Viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: first two years of a longitudinal study

A two-year study was undertaken to establish the incidence and possible viral etiology of acute respiratory diseases among the child population of a shanty town in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results demonstrated that nearly half of all the illnesses seen were respiratory infections, 10% of them affecting the lower respiratory tract. Viruses were isolated from 20% of the throat swabs collected. Of the viruses identified, 47% were adenoviruses, 25% were enteroviruses, 9% were influenza A, 8% herpes simplex, 7% parainfluenza, 3% respiratory syncytial and 1% influenza B viruses.     

北京地区2009年首例禽流感应急监测病原学分析

目的了解2009年1月北京地区禽流感应急监测期间人群急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原学情况,探讨应急监测措施的作用,为北京地区急性呼吸道传染病防控策略的制定提供依据。方法采用RT-PCR和实时荧光RT-PCR法,对1 936份甲型流感病毒快检阴性的咽拭子样本进行甲型流感病毒的检测,同时采用多重RT-PCR方法,对400件甲型流感病毒检测阴性的样本同时检测人偏肺病毒、腺病毒、人冠状病毒、副流感病毒、流感病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒等12种常见呼吸道病毒。结果 1 936份甲型流感快检阴性样本中RT-PCR法和实时荧光RT-PCR法检出甲型流感病毒阳性样本有996份,阳性率为51.45%。400件甲型流感病毒阴性的样本中,检出其他病毒的阳性样本有60份,阳性检出率为15.00%。15岁以下患者阳性检出率最高,为18.60%,其中以呼吸道合胞病毒B（RSVB）的检出阳性率最高,为7.3%。结论 2009年1月禽流感应急监测期间选用的快检试剂敏感性较差,以此作为应急监测的初筛手段有待商榷。甲型流感病毒为调查期间北京地区人群急性呼吸道感染的主要病毒性致病原,15岁以下人群中其他病毒性病原的检出率较高,以RSVB为主。     

A seven-year study of WHO virus laboratory reports on respiratory viruses

In 1963 the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and distribution of information on viruses. By 1973 laboratories in 45 countries were participating in this scheme. The present study is an analysis of the reports on adenovirus, influenza viruses A, B, and C, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, rhinovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during 1967-73. In the northern hemisphere, from which over 95% of the reports were received, a clear pattern of the seasonal incidence of different respiratory tract infections emerged. Over 70% of the total number of reported adenovirus infections, over 80% of the parainfluenza virus infections, and over 90% of the RS virus infections were in children. M. pneumoniae infections were most frequently reported in adults. Influenza A virus infection was predominant in the adult population, with a high proportion in those aged 60 years and over. Influenza B infections were reported equally in adults and children, but over one third were in children of school age. The proportion of lower respiratory infections to total respiratory infections varied from one virus to another, and ranged from less than half for adenovirus to over four fifths for mycoplasma infections. Nonlocalizing fever was usually the second principal clinical condition reported in association with respiratory viruses.     

深圳地区2011年流感样病例的病毒病原学调查

目的:了解深圳地区流感样病例的病毒病原学现况,为呼吸道传染病的诊断和预防控制提供病原学依据。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR法,对269份咽拭子样本同时检测流感病毒、腺病毒、鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、冠状病毒和人偏肺病毒共7种15个亚型常见呼吸道病毒。结果:2011年深圳流感样病例的病毒阳性检出率为50.2%(135/269),在检出的呼吸道病毒中鼻病毒检出最多,其次是流感病毒、冠状病毒和腺病毒。夏季和秋季都是鼻病毒占优势,分别为57.6%(19/33)和52.6%(20/38);冬季则以流感病毒为优势,占60.5%(23/38)。儿童中鼻病毒检出率最高,青少年和成人中流感病毒检出率最高。结论:鼻病毒、流感病毒、冠状病毒和腺病毒是深圳地区流感样病例的主要病原体,随着季节、月份的不同和年龄的不同而具有一定的流行规律。     

呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道病毒感染的病原学构成调查

目的:调查呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道病毒感染的病原学构成情况。方法:收集呼和浩特地区2009年-2011年急性呼吸道感染病例标本561份,采用多重PCR方法检测15种急性呼吸道感染常见病毒。结果:检测的561份样本中171份为阳性,阳性检出率为30.48%;8份为混合感染病例,占阳性样本的4.68%。阳性样本中以流感病毒和腺病毒为主,一年四季中均可检出。病毒检出率最高的是4月-6月份。呼吸道病毒的检出率在散居儿童中较高,达到48.15%。结论:近3年来,引起呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道疾病的主要病原以流感病毒为主,其次是腺病毒。     

Sero-epidemiological studies of respiratory syncytial and adenoviruses in children in Ibadan, Nigeria, 1985-1988.

