糖尿病导致氯吡格雷HTPR的机制为血小板功能异常、血小板表面受体表达上调及氯吡格雷活化相关酶系表达减少。     

Comparison of platelet P2Y(12) ADP receptor-mediated pathway inhibition in triple versus dual antiplatelet therapy as assessed by VASP-phosphorylation in Japanese patients undergoing coronary stenting

Despite wide interindividual variability in response to clopidogrel, platelet P2Y(12) ADP receptor inhibition in Japanese patients has not been fully studied using specific methodology. This study compared platelet P2Y(12) ADP receptor inhibition during treatment with clopidogrel versus clopidogrel plus cilostazol in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Forty-two patients in whom platelet function was measured within 2 months after coronary stenting were enrolled. All patients were treated with aspirin 100 or 200 mg/day, and were divided into a dual therapy group (aspirin plus clopidogrel 75 mg/day; n = 34) and a triple therapy group (aspirin plus clopidogrel 75 mg/day plus cilostazol 200 mg/day; n = 8). Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation analysis and 5 and 20 μmol/L-induced maximal platelet aggregation were assessed. No differences were found in baseline characteristics except for a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the triple therapy group. Although there were no differences in platelet aggregation between the 2 groups, VASP index was significantly lower in the triple therapy group than in the dual therapy group (23.1 ± 15.3% versus 51.2 ± 19.9%; P = 0.001). The rate of low responsiveness to clopidogrel, defined by VASP index > 50%, was lower in the triple therapy group than in the dual therapy group (12.5% versus 55.9%; P = 0.047). Similarly, in DM patients the triple therapy group had a lower VASP index compared with the dual therapy group (23.1 ± 15.3% versus 47.0 ± 23.5%; P = 0.015).Clopidogrel plus cilostazol is more effective in inhibiting the platelet P2Y(12) ADP receptor pathway than clopidogrel alone. This may be useful for reducing clopidogrel resistance in Japanese patients.     

Relation between impaired antiplatelet response to clopidogrel and possible pleiotropic effects

Background The study was designed to determine whether impaired antiplatelet response to clopidogrel but not to aspirin may be responsible for loss of pleiotropic effects of the drug. Methods Study included 34 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation treated with aspirin (loading dose 300 mg followed by 75 mg/day) and clopidogrel (loading dose 600 mg followed by 75 mg/day). On the basis of Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 test which measured closure times (CT) in test with collagen/epinephrine (CEPI-CT) or collagen/adenosine diphosphate (CADP-CT) patients were stratified after 7 days from admission as full aspirin or clopidogrel responders (CEPI-CT or CADP-CT = 300 sec., respectively) and non-full aspirin or clopidogrel responders (CEPI-CT or CADP-CT < 300 sec., respectively). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured at baseline and after 7 days of treatment. Results All patients received comparable statin treatment. Median and interquartile ranges (IQR) of hs-CRP increased significantly from 2.5 mg/L (0.4–44.8) at baseline to 8.05 mg/L (1.4–33.9) at day 7 (P = .002) in non-full clopidogrel responders subgroup and only slightly in the full clopidogrel responders subgroup (2.45 mg/L, IQR 0.4–48.3 vs. 4.2 mg/L, IQR 1.9–17.5) (P = .3) remaining within reference intervals. On the contrary median and IQR of hs-CRP increased significantly in both non-full aspirin responders (2.4 mg/L, IQR 1.3–3.3 vs. 5.8 mg/L, IQR 3.2–14.8, P = .01) and full aspirin responders (2.9 mg/L, IQR 2.0–3.7 vs. 5.6 mg/L, IQR 4.3–12.9, P = .04). Conclusions Impaired antiplatelet response to clopidogrel but not to aspirin may contribute to smaller anti-inflammatory response in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.     

In vitro aspirin resistance detected by PFA-100 closure time: pivotal role of plasma von Willebrand factor

The in vitro closure time (CT), determined by the Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100), is used to monitor patients treated with aspirin. A relatively high percentage of in vitro aspirin resistance was reported despite an adequate inhibition of platelet response to arachidonic acid and we investigated whether high plasma levels of von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo) may contribute to this profile. Platelet aggregation test, CT [collagen adrenaline (CEPI-CT) and collagen adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) (CADP-CT)], and vWF:RCo levels were evaluated in 55 consecutive patients receiving aspirin (75-250 mg/d) versus 32 untreated control subjects. All the aspirin-treated patients showed platelet aggregation responses that reflected the aspirin intake. However, CT data analysis enabled aspirin good-responder (GR) and aspirin bad-responder (BR) patients to be identified. All GR group subjects (n = 27), had a CEPI-CT and a CADP-CT longer than 300 s and 96 s respectively. The BR group (n = 28) had CEPI-CT values below 200 s and all CADP-CT were in the normal range (77 +/- 19 s). Interestingly, the BR plasma vWF:RCo levels were significantly higher (159 +/- 43%) than those of the GR group (121 +/- 34%) (P < 0.01), which were similar to control values (114 +/- 31%). A negative correlation between vWF:RCo and CT values was established. We demonstrate that in vitro aspirin-resistance, revealed by PFA-100 CT prolongation failure, is correlated to increased plasmatic vWF:RCo levels, reinforcing its particular importance in PFA-100 cartridges performance.     

