儿童反复呼吸道感染与肺炎支原体关系的研究

目的 探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRI)与感染肺炎支原体(MP)之间的关系.方法 采用固相酶联免疫吸附(ELLSA)法,对60例RRI儿童,以及50例非RRI儿童,采用试剂盒,定性检测血清中的肺炎支原体抗体IgM(MP-IgM).结果 60例RRI患儿中有25例MP-IgM阳性,阳性率41.67%.50例对照组患儿MP-IgM阳性5例,阳性率为10%.两组有显著差异(x2=13.97,P＜0.01).结论 RRI患儿中肺炎支原体感染的发生率高,MP-IgM对RRI患儿中支原体感染的早期诊断和治疗有重要的指导意义.     

肺炎支原体感染与儿童支气管哮喘的相关性研究

目的 对肺炎支原体感染与儿童支气管哮喘的相关性进行探讨.方法 对比75例支气管哮喘患儿与75名健康儿童的血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM).结果 支气管哮喘患儿中,59例肺炎支原体抗体检测为阳性,16例肺炎支原体抗体检测阴性,肺炎支原体抗体阳性率为78.7％,远高于健康组肺炎支原体抗体阳性率(16.0％),两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 支气管哮喘患儿的肺炎支原体感染率是健康儿童的4.9倍,肺炎支原体感染与儿童支气管哮喘有很大关系,可能是导致诱发儿童支气管哮喘的重要因素之一.     

肺炎支原体感染与小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘相关性与探讨

目的探讨肺炎支原体感染在小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘发病中的相关性。方法选择212例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿为观察组,180例反复上呼吸道感染患儿为对照组,检测血清肺炎支原体IgM抗体、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数和血清总IsE水平,比较两组患儿肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性率及肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性患儿外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数和血清总IgE水平。结果观察组肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性率为35．8％（76／212）,对照组是14．4％（26／180）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患儿5～12岁组血清肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性率较1—5岁组高（P〈0．05）。观察组肺炎支原体IgM抗体阳性患儿的血清总IgE水平和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数均明显高于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肺炎支原体是小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘发生的危险因素,肺炎支原体容易诱发咳嗽变异性哮喘,两者关系密切。     

肺炎支原体感染与儿童哮喘发病的关系

目的探讨肺炎支原体(MP)感染与儿童哮喘(bronchial asthma in children)发病的关系。方法入选53例支气管哮喘患儿作为观察组,40例呼吸道感染患儿(包括肺炎及支气管炎)作为对照组,采用明胶颗粒凝集试验检测两组患儿血清肺炎支原体IgM(MP-IgM)抗体,同时采用ELISA法和血球分析仪常规法测定支气管哮喘患儿血清总IgE水平和外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数。结果 53例支气管哮喘患儿中,有26例血MP-IgM阳性,阳性率为49%;而40例对照组患儿中有7例血MP-IgM阳性,阳性率为17.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。MP-IgM阳性的支气管哮喘患儿血清总IgE水平高于MP-IgM阴性的支气管哮喘患儿(t=3.369,P=0.002),MP-IgM阳性的支气管哮喘患儿嗜酸粒细胞计数(EOS)高于MP-IgM阴性的支气管哮喘患儿(t=8.548,P=0.001),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论肺炎支原体感染与儿童哮喘有密切相关性。     

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的相关危险因素.方法 将86例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿设为观察组,将同期在该院健康体检的30例正常儿童设为对照组,观察组包括轻症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿33例（观察A组）、重症肺炎支原体肺炎患儿53例（观察B组）,分析比较三组临床资料,探讨儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的相关危险因素.结果 导致重症肺炎支原体肺炎的危险因素主要包括：年龄＞5岁（Х^2=28.776,P＜0.05）、免疫球蛋白IgG（Х^2 =3.004,P ＜0.05）、免疫球蛋白IgM（Х^2=2.147,P＜0.05）、免疫球蛋白IgA（Х^2 =2.036,P＜0.05）、WBC水平（Х^2=6.119,P ＜0.05）、中性粒细胞百分率（Х^2=8.374,P ＜0.05）、CD8阳性率（Х^2=11.665,P ＜0.05）、CD4阳性率（Х^2=12.901,P ＜0.05）.结论 针对儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎患者的危险因素应及早诊断,及时防治,从而减轻患者负担.     

肺炎支原体肺炎诱导痰中肺炎支原体核酸检测研究

目的探讨肺炎支原体肺炎患儿诱导痰中肺炎支原体核酸阳性的分布特性,为该病的早期快速准确诊断提供依据。方法选取2016年12月～2017年11月在深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院进行诊断的疑似MPP患儿480例,采集诱导痰,检测患者诱导痰中MP-DNA,检测IgM抗体。结果男性患儿MP-DNA阳性率显著高于女性患儿,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。三个年龄段患儿的MP-DNA阳性率,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),差异具体表现为4～7岁患儿MP-DNA阳性率最高,其次为0～3岁患儿和8～12岁患儿。不同月份患儿的MP-DNA阳性率差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),差异具体表现为7～9月份患儿MP-DNA阳性率最高,其次为10～12月份、1～3月份和4～6月份。MP-DNA与IP-IgM检测结果高度一致。结论肺炎支原体核酸的检测结果准确性较好,能够为肺炎支原体肺炎的早期诊断提供一定参考。     

肺炎支原体感染与儿童哮喘的相关分析

目的 探讨肺炎支原体(Mp)感染与儿童哮喘的关系及阿奇霉素治疗的效果.方法 选择200例哮喘患儿作为观察对象及50例上呼吸道感染患儿作为对照,采用肺炎支原体抗体检测试验(被动凝集法)检测血清中Mp抗体滴度,同时作全血嗜酸性粒细胞计数;Mp感染阳性哮喘患儿随机分为两组,分别予阿奇霉素和头孢呋辛治疗.结果 250例患儿中Mp感染阳性44例,其中哮喘患儿阳性42例,占21％ (42/200),哮喘患儿Mp感染率显著高于对照组的4％ (2/50)(x2=6.14,P＜0.05);Mp抗体滴度也显著高于对照组(t =4.38,P＜0.05),且与嗜酸性粒细胞计数呈正相关(r=0.603,P＜0.05).Mp感染阳性哮喘患儿采用阿奇霉素治疗效果显著高于用头孢呋辛组(x2 =16.18,P＜0.05).结论 Mp感染与儿童哮喘的发病密切相关,应尽早常规做Mp抗体测定;阿奇霉素可消除Mp感染,更有利于控制哮喘发作.     