Retrospective and prospective serological surveys to determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (ADV) infections in children with respiratory diseases were carried out from 1985 to 1988 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. 306 sera from subjects between 3 months and 12 years old were assayed by complement fixation test for antibodies to both viruses. Second samples were available from 42 of the subjects for antibody conversion testing. The rate varied with age, period of the year and virus. Overall prevalences of 23.5% and 18.3% were obtained for RSV and ADV respectively. 2.6% of the subjects had antibodies to both viruses. Among 42 paired samples tested, 61.9% and 33.3% showed positive antibody conversion to RSV and ADV respectively. Although there was evidence of active circulation of both viruses throughout the year, infection with RSV was higher from September to January, while ADV infection was significantly higher during February and March. Antibody prevalence to both viruses increased with age up to a peak of 39.1% for RSV in children 5-6 years old and 32% for ADV in children 3-4 years old. None of the subjects aged 10 years and above was positive for both viruses. Both RSV and ADV are important agents of acute respiratory infection in children in Nigeria.     

北京地区2002年秋冬儿童急性上呼吸道感染爆发的病原学调查

目的 了解2002年11～12月北京地区急性上呼吸道感染爆发的病原。方法 收集2002年11～12月北京地区80例患急性上呼吸道感染儿童咽拭子标本,应用经典病毒学方法(病毒分离和血凝试验)进行流行性感冒(流感)病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒及腺病毒分离鉴定,应用巢式聚合酶链反应方法进行流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒及肺炎支原体(Mp)的检测。结果 80例标本中检测到B流感病毒18例(阳性率22.5％)、A3型流感病毒2例(阳性率2.5％)、肺炎支原体13例(阳性率16.3％),未检测到A1型流感病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒及腺病毒;其中2例同时检测到B型流感病毒与Mp,1例检测到A3型流感病毒与Mp。结论 B型流感病毒是此次儿童上呼吸道感染的首要病原,Mp感染是第二位病原。     

Isolation of influenza viruses in MDCK 33016PF cells and clearance of contaminating respiratory viruses

This paper summarizes results obtained by multiplex PCR screening of human clinical samples for respiratory viruses and corresponding data obtained after passaging of virus-positive samples in MDCK 33016PF cells. Using the ResPlexII v2.0 (Qiagen) multiplex PCR, 393 positive results were obtained in 468 clinical samples collected during an influenza season in Germany. The overall distribution of positive results was influenza A 42.0%, influenza B 38.7%, adenovirus 1.5%, bocavirus 0.5%, coronavirus 3.3%, enterovirus 5.6%, metapneumovirus 1.0%, parainfluenza virus 0.8%, rhinovirus 4.1%, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 2.5%. Double infections of influenza virus together with another virus were found for adenovirus B and E, bocavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus and for rhinovirus. These other viruses were rapidly lost upon passages in MDCK 33016PF cells and under conditions as applied to influenza virus passaging. Clinical samples, in which no influenza virus but other viruses were found, were also subject to passages in MDCK 33016PF cells. Using lower inoculum dilutions than those normally applied for preparations containing influenza virus (total dilution of the original sample of ∼10⁴), the positive results for the different viruses turned negative already after 2 or 3 passages in MDCK 33016PF cells. These results demonstrate that, under practical conditions as applied to grow influenza viruses, contaminating viruses can be effectively removed by passages in MDCK cells. In combination with their superior isolation efficiency, MDCK cells appear highly suitable to be used as an alternative to embryonated eggs to isolate and propagate influenza vaccine candidate viruses.     

