同时多原发大肠癌临床分析

按照1932年Warren及Gates所制定的多原发恶性肿瘤临床诊断标准：同时多原发大肠癌是指半年以内或同时间大肠发现2个以上的癌，两个癌灶间距一般≥5cm，两个肿瘤相同或不同。以此为标准，我院自1994-2003年共收治大肠同时性多原发癌13例，现总结如下。     

大肠腺瘤与大肠癌

大肠腺瘤与大肠癌欧阳钦，欧阳雪松，马洪升大肠癌在欧美国家为最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。亚、非、拉美国家虽属低发区，但来自日本的报道表明近年的发病率逐渐上升，预计至２０００年将超过胃癌、肺癌而占居首位。我国尚无确切的统计，东南沿海部分地区与世界高发地区相近，...     

大肠癌肠镜检查结果与手术结果的比较

探讨大肠癌肠镜检查结果与手术治疗结果的关系。方法分析了１２５例大肠癌的临床资料、大肠镜检查结果及手术治疗情况。结果（１）直肠癌检出率最高,青年人大肠部哪病率在逐渐增高;（２）直肠癌肛诊阳性率为８５．０％,大肠镜诊断大肠癌的准确率为９９．２％     

重视肠镜检查方法,提高早期大肠癌的诊断水平

大肠癌（colorectal cancer）是指大肠黏膜上皮在环境或遗传等多种致癌因素作用下发生的恶性病变,预后不良,死亡率较高。近年来,人民生活水平不断提高,大量进食高脂肪、高蛋白、低纤维素的饮食可能是我国大肠癌发病率逐年增高的主要原因。现在,大肠癌已成为我国常见恶性肿瘤之一。一般认为绝大多数大肠癌的发生归咎于腺瘤的癌变,     

腺瘤样结肠息肉易感基因蛋白截短与大肠腺瘤及大肠癌早期诊断关系

目的探讨腺瘤样结肠息肉(APC)易感基因截短表达水平在大肠腺瘤及大肠癌早期诊断中的价值。方法 34例大肠癌病理标本作为大肠癌组、28例大肠腺瘤标本作为大肠腺瘤组及同期正常大肠组织标本15例作为正常组。3组分别采用蛋白截短检测技术,比较APC基因蛋白截短表达差异。结果正常组APC蛋白截短(+)为0%,大肠腺瘤组42.86%,大肠癌组47.06%,大肠腺瘤组和大肠癌组差异不显著(P0.05);正常组与大肠腺瘤、大肠癌组差异显著(χ2=8.917、P=0.003,χ2=10.481、P=0.001);管状腺瘤组织的APC蛋白截短(+)(75.00%),显著高于绒毛腺瘤组织(20.00%)和混合腺瘤组织(16.67%)(P0.05)。结论 APC蛋白截短(+)表达在不同大肠组织中表达具有一定的差异性,在大肠肿瘤的早期阶段APC蛋白截短(+)表达就存在差异,对早期诊断大肠肿瘤病变具有一定的意义。     

同时多原发大肠癌6例报告

1987～2003年,我们共收治大肠癌175例,其中同时多原发大肠癌6例,占3.4%.现报告如下.临床资料：本组6例同时多原发大肠癌均按以下标准诊断：①每个肿瘤均为恶性,肿瘤之间隔以正常肠壁;②肿瘤与正常黏膜间应有由异型细胞及异型腺体构成的移行带相连;③每个癌灶均应为浸润癌,不包括位于黏膜内的原位癌;④除去1处癌灶系其他癌转移所致;⑤不包括家族性息肉和溃疡性结肠炎中的多原发大肠癌.其中男4例,女2例;年龄35～62岁,中位年龄43岁.术前肠镜诊断2例,钡灌肠诊断1例,术中探查发现1例,术后标本解剖发现1例,另1例为手术后8个月再次手术考虑为前次手术漏诊.     

老年人大肠息肉与大肠癌

为了解老年人大肠息肉和大肠癌的临床特点，更好地预防老年人大肠肿瘤的发生和早期诊断大肠癌，对２４８例老年人大肠息肉和大肠癌的临床及病理作一回顾性分析。结果老年人大肠息肉和大肠癌的检出率分别为３３．３％和２３．３％，并有以下特点：（１）大肠息肉和大肠癌是老年人便血的主要原因，炎性息肉、腺瘤性息肉及大肠癌三者的便血率依次增高；（２）息肉检出率显著高于普通人群息肉检出率，且腺瘤性息肉占７３．８％；（３）多发性息肉比例较高，并以腺瘤性息肉为主，占８０．７％，且多发生于不同的肠段；（４）老年人大肠癌低恶性程度者多；（５）大肠腺瘤性息肉常与大肠癌并存，二者多发生于不同肠段。因此，我们认为便血是老年人大肠镜检查的有力指征；大肠镜检查时不应满足于远端大肠病变的诊断，应尽可能检查全大肠；对老年人大肠息肉，尤其是多发性息肉及直径大于１．０ｃｍ者应积极切除。     