Relation of low response to clopidogrel assessed with point-of-care assay to periprocedural myonecrosis in patients undergoing elective coronary stenting for stable angina pectoris

Impaired responses to antiplatelet therapy assessed by laboratory tests are associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study was designed to determine the relation between responses to aspirin and clopidogrel as assessed by a point-of-care assay (Verify Now, Accumetrics, San Diego, California) and periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) in patients undergoing elective PCI for stable angina. One hundred twenty-two consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary stenting prospectively received aspirin 500 mg and clopidogrel 600 mg >or=12 hours before PCI. Clopidogrel response was measured with P2Y12 reaction units (PRUs) and percent inhibition P2Y12 from baseline (percent inhibition P2Y12) and aspirin response with aspirin reaction units (ARUs). Troponin T level was considered positive if it was >0.03 ng/ml. Responses to aspirin and clopidogrel were correlated (r=0.42, p <0.0001). PMI occurred in 27 patients (22%) who showed significantly lower percent inhibition P2Y12 (25.3+/-26 vs 38.3+/-25, p=0.01) and a trend toward higher PRU values (221+/-87 vs 193+/-94, p=0.21). We did not find any difference for aspirin response as assessed by ARUs in patients with or without PMI (460+/-82 vs 454+/-73, p = 0.82). Stratification of percent inhibition P2Y12 isolated a quartile of clopidogrel nonresponders (inhibition P2Y12 <15%) with significantly higher incidence of PMI (44% vs 15%, odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 11.5, p=0.001). In conclusion, point-of-care assessment of clopidogrel response reliably predicted PMI after low- to medium-risk elective PCI for stable angina.     

Effect of aspirin treatment in patients with peripheral arterial disease monitored with the platelet function analyzer PFA-100.

We have used the platelet analyzer PFA-100TM to assess the effect of aspirin (ASA) in patients with documented peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Thirty-one previously untreated patients were recruited. Laboratory investigations, including the collagen and adenosine diphosphate closure time (CADP-CT) and the collagen and epinephrine closure time (CEPI-CT) were performed before and 7 days after treatment with 100 mg ASA per day. Five patients were excluded from the final analysis: one patient did not appear for second examination, in one patient type I von Willebrand disease was diagnosed, and three patients with prolonged CEPI-CT admitted the intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prior to ASA treatment, CADP-CT was 90 +/- 15 s (range, 67-124 s) and CEPI-CT was 116 +/- 27 s (range, 78-164 s). There was a significant negative correlation between CADP-CT and von Willebrand factor antigen (r = -0.57, P = 0.001). After treatment with 100 mg ASA per day, CADP-CT was not significantly different (96 +/- 22 s; range, 65-158 s). CEPI-CT, however, was prolonged in all patients, compared with pre-ASA values (226 +/- 82 s; range, 89 to > 300 s). In 12 of 26 patients, CEPI-CT was > 300 s and in another four of 26 patients CEPI-CT was prolonged to more than the upper normal range ('responders'). In the remaining 10 patients, CEPI-CT values did not exceed the upper limit of the normal range ('non-responders'). Five non-responders were re-investigated after intake of 300 mg ASA per day for 3 weeks; in none of these was a CEPI-CT > 165 s recorded. We conclude that 40% of PAD patients have an inadequate response to ASA, as determined by the PFA-100TM CEPI-CT. Whether these patients have a reduced benefit from this treatment remains to be investigated.     