Rapid shell vial culture for the detection of respiratory viruses from bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients

AIM: Viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are an important cause of morbidity in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical impact of rapid shell vial cultures from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). METHODS: Sixty-seven BAL samples from 46 patients have been retrospectively examined: 51 from 31 transplant recipients and 16 from 15 immunocompromised patients. BAL were inoculated on human embryonic lung fibroblasts and VERO cells to isolate the following viruses: cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpesviruses, varicella-zoster virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, Influenza viruses A and B and Parainfluenza viruses. Clinical, microbiological, laboratory, and radiological data were collected. RESULTS: A LRTI was present in 56.7% of cases: viral 40.3%, bacterial and/or fungal 23.9%, and mixed 7.5%. CMV accounted for 92.6% of viral LRTI. The prevalence of viral infections did not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients; only bacterial and/or fungal infections were significantly more prevalent in symptomatic patients. No clinical, radiological or laboratory feature was significantly associated with the presence of a viral LRTI. In lung transplant recipients the rate of CMV infection was 50%. The result of BAL suggested commencement of antiviral chemotherapy in 25/67 episodes. CONCLUSION: Rapid shell vial culture and immunofluorescence techniques from BAL could play an important role in the clinical management of immunocompromised subjects.     

2016—2018年53 851例急性呼吸道感染儿童七项病毒检测结果分析

目的 了解2016—2018年湖南省儿童医院就诊病人常见呼吸道病毒感染病原谱及病例流行病学特征。 方法 2016年1月—2018年12月期间,采集湖南省儿童医院门诊和住院病人急性呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽拭子标本,采用直接免疫荧光法对副流感病毒1-3型、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒A与B型和腺病毒共七项呼吸道病毒抗原进行检测,对病例信息进行统计学分析。 结果 共采集检测病例53 851例,总阳性检出率为23.25%(12 519/53 851),副流感病毒1-3型、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒A与B型和腺病毒阳性检出率分别为0.68%、0.10%、5.63%、13.44%、1.51%、0.74%和1.15%,呼吸道合胞病毒阳性率最高(χ²=23 427.78,P<0.001)。不同年份七项呼吸道病毒检出率存在差异(χ²=196.21,P<0.001);总阳性检出率冬季最高,夏季最低;呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型阳性检出率随着时间波动较大,存在明显的季节性;年龄越小,总阳性检出率越高,0~1岁阳性检出率最高为29.93%;七项总阳性检出率男性高于女性(P=0.003),呼吸道合胞病毒阳性检出率男性高于女性(P=0.013)其它各项呼吸道病毒阳性检出率没有性别差异(P>0.05)。 结论 2016—2018年急性呼吸道感染儿童七项病毒阳性检出率存在明显差异,不同年份、不同季节、不同年龄、不同性别七项呼吸道病毒检出率亦存在差异,研究有助于临床诊断和制定预防感染的措施。     

Human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children

We evaluated the percentage of hospitalizations for acute respiratory tract infections in children < or =3 years of age attributable to human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and other respiratory viruses in a prospective study during winter and spring 2002. We used real-time polymerase chain assays and other conventional diagnostic methods to detect HMPV, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), and influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children. HMPV was detected in 12 (6%) of the 208 children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections, HRSV in 118 (57%), and influenza A in 49 (24%). Bronchiolitis was diagnosed in 8 (68%) and pneumonitis in 2 (17%) of HMPV-infected children; of those with HRSV infection, bronchiolitiss was diagnosed in 99 (84%) and pneumonitis in 30 (25%). None of the HMPV-infected children was admitted to an intensive-care unit, whereas 15% of those with HRSV or influenza A infections were admitted. HMPV is an important cause of illness in young children with a similar, although less severe, clinical presentation to that of HRSV.     