免疫球蛋白E及白细胞介素5在肺炎支原体感染合并哮喘患儿诊断中的意义

目的 探讨免疫球蛋白E(IgE)及白细胞介素5(IL-5)在肺炎支原体感染合并支气管哮喘患儿诊断中的临床意义.方法 选择住院治疗的肺炎支原体感染合并支气管哮喘患儿40例为观察组,另选择肺炎支原体感染未合并支气管哮喘患儿40例为对照组,所有患儿均在入院次日清晨抽取空腹静脉血检测IgE及IL-5水平.结果 观察组患儿血清总IgE水平为(335.74±38.84) IU/ml,IL-5水平为(311.86±35.28) ng/L,均显著高于对照组患儿(P＜0.05).经二分类Logistic回归分析,血清IgE与IL-5水平均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肺炎支原体感染合并支气管哮喘患儿IgE与IL-5水平升高更加明显,且血清IgE与IL-5水平是肺炎支原体感染合并支气管哮喘患儿发病的重要危险因素.     

MP—DNA与IgM在儿童肺炎支原体感染病程中动态检测的意义

目的利用FQ—PCR技术和DIGFA试验对儿童呼吸道感染患者分别检测MP—DNA和MP—IgM,观察分析其在不同病程中的变化规律,探讨FQ—PCR检测MP—DNA和DIGFA检测MP—IgM用于儿童肺炎支原体感染中的诊断价值。方法入选患儿留取呼吸道分泌物和血清标本,采用FQ—PCR法检测呼吸道分泌物MP—DNA,用胶体金DIGFA法检测患儿血清MP—IgM。入院患儿被检出单一MP—DNA阳性或MP—IgM阳性或两者双阳性者均确诊为MP感染病例,对确诊的病例观察分析病程不同时期MP—DNA和MP—IgM阳性率消长的动态及其变化规律。结果根据患儿MP—DNA和MP—IgM检出情况,被确诊为肺炎支原体感染的患儿共56例。对这56例患儿进行病程追踪检查分析显示：在病程初期阶段,MP—DNA检出阳性率为82．14％（46／56）,MP—IgM阳性率为35．7l％（20／56）;两种检测阳性率比较,MP—DNA阳性率显著高于MP—IgM阳性率,两者差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。在病程中期,MP—DNA检出阳性率下降为64．29％（36／56）,MP—IgM阳性率上升为80．36％（45／56）;到恢复期,MP—DNA阳性检出率继续下降为1．79％（1／56）,而MP—IgM阳性率在中期升高后又返降为23．21％（13／56）。结论在肺炎支原体感染患儿不同病程中,存在MP—DNA随病程延长逐渐降低而MP—IgM随病程延长逐渐增高至中期又返折下降的消长规律。FQ—PCR检测MP—DNA对MP感染患儿发病初期就诊者确诊价值较高,而DIGFA检测MP—IgM对发病时间已较长而又初次就诊者诊断意义较大。两种方法联合应用既可在诊断上优势互补,又可用于患儿病情转归预测评估。     

儿童肺炎支原体IgM的检测与意义研究

目的分析儿童肺炎支原体IgM的检测情况与应用价值。方法选取2010年1月—2013年1月收治的呼吸道感染患儿1000例,肺炎支原体感染与非肺炎支原体感染患儿各有500例,分别列为观察组与对照组。所有患儿均行肺炎支原体IgM检测,对两组患儿肺炎支原体IgM阳性率进行比较,并对不同季节发病以及不同年龄段的患儿肺炎支原体IgM阳性情况进行统计。结果观察组肺炎支原体IgM阳性率明显更高;于1～2月发病的患儿肺炎支原体IgM阳性率相对更高,于3～4月发病的患儿相对更低;3～7岁患儿肺炎支原体IgM阳性率相对更高,7岁以上患儿相对更低。结论儿童肺炎支原体IgM的检测可对患儿是否发生肺炎支原体感染及早做出较准确的判断,以利于病情的及时控制,降低患儿发生临床意外的几率。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Study of potential in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity in hepatocytes of quinolone antibiotics

The genotoxicity of quinolone antibiotics has been evaluated in hepatocytes following in vitro and in vivo exposure. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was induced in vitro in rat hepatocytes by norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but not by nalidixic acid. In vivo UDS was not observed in hepatocytes isolated 4 to 24 hr after exposure of adult male F344 rats to either a single dose (30 to 190 mg/kg) or repeated doses (40 mg/kg) of ciprofloxacin. Using the 32P-postlabeling technique, no modified bases were detected in hepatocytes exposed in vitro to ciprofloxacin. In summary, UDS was induced in hepatocytes by in vitro exposure to high concentrations of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. There was no evidence of in vitro DNA adduct formation by ciprofloxacin or in vivo DNA damage under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that ciprofloxacin is not DNA reactive, but it induces in vitro UDS as a consequence of some indirect action.