青年结直肠腺瘤与恶变及大肠癌发生关系的研究

近年大肠癌的发生逐年增加，且年轻人患病率也呈上升趋势，大肠癌发生的因素是多方面的，其中腺瘤性息肉作为一种癌前病变与大肠癌的发生存在直接关系，及时发现腺瘤并加以摘除可使结直肠癌的发生降低85％。为进一步了解青年结直肠腺瘤与息肉恶变及大肠癌发生之间的关系，我们对57例青年结直肠腺瘤的临床病理特点进行回顾性分析，现总结报告如下。     

大肠腺癌与大肠癌的关系

本组有168例大肠腺瘤,癌变18例,癌变率为10.7％。本文将临床与病理结合起来,并联系文献分析大肠腺瘤与大肠癌之间的内在关系,以寻求一条早期诊断及治疗大肠癌的途径。 1 对象和方法 本文调查了我院近10年来行结肠镜检查的2051例患者,发现癌变18例。癌变病例中,男6例,女12例,年龄30—67岁,左半结肠17例,右半结肠(横结肠)1例。瘤体大小:>2cm 16例,<2cm 3例。将2051病例分为腺瘤性息肉组168例和非腺瘤性息肉组264例。根据年龄影响腺瘤的非典型增生率,又将腺瘤性息肉组病例分为35岁以下及     

大肠良恶性息肉的临床特征及内镜、病理形态学特点

目的探讨大肠良恶性息肉的分布、大小、形态和病理特征以及息肉恶变过程中的相关因素。方法对电子结肠镜检出的大肠良恶性息肉患者的临床表现及内镜、病理资料进行分析。结果大肠息肉的检出率为１０．６６％,其中腺瘤性息肉占４７．１６％。主要的临床表现为便血。炎性息肉以≤１．０ｃｍ的为最多,腺瘤性息肉则大小不等,幼年性息肉以１．１～１．９ｃｍ的最多,同时伴肠癌者息肉以＜１．０ｃｍ为主。本组息肉０．６～１．０ｃｍ者恶变率３．５１％,１．１～１．９ｃｍ者恶变率为１２．９０％,≥２．０ｃｍ者恶变率２７．７８％,息肉恶变以山田Ⅱ型为主。结论腺瘤体积大,绒毛状结构者易恶变;大肠腺瘤性息肉常与大肠癌并存;大肠镜检查应尽量检查全大肠,不能满足于远端大肠病变的诊断;息肉不论大小应尽可能予以切除。     

结直肠同时性+异时性多原发四重癌一例报道并文献复习

多原发结直肠癌（MPCC）又称重复性结直肠癌,在临床上的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,其发病原因及机制不详,目前尚无统一、规范的诊治指南,临床医师极易漏诊,延误病情。本文报道1例结直肠同时性+异时性多原发四重癌的病例并复习文献,旨在提高临床医师对MPCC诊治的警觉性。     

Risk of advanced metachronous colorectal adenoma during long-term follow-up

Background  According to the adenoma–carcinoma concept, all colorectal adenomas are to be removed and all patients have to undergo regular surveillance examinations. But there is still shortage on information on the long-term results of follow-up colonoscopy after polypectomy. Methods  Between 1978 and 2003, more than 20,000 polyps were prospectively documented at the Erlangen Registry of Colorectal Polyps. A total of 1,091 patients undergoing periodic surveillance examinations are studied for differences between initial and metachronous lesions of the colorectum. Statistical analysis using χ ²-testing of adenoma characteristics found in four subsequent recurrence periods and calculation of the relative risk (RR) for the development of metachronous adenomas of advanced pathology was performed. Results  In comparison with the initial findings, metachronous adenomas are, in general, significantly smaller ones (p < 0.00001), more frequently tubular lesions (p < 0.00001) and bearing less often high-grade dysplasia (p < 0.00001). Adenomas of advanced pathology were significantly less often found during follow-up than at baseline examination (p < 0.0001). These differences are found between the initial and four subsequent generations of metachronous adenomas. Patients with adenomas of advanced pathology at baseline have a significantly higher risk for metachronous adenomas of advanced pathology (RR 1.51; 95%CI 1.04–1.93) at the first recurrence. Conclusions  Metachronous adenomas show uniform characteristics of being small tubular lesions rarely bearing high-grade dysplasia. Thus, regular surveillance examinations can provide sufficient colorectal carcinoma prevention.     