湖南省2012-2014年发热呼吸道症候群哨点监测结果及分析

目的 通过“发热呼吸道症候群监测”了解湖南省主要呼吸道病毒流行情况及病原谱分布,为发热呼吸道症候群防控及临床诊疗提供科学依据。 方法 2012年1月-2014年12月,从符合发热呼吸道症候群定义的患者身上采集鼻/咽拭子、肺泡灌洗液、痰液样本。采用基于毛细管凝胶电泳的“9+7呼吸道病毒多重PCR检测法”对标本中流感病毒(Flu)、呼吸道腺病毒(AdV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、人鼻病毒(hRV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、偏肺病毒(HMPV)、人博卡病毒(hBoV)和人冠状病毒(hCoV)共8种病毒的16个亚型进行核酸检测。使用SPSS17.0统计学软件对个案信息及检测结果进行统计学分析。 结果 2012年1月-2014年12月,从哨点医院采集各类呼吸道标本共961份,其中男性病例标本595份,占61.91%;女性病例标本366份,占38.09%。在961份已检测的标本中,通过PCR检出阳性标本456份,阳性检出率为47.45%。男、女病例标本的阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。按年龄将病例分为7个年龄组,各年龄组的阳性检出率分别为 1岁以下(52.80%)、1~2岁(66.53%)、2~5岁(49.86%)、6~15岁(25.56%)、16~49岁(11.11%)、50~64岁(17.39%)和65岁以上(19.40%)。在456份病毒阳性的标本中,检出混合感染48例,非混合感染408例。在检出的呼吸道病毒中,AdV、RSV和Flu所占的比例最大(病原谱构成比分别为25.90%、21.31%和17.73%),其次为hRV(14.14%)和PIV(11.75%);HMPV(4.78%)和hBoV(3.98%)检出较少,而hCoV只有两例阳性被检出。男性、女性的病原构成差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各年龄段的病原构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中2岁以下的儿童病例中检出的病毒以RSV(29.36%)和AdV(23.02%)为主,其次为PIV(13.10%)、hRV(11.90%)和Flu(11.11%);2~5岁的儿童病例中,AdV所占比例最大(34.02%),其次为hRV(18.56%)、Flu(18.04%)和RSV(15.46%);6~15岁少儿病例中以Flu(31.43%)和PIV(34.29%)为主,其次为AdV(17.14%)和hRV(14.29%);在16~49岁的病例中,只有Flu检出;在50岁以上老年病例中,病原构成以Flu(68.41%)为主,其余为PIV(10.53%)、HMPV(10.53%)和RSV(10.53%)。监测还发现,Flu、AdV有夏季和冬春季两个流行高峰;RSV有冬春季流行高峰;hRV有秋冬季流行高峰。 结论 所监测的8种呼吸道病毒是引发严重急性呼吸道住院病例的重要病原。5岁以下儿童及65岁以上的老人可能是主要的易感人群。其中,RSV、AdV、 Flu可能是引发儿童病毒性呼吸道感染的主要病原,而Flu则可能是引发成人病毒性呼吸道感染的主要原因。因此,应将这几种病毒作为呼吸道病毒防控的重点,进行更多的监测和更深入的研究。     

Respiratory picornaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus as causative agents of acute expiratory wheezing in children

We studied the viral etiology of acute expiratory wheezing (bronchiolitis, acute asthma) in 293 hospitalized children in a 2-year prospective study in Finland. A potential causative viral agent was detected in 88% of the cases. Eleven different viruses were represented. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (27%), enteroviruses (25%), rhinovirus (24%), and nontypable rhino/enterovirus (16%) were found most frequently. In infants, RSV was found in 54% and respiratory picornaviruses (rhinovirus and enteroviruses) in 42% of the cases. In older children, respiratory picornaviruses dominated (65% of children ages 1-2 years and 82% of children ages > or =3 years). Human metapneumovirus was detected in 4% of all children and in 11% of infants. To prevent and treat acute expiratory wheezing illnesses in children, efforts should be focused on RSV, enterovirus, and rhinovirus infections.     

北京地区肺炎病例呼吸道病毒及肺炎支原体感染调查

目的:调查北京地区肺炎病例中肺炎支原体及呼吸道病毒感染的病原学现况,探讨不同年龄组、不同月份病原学检出情况及其流行病学意义。方法:采用实时荧光PCR法及多重RT-PCR法,对501份呼吸道样本同时检测9种常见呼吸道病毒及肺炎支原体。结果:阳性检出率为40.32%,肺炎支原体、流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒为主要病原体;不同年龄组的病原体检出阳性率不同;部分病原体有一定的季节分布规律。结论:肺炎支原体、流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒为北京地区肺炎病例感染主要致病原,随年龄不同、流行季节不同而有一定的流行规律。     

Viral respiratory infections during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in the West Midlands Region, UK

In spring 2009 a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic. This study utilized a large collection of respiratory specimens from suspected cases of influenza A(H1N1) in the UK West Midlands during the pandemic in order to investigate which other respiratory viruses were circulating and whether they played any role in the increased hospitalization rates seen during that period. Study specimens were selected from community and hospitalized patients positive and negative for influenza A(H1N1) and tested by PCR for other respiratory viruses. A number of infections diagnosed as influenza during the summer influenza outbreak were found to be due to other virus infections (most commonly rhinovirus). No statistically significant difference was found between the rates of respiratory virus co-infection with H1N1 in patients from community or hospital locations suggesting underlying factors were likely to be more significant than viral co-infections in determining severity of influenza A(H1N1) disease.     

