黄芪和何首乌抗环磷酰胺对胸腺抑制的超微结构研究

<正>为探讨黄茂(芪)和何首乌(乌)抗环磷酰胺(环)对胸腺抑制性改变的作用.采用昆明种小鼠30只(25～30克),分成二组对照组;C组(生理盐水十环)和O组(生理盐水);三组实验组:A组(芪十环)、P组(乌十环)和AP组(芪十乌十环).观察胸腺的超微结构.结果如下:(1)胸腺细胞:在C组呈明显退行性改变,细胞肿胀,轮廓不清、核肿胀或固缩。在实验组细胞密度较大,无明显变性而常见分裂相。(2)上皮性网状细胞:在C组以暗细胞为多,其核周隙扩张,线粒体肿胀变性或空泡化,粗面内质网扩张,溶酶体样致密颗粒较多.在实验组以明细胞为多,线粒体嵴多清晰可见,粗面内质网或轻度扩张、或呈扁平囊状,细胞周围常有胸腺细胞围绕.此外还见球形上皮细胞,内含分泌泡。(3)巨噬细胞:在C组,线粒体嵴或断或消失,出现髓鞘样小体和巨线粒     

黄芪和何首乌对老龄小鼠脾保护作用的定量研究

本实验在建立环磷酰胺免疫抑制龄小鼠模型基础上，定量比较了黄芪，何首乌单用和联用对脾和脾巨噬细胞的影响，结果黄芪，何首乌和黄芪加何首乌三组脾巨噬细胞的面数密度，面密度，吞噬率和噬指数均明显高于环磷酰胺组而灰度明显低于环磷酰胺组，与对照组相比，黄芪，何首乌和黄芪加何首乌三组的面数密度、面密度和吞噬指数均无明显差异而灰度皆增高；吞噬率在黄芪和何首乌组不如对照组而黄芪加何首乌组则达到对照组水平，表明黄芪和     

黄芪和何首乌对老龄小鼠脾保护作用的定量研究

本实验在建立环磷酰胺免疫抑制老龄小鼠模型基础上,定量比较了黄芪、何首乌单用和联用对脾和脾巨噬细胞的影响.结果黄芪、何首乌和黄芪加何首乌三组脾巨噬细胞的面数密度、面密度、吞噬率和吞噬指数均明显高于环磷酰胺组而灰度明显低于环磷酰胺组.与对照组相比,黄芪、何首乌和黄芪加何首乌三组的面数密度、面密度和吞噬指数均无明显差异而灰度皆增高;吞噬率在黄芪和何首乌组不如对照组而黄芪加何首乌组则达到对照组水平.表明黄芪和何首乌对环磷酰胺引起的脾抑制性改变有明显保护作用,两药联用效果更佳.     

黄芪多糖对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的调节作用

以地塞米松磷酸钠 (Ｄｅｘ ｐ)诱导的胸腺细胞凋亡和胸腺细胞的自发凋亡为研究模型 ,通过流式细胞仪、电镜检测胸腺细胞亚二倍体百分率和形态结构的变化 ,探讨黄芪多糖 (ＡＰＳ)对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的调节作用。ＡＰＳ由北京中医药大学提供。 2～ 4周龄昆明小白鼠 ,同济医科大学实验动物中心提供。用直观图展示细胞凋亡特征性Ａｐ峰。细胞凋亡用流式细胞仪检测。ＡＰＳ对胸腺细胞凋亡的影响用流式细胞仪和电镜检测。由Ｄｅｘ ｐ处理的胸腺细胞出现染色质固缩成块位于核周边 ,呈明显的凋亡。Ｄｅｘ ｐ (10 7ｍｏｌ Ｌ) ＡＰＳ 40 0 μｇ ｍ…     

黄芪、何首乌对小鼠心脏心房特殊颗粒的影响

目的 探讨黄芪、何首乌对心房特殊颗粒形成的影响.方法 选用15月龄健康小鼠50只,随机分为五组,黄芪、何首乌灌胃(6g·kg/d)两周.取小鼠的右心 右心房,透过电镜观察特殊颗粒的变化.结果 黄芪、何首乌和黄芪加何首乌三组以及环磷酰胺组对右心耳和右心房特殊颗粒均无明显影响:而在右心室肌,除黄芪加何首乌组可见数量明显少于右心耳心肌的心房特殊颗粒之外,其余各组均未发现有心房特殊颗粒的明显改变.结论 黄芪与何首乌共同应用可以促进心房特殊颗粒的形成.     

胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察和DNA裂解原位标记

目的：观察胸腺细胞凋亡的超微结构及其与ＤＮＡ裂解的相互关系。方法：对大鼠进行腹腔内糖皮质激素注射，对胸腺进行光、电镜观察，并作ＴｄＴ介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记（ＴｄＴ－ｍｅｄｉａｔｅｄ－ｄＵＴＰｎｉｃｋｅｎｄｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ，ＴＵＮＥＬ）。结果：皮质胸腺细胞出现凋亡的超微结构改变，少数细胞出现管网状结构。ＴＵＮＥＬ可标记不同阶段的凋亡细胞。结论：糖皮质激素可引起胸腺皮质细胞凋亡，上皮性网状细胞对凋亡细胞具有活跃的吞噬和降解作用。ＴＵＮＥＬ可选择性标记石蜡切片中的凋亡细胞，但对凋亡的判定需结合形态特点并与坏死鉴别     

人参抑制小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的实验研究

用大肠杆菌脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）所致小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡模型和琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞术及免疫组织化学等方法，研究不同浓度高丽人参水提取物体内对小鼠胸腺细胞的影响。结果表明，每只小鼠腹腔注射１０￣２０ｍｇ人参提取物可防止ＬＰＳ所致小鼠体重及胸腺减重，提高胸腺细胞存活力，抑制胸腺细胞ＤＮＡ降解和促凋亡蛋白Ｂａｘ的过量表达，免疫组织化学研究结果在蛋白水平上初步解释了人参抑制小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的作用机制。     

黄芪和何首乌对老龄小鼠胸腺影响的超微结构观察

<正> 本文采用15月龄昆明种小鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机平均分成4组,对照组(C组)正常喂养;实验组分为A、P和AP组,A组加黄芪注射液,lg/(kg·d)ip;P组加何首鸟煎剂,6g/(kg·d)ig;AP组联用A和P组两药,连续给药14天,第15天4组同时放血处死,取出胸腺,按常     

初代培养的胸腺基质细胞对小鼠胸腺细胞的粘附和吞噬作用

目的 探讨胸腺基质细胞（TSC）对胸腺细胞的调节作用。方法 应用光镜、电镜和流式细胞术等，观察初代培养的TSC对胸腺细胞发育的调节作用。结果 光镜和电镜均可见，TSC可大量粘附和吞噬胸腺细胞，其中部分胸腺细胞发生凋亡。尽管与TSC共培养的胸腺细胞存活率高，凋亡率低，但其总数却显著减少。结论 TSC可通过粘附和吞噬作用，清除部分胸腺细胞。     

黄芪和多巴胺对实验性急性肾衰大鼠的NO和ET影响

目的 :探讨静脉或肾脂肪囊内注射黄芪和多巴胺对实验性急性肾衰大鼠的血清NO及肾组织NO和ET的影响。方法 :SD大鼠腹腔注射LPS建立大鼠内毒素休克模型后 ,分别在静脉或肾脂肪囊应用黄芪和多巴胺 ,在 4、8、12、16h测定血清内NO及肾组织内NO和ET的浓度。结果 :肾脂肪囊内联合应用黄芪与多巴胺组血清内NO及肾脏内NO和ET浓度增加较内毒素组明显为少 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在 12h至实验结束 ,肾脂肪囊组肾脏内NO和ET浓度较静脉组明显降低 (P均 <0 0 5 )。结论 :肾脂肪囊内联合应用黄芪与多巴胺 ,可以降低急性肾衰大鼠肾脏内NO与ET的浓度 ,且较静脉给药组明显。     

Effect of the Photoperiod and Administration of Melatonin on the Pars Tuberalis of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): An Ultrastructural Study