Patterns of metachronous adenoma after colorectal cancer surgery]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: After colorectal cancer surgery, colonoscopic surveillance should be done for prevention and early detection of secondary cancer. This study aimed to identify the group with high risk of developing colorectal adenoma after curative surgery of colorectal cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of the subjects of 130 patients who had been examined using colonoscopy before and after the curative surgery. RESULTS: The average age was 59.4 years. Synchronous adenomas were in 42 patients (32.3%). The occurrence rate was significantly high in men (38.8%) than women (22.0%). After the operation, the mean interval of examining colonoscopy was 11.6 months (3-24 months) and metachronous adenomas were detected in 26 patients (20.0%). The patients who have both metachronous and synchronous adenomas were observed in 13/42 (30.9%) and the patients of metachronous adenomas without synchronous adenomas were observed in 13/88 (14.8%). The occurrence rate of metachronous adenomas with synchronous adenomas was significantly high. The frequency of synchronous adenomas didn't increase with age. However, the frequency of metachronous adenomas increased with age: 0/9 (0%) under 40 years, 7/49 (14.3%) in 41-61 years and 19/72 (26.4%) over 61 years. The occurrence rate was higher in men (26.3%) than women (10.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence rate of metachronous adenomas after colorectal cancer surgery was higher in the patients with synchronous adenomas, male gender and old aged patients.     

Synchronous and metachronous neoplasms in gastric cancer patients: A 23-year study

AIM: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of additional primary malignancies in gastric cancer (GC) patients.METHODS: GC patients (862 total; 570 men, 292 women; mean age 59.8 ± 12.8 years) diagnosed at the Department of Gastroenterology at Pomeranian Medical University over a period of 23 years were included in this retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database. Mean follow-up time was 31.3 ± 38.6 mo (range 1-241 mo). The following clinicopathological features of patients with synchronous tumors were compared to those with metachronous tumors: age, sex, symptom duration, family history of cancer, tumor site, stage (early vs advanced), histology, and blood group. GC patients with and without a second tumor were compared in terms of the same clinicopathological features.RESULTS: Of 862 GC patients, 58 (6.7%) developed a total of 62 multiple primary tumors, of which 39 (63%) were metachronous and 23 (37%) synchronous. Four (6.9%) of the 58 multiple GC patients developed two or more neoplasms. The predominant tumor type of the secondary neoplasms was colorectal (n = 17), followed by lung (n = 9), breast (n = 8), and prostate (n = 7). Age was the only clinicopathological feature that differed between GC patients with synchronous vs metachronous malignancies; GC patients with synchronous neoplasms were older than those with metachronous neoplasms (68.0 ± 10.3 years vs 59.9 ± 11.1 years, respectively, P = 0.008). Comparisons between patients with and without a second primary cancer revealed that the only statistically significant differences were in age and blood group. The mean age of the patients with multiple GC was higher than that of those without a second primary tumor (63.4 ± 11.4 years vs 59.5 ± 13.0 years, respectively, P = 0.026). GC patients with a second primary tumor were more commonly blood group O than those without (56.2% vs 31.6%, respectively, P = 0.002).CONCLUSION: GC patients may develop other primary cancers; appropriate preoperative and postoperative diagnostic modalities are thus required, particularly if patients are older and blood group O.     

Risk factors for high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in colorectal adenoma cases treated with endoscopic polypectomy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to establish the risk factors for carrying high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma by analyzing endoscopically treated adenoma cases. METHODS: Patients who underwent endoscopic polypectomy at our hospitals between January 2003 and August 2004 were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 889 patients (mean age: 63+/-11 years), and 1486 adenomas resected from these patients, were included in the analysis. Seventy-five adenomas (5%) from 72 patients (8%) were found to have high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma. Among patient factors, female sex [odds ratio (OR) 2.25, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.34-3.76], presence of multiple adenomas (OR=2.15, 95% CI=1.15-4.00), older age (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.00-1.04), and rectal bleeding as the indication for colonoscopy (OR=2.57, 95% CI=1.34-4.92) were identified as the significant risk factors for carrying high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma using the multivariate analysis. In addition, a size of > or = 10 mm (OR=10.83, 95% CI=5.86-20.0), flat appearance (OR=3.91, 95% CI=2.20-6.95), and location on the left side of the colon (OR=1.80, 95% CI=1.03-3.13) were identified as tumor risk factors. CONCLUSION: Distinct factors were proved to be associated with high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma. These results are useful to select lesions that require immediate treatment. Moreover, female sex as a risk factor raises an interesting problem regarding the progression from adenoma to carcinoma.     