WU polyomavirus in children, Canada

WU polyomavirus was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates in 2 (2.5%) of 79 children with respiratory infections (both infected with respiratory syncytial virus) and in 5 (6.4%) of 78 asymptomatic children during the same winter season in Canada. The strains were closely related to Australian and American viruses based on analysis of large T antigen (TAg) and VP2 genes. The pathogenic role of WU virus is still uncertain.     

Correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population

Weekly (August 2003-December 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in Singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. Upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1-3 combined). Lower respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with only the incidence of RSV. Both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were negatively correlated with relative humidity. Asthma admissions were negatively correlated with maximum temperature and positively correlated with the incidence of influenza B and increasing hours of sunshine. Although sporadic cases of adenovirus infection were identified, not enough cases were available for a more detailed analysis. Gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections, included as control diseases, were not correlated significantly with any climate parameters. These correlations are compatible with current understanding of respiratory virus survival under certain climate conditions and may assist the prediction of disease burdens and hospital resource planning in such tropical environments.     

A two year prospective study of hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection on paediatric wards.

Over a 24 month period on six paediatric wards of different designs 169 cases of possible hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection were investigated. A variety of viruses was isolated from 82 cases, the most common being respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviruses and rhinoviruses. A further 73 children developed respiratory symptoms between 3 and 300 days after administration but viruses were not demonstrable by the techniques used. These children were thought to have hospital-acquired infection nonetheless. Thirteen children were shown not to have acquired infection as the cause of their intercurrent illness. Most acquired infections occurred where toddlers were in cots in open wards. Children with trauma, including non-accidental injury, congenital malformations, mental retardation, failure to thrive or neoplasia were most likely to become infected. Almost 20% of children suffered from croup or lower respiratory tract illness as a result of their acquired infection. The figure was 41% if those less than 12 months old were considered alone. Most episodes settled quickly but in a few children investigations or surgery were delayed for a few days.     

某部新兵冬训中呼吸道病毒感染情况调查研究

1997年 12月下旬 ,北京某部队 2 37名新兵在冬训中 ,5 1%出现不同程度发热、呼吸道感染症状。经碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶 (APAAP)桥联酶标快速诊断、病毒分离、双份血清检测 ,证明此次是由甲 1型流感病毒为主 ,呼吸道多病毒抗原引起的感染。呼吸道病毒的感染易造成军队的非战斗减员 ,平时影响军事训练 ,战时削弱战斗力。因此需加强对军营呼吸道病毒的监测预报工作 ,同时增强战士的机体免疫力、提高身体素质 ,以保持军队的战斗力。     

北京市2001-2003年3141例儿科急性呼吸道感染中副流感病毒的研究

目的探讨应用传代狗肾细胞（MDCK细胞）进行副流感病毒（PIV）的分离,了解近年来北京地区儿科急性呼吸道感染中PIV的感染状况.方法收集2001年1月至2003年12月急性呼吸道感染患儿的临床标本3141例,应用微量细胞培养法比较MDCK细胞与传代猴肾细胞（Vero细胞）用于分离PIV的敏感性;所有标本接种于MDCK细胞,结合血凝试验及间接免疫荧光法进行PIV检测.结果 Vero细胞PIV分离阳性的标本在MDCK细胞中也得到阳性结果;3141例标本中PIV阳性94例（3.0%）.1191例上呼吸道感染患儿标本中PIV135例（2.9%）,PIV311例（0.9%）;1634例下呼吸道感染患儿标本中PIV115例（0.9%）,PIV3 24例（1.5%）;207例支气管哮喘患儿标本中PIV阳性3例（1.4%）;38例发热患儿中PIV阳性1例;71例其他标本中PIV阳性5例.结论利用MDCK细胞可进行PIV的分离;北京地区儿科急性呼吸道感染中PIV感染是原因之一.