血栓弹力图评价患者颅内外动脉狭窄支架置入术后抗血小板聚集药物的疗效

目的采用血栓弹力图（TEG）仪检测颅内外动脉支架置入术（PTAS）后,服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷患者的血小板抑制情况,以指导PTAS术后抗血小板聚集药物的个体化调整。方法回顾性分析从南京卒中注册系统中纳入的65例脑梗死或者短暂性脑缺血发作患者的临床资料。在PTAS治疗术后第3天抽取静脉血,采用TEG仪检测花生四烯酸（AA）途径诱导的血小板抑制率和腺苷二磷酸（ADP）受体途径诱导的血小板抑制率,比较患者经两种途径诱导的血小板抑制率以及患者对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗反应的差异。结果①阿司匹林对AA途径的抑制率为（80±28）%,显著高于氯吡格雷对ADP受体途径的抑制率（53±31）%,差异有统计学意义,（P〈0.01）。②65例患者中,对阿司匹林组治疗效果良好、有效、反应低、无效者分别为45（69.2%）、8（12.3%）、7（10.8%）、5例（7.7%）,氯吡格雷分别为19（29.2%）、14（21.5%）、23（35.4%）、9例（13.8%）。对阿司匹林反应良好的患者,3例对氯吡格雷无反应,14例反应低下;对氯吡格雷反应良好的患者,均对阿司匹林反应良好或有效。对氯吡格雷反应低下者,4例对阿司匹林反应低,5例对阿司匹林有效,14例效果良好。两种疗效有一定关联性（χ2=33.311,P〈0.01）。③对阿司匹林反应良好＋有效者为53例,反应低＋无效者为12例;而对氯吡格雷反应良好＋有效者为33例;反应低＋无效者为32例,两种药物疗效差异有统计学意义（χ2m=15.042,P〈0.01）。结论采用TEG仪检测PTAS患者的血小板聚集的抑制率,有利于指导临床制定个体化的抗血小板聚集治疗方案。阿司匹林对PTAS患者血小板聚集的抑制作用强于氯吡格雷。患者对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗的反应有差异性,部分对氯吡格雷反应低下者,可能对阿司匹林反应良好或有效。     

The effect of clopidogrel, aspirin and both antiplatelet drugs on platelet function in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with platelet hyperactivity. Aspirin and clopidogrel, two platelet inhibitors, act by different mechanisms. Aspirin inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis and clopidogrel acts on the P2Y12 platelet ADP receptor. We evaluated the effect of clopidogrel (75 mg/day), aspirin (75 mg/day) and then both drugs on several platelet function indices in patients with PAD (n = 20). There was a significant (P = 0.0001) decrease in ADP-induced aggregation, after clopidogrel but not after taking aspirin. Clopidogrel plus aspirin significantly decreased spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) (P = 0.01 to P = 0.002) but SPA was not significantly altered by either aspirin or clopidogrel monotherapy. Similarly, monotherapy did not inhibit serotonin (5HT)-induced aggregation but there was a sigificant inhibition (P = 0.03 to P < 0.02) after combination therapy. ADP (0.8 microM)-induced platelet shape change (PSC) was significantly inhibited by clopidogrel (P = 0.004) or aspirin (P = 0.01). This was also true for 5HT-induced PSC (clopidogrel, P = 0.01; aspirin, P = 0.03). Soluble P-selectin decreased significantly (from 32 +/- 24 to 25 +/- 17 ng/ml, P = 0.04) with combination therapy. Plasma platelet-derived growth factor and intraplatelet 5HT levels were not altered by combination therapy. In PAD, clopidogrel is a more potent inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet activation than aspirin; combination therapy is more effective than clopidogrel or aspirin monotherapy. These potentially clinically relevant findings should be evaluated in appropriately designed trials.     

阿托伐他汀或瑞舒伐他汀与氯吡格雷合用在非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者支架置入术后的近期疗效比较

目的比较阿托伐他汀或瑞舒伐他汀与氯吡格雷合用在非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)支架置入术后患者的近期疗效。方法共154例NSTE-ACS的患者接受支架置入术后,随机分为服用阿托伐他汀组(74例)及服用瑞舒伐他汀组(80例),术前服用阿司匹林(100mg)5 d、氯吡格雷(75 mg)5 d以上或术前12 h以上顿服氯吡格雷300 mg及阿司匹林片300 mg,于术前服抗血小板药前、手术当天、术后3、7 d及术后1、6个月抽取静脉血测定二磷酸腺苷(ADP)(浓度为10μmol/L)诱导的血小板聚集功能,观察住院期间及6个月的主要不良心脏事件(MACE)。结果两组患者的临床基线资料及服药情况差异无统计学意义,服用氯吡格雷(75 mg)5 d或顿服300 mg能达到明显的血小板聚集率抑制作用,血小板聚集率在阿托伐他汀组由基线的(57.2±10.3)%降至手术当日的(32.5±11.2)%,而瑞舒伐他汀组分别为(59.1±9.8)%和(30.4±10.1)%(均为P<0.01),而且这种抑制作用稳定持续至6个月之后。6个月时两组间总的MACE发生率差异无统计学意义(13.0%比15.0%,P>0.05),两组心原性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管重建术、支架内血栓形成及出血事件差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。结论接受冠脉支架置入术的NSTE-ACS患者,服用阿托伐他汀或瑞舒伐他汀后,短期内未发现对氯吡格雷抗血小板作用产生显著影响,且两组间的近期疗效相近。