Synchronous colorectal and lung cancer：Report of three cases

The incidence of synchronous colorectal and lung cancer is relatively rare. We report three cases of patients with tumors located in the rectum, ascending colon, the lower lobe of the left lung, and the upper lobe of the right lung. Synchronous curative resection of the two lesions was performed in two patients, whereas colectomy was performed in an elderly patient with a poor lung function. Pathological examination showed the colorectal cancer was a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and the lung cancer was a squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical treatment and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for the lung cancer were different from those for colorectal cancer with pulmonary metastasis. If possible, radical resection should be performed for each cancer when synchronicity is found.     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤

目的 探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤的临床价值.方法 2007年12月至2010年9月我院开展TEM治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤21例,肿瘤距肛缘距离为4～20 cm,平均8.9cm,肿瘤直径为1.1～3.5 cm,平均1.9 cm.术前均行全结肠镜和直肠腔内超声检查(EUS),术前病理诊断:管状腺瘤12例,绒毛状腺瘤9例.全麻下根据肿瘤位置选择合适的体位,经肛门插入特殊的手术直肠镜,保持CO2充气状态,在立体视镜和腔镜系统下,采用5 mm超声刀将肿瘤(黏膜下或全层)完整切除,手术创口在腔内连续缝合.结果 21例肿瘤均获完整切除(12例黏膜下切除,9例全层切除),切缘均阴性;手术时间40～100min,平均76 min;术中出血量10～80ml,平均50ml;术后住院时间2～10 d,平均4.5d;术后病理分期:pT0 16例,pTia5例;病理诊断:管状腺瘤9例,绒毛状腺瘤12例,其中低级别上皮内瘤变5例,高级别上皮内瘤变5例;20例随访2～20个月,平均11个月,肿瘤无原位复发.结论 TEM微创并发症少,是治疗老年结直肠腺瘤的一种安全、有效的手术方法,术前EUS检查对TEM非常重要.     

Characteristics of metachronous colorectal carcinoma occurring despite colonoscopic surveillance

PURPOSE: Metachronous colorectal cancer still occurs in a small percentage of patients, despite colonoscopic surveillance. Cancers in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer for which there is a high risk of metachronous cancer show distinctive DNA changes termed replication errors (RER+). Ten to 20 percent of sporadic colorectal cancers are also RER+. The aim of this study was to identify factors predictive of metachronous colorectal cancer, despite colonoscopic surveillance. Clinicopathologic characteristics and RER status of cancers were examined. METHODS: Colorectal cancer patients, who entered into a surveillance program of being examined with colonoscopy within six months of surgery and then at intervals of three years thereafter, were reviewed. The 433 patients compliant with the protocol who had had more than one colonoscopy had been followed up for a mean of 3.8±2.2 years. DNA was extracted from archival paraffin-embedded cancer tissue for determination of RER status. RESULTS: Ten cases of metachronous cancer were identified, giving a rate of 0.61 percent per year. The site of the index cancer in patients who later developed metachronous cancer was predominantly proximal (P =0.0007), and these cancers were more likely to have mucinous histology (P <0.0005). Three of 10 (30 percent) index cancers were RER+, which was not significantly different from unselected series of control colorectal cancers in which 20 of 108 (18.5 percent) were RER+. DISCUSSION: This study documents the rate of metachronous cancer among patients compliant with a defined colonoscopic screening program and suggests that the risk is highest in patients with a proximal mucinous cancer. RER status does not appear to be a very strong predictive factor, and this study does not support its use as a guide to the frequency of surveillance colonoscopy. More data would be required to determine if RER positivity conferred a relative risk of 3.3 or less.Supported by a grant from the Queensland Cancer Fund, Herston, United Kingdom. During this work, Dr. Young and Dr. Buttenshaw were supported by the Department of Pathology at the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, United Kingdom.Presented at the meeting of Digestive Diseases Week, San Diego, California, May 14 to 17, 1995.     

符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者异时结直肠肿瘤发病风险研究

目的探讨符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后异时结直肠癌及高危腺瘤的发病风险及对生存的影响。 方法回顾分析南京医科大学附属江苏省肿瘤医院收治的34例符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后生存与异时结直肠肿瘤发病的随访资料。 结果6例患者接受了结肠全切除治疗,中位随访122个月,无异时结直肠肿瘤发生。28例患者接受了结肠部分切除治疗,中位随访82个月,10例发生了异时结直肠癌,1例发生了需要手术切除的异时结肠腺瘤。结肠部分切除组5年和10年累计异时结直肠肿瘤发病风险分别为24.1%和48.2%,与结肠全切除组相比差异具有统计学意义（P=0.047）。全组总体5年和10年生存率分别为100%和85.6%。结肠部分切除组与结肠全切除组总体生存率差异无统计学意义（P=0.306）。发生异时结直肠肿瘤的患者与没有发生异时结直肠肿瘤的患者相比,总体生存率差异无统计学意义（P=0.901）。结肠部分切除后患者性别、年龄、既往结直肠癌手术史、肿瘤部位、分化程度和分期与异时结直肠肿瘤的发病风险均无显著相关关系。 结论符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后发生异时结直肠肿瘤的风险相当高,与结肠部分切除相比,结肠全切除治疗有助于预防异时结直肠肿瘤,但不能显著改善总体生存率。