The pituitary pars tuberalis (PT) is a glandular zone exhibiting well‐defined structural characteristics. Morphologically, it is formed by specific secretory cells, folliculostellate cells, and migratory cells coming from the pars distalis. The purpose of this work was to investigate differences in specific cellular characteristics in the PT of viscachas captured in summer (long photoperiod) and winter (short photoperiod), as well as the effects of chronic melatonin administration in viscachas captured in summer and kept under long photoperiod. In summer, the PT‐specific cells exhibited cell‐like characteristics with an important secretory activity and a moderate amount of glycogen. In winter, the PT‐specific granulated cells showed ultrastructural variations with signs of a reduced synthesis activity. Also, PT showed a high amount of glycogen and a great number of cells in degeneration. After melatonin administration, the ultrastructural characteristics were similar to those observed in winter, but the amount of glycogen was higher. These results suggest possible functional implications as a result of morphological differences between long and short photoperiods, and are in agreement with the variations of the pituitary‐gonadal axis, probably in response to the natural photoperiod changes through the pineal melatonin. The ultrastructural differences observed in PT, after melatonin administration, were similar to those observed in the short photoperiod, thus supporting the hypothesis that these cytological changes are induced by melatonin. Anat Rec, 293:871–878, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Developing Gonial Bone With Reference to Initial Ossification of the Malleus and Reduction of Meckel's Cartilage in Mice

Development of mouse gonial bone and initial ossification process of malleus were investigated. Before the formation of the gonial bone, the osteogenic area expressing alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 mRNA was widely recognized inferior to Meckel's cartilage. The gonial bone was first formed within the perichondrium at E16.0 via intramembranous ossification, surrounded the lower part of Meckel's cartilage, and then continued to extend anteriorly and medially until postnatal day (P) 3.0. At P0, multinucleated chondroclasts started to resorb the mineralized cartilage matrix with ruffled borders at the initial ossification site of the malleus (most posterior part of Meckel's cartilage). Almost all CD31-positive capillaries did not run through the gonial bone but entered the cartilage through the site where the gonial bone was not attached, indicating the forms of the initial ossification site of the malleus are similar to those at the secondary ossification center rather than the primary ossification center in the long bone. Then, the reducing process of the posterior part of Meckel's cartilage with extending gonial bone was investigated. Numerous tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive mononuclear cells invaded the reducing Meckel's cartilage, and the continuity between the malleus and Meckel's cartilage was completely lost by P3.5. Both the cartilage matrix and the perichondrium were degraded, and they seemed to be incorporated into the periosteum of the gonial bone. The tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles were attached to the ligament extending from the gonial bone. These findings indicated that the gonial bone has multiple functions and plays important roles in cranial formation. Anat Rec, 302:1916–1933, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy     

Effect of Dobutamine and Hyperoxia on Free Radicals Production in Relation to the Ultrastructural Alterations in the Endothelial of Myocardial Capillary in Rats,Rattus norvigicus

Hyperoxia has been widely used as model for oxidative stress. Free radicals (FR), suproxide anion (*O₂^-) and nitric oxide anion (*NO^?), are highly toxic and have detrimental effects on nitroso-redox balance in the myocyte. Myocardium is rich with β-adrenergic receptors and endothelial is the site of NO production. The authors hypothesized that graded doses of dobutamine result in hyperkinetic state, which shifts the nitroso-redox balance toward the buildup of reactive species in dose-dependent excess. The purpose of the present study was to investigate free radicals production and coronary endothelial cell pathological changes following increasing length of breathing oxygen (100% O₂) and progressive doses of dobutamine. Thirty-five adult male rats, matched with age and body weight, were randomly assigned to 7 groups. The first group served as control (C) and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups were exposed to hyperoxia (100% O₂ breathing) for 24,48, and 72 h, whereas the 5th, 6th, and 7th groups were injected dobutamine 10,20, and 30 μg kg^?1, respectively. Following the treatment condition for each group, animals were sacrificed and heart tissues were divided randomly into two parts. The first part was processed for the ultrastructure, using transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the second was homogenized for FR determination. TEM examination showed that O2 breathing for 24 h resulted in hypertrophy and proliferation of endothelial cells lining the coronary capillary, which was lodged by lymphoid cells. Distended and irregular contour of endothelium, enlarged nucleus, protrusion membrane, as well as pinocytotic vesicles were also observed. Free radicals (FR) production at all levels of hyperoxia exposures and dobutamine injections were significantly (p < .05) higher than control group. In addition, dobutamine induced higher relative FR production, as compared with hyperoxia, implying more severe myocyte injury. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that O2 breathing for 24 h or higher resulted in variety of pathological changes of the endothelium of coronary capillary that were induced by the buildup of oxidants by-products. Because dobutamine caused relative higher in FR production levels, as compared with hyperoxia levels, throughout this implied it aggravated the myocyte capillaries' endothelium more heavily, which could have resulted in more intense ultrastructural deteriorations.