X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系基因突变研究

目的 研究X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良(X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL)患者的发病机理,并探讨该病的快速基因诊断方法.方法 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应,结合序列分析方法,对一个X-SEDL家系2例患者及育龄女性进行SEDL基因突变分析.结果 cDNA序列分析显示患者为G209A突变,并对突变所在第4外显子进行PCR扩增并测序进一步证实.患者女儿为该突变的携带者.结论 由于SEDL基因较小,直接对患者提取总RNA,逆转录后直接进行PCR扩增、测序,可直接发现基因阅读框内的多种类型的突变,相对于针对每一个外显子单独扩增检测更加直接、快速.     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变研究

目的：确定中国汉族中一个X－连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良（spondyloepiphyseal dyskplasia tarda,SEDL)大家系SEDL基因突变类型，探讨SEDL发病的分子基础。方法：用聚合酶链反应扩增产物双向直接测序方法检测了患者构成SEDL基因可读框的第3－6外显子及相邻侧翼区的DNA序列，将测序结果与GenBank公布的SEDL基因正常序列对比找出突变。然后在家系其他成员中证实该突变。结果：在2例患者（Ⅳ15、Ⅴ3）SEDL基因第2内含子剪接受体处发现了IVS2－2A→C突变，4个外显子的核苷酸序列未见改变。该突变在4例女性携带者得到证实，她们的基因型表现为野生型与突变型杂合现象。家系中2名未受累男性和15名无关健康个体未检测到这一突变。在该家系还检测出4个无症状的携带者。结论：首次发现SEDL基因IVS2－2A→C突变。该突变引起SEDL基因第2内含子3'端剪接受体改变，使之不能与外显子3正常剪接，可能是SEDL发病的分子基础。检测该突变可进行基因诊断，有重要的临床价值。     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变及基因诊断

目的 确定一个X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良(X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL)家系的基因突变类型;建立一种快速基因诊断方法.方法 采用体格检查、影像学检查及家系分析进行临床诊断.针对SEDL基因的第3～6外显子及其侧翼序列设计4对引物,建立基于PCR的变性高效液相色谱技术(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography,DHPLC)快速基因分型方法.常规酚-氯仿法从该家系3代18名成员的外周血中提取基因组DNA,经PCR/DHPLC分析,筛查出SEDL基因突变所在的片段,对该片段进行序列分析以确定突变位点及类型.结果 DHPLC分析发现该家系的SEDL基因突变位点在第4外显子片段,序列分析证实为c.218C》T突变,导致氨基酸序列S73L改变.在该家系的18名成员中,3例男性患者,5例女性肯定携带者和2例未婚女性携带者均带有该突变,其余表型正常的8名成员中未检测到这一突变.各成员的DHPLC峰型所代表的基因型与表型结果相吻合.结论 首次报告中国人SEDL基因c.218C》T突变,丰富了中国人SEDL基因的突变谱.采用的技术快速、可靠,能对SEDL进行快速基因分型和产前诊断.     

X连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良家系SEDL基因突变分析

目的 鉴定中国西南地区一个4代迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良大家系的分子遗传缺陷.方法 采用X染色体荧光标记微卫星标记物进行连锁分析,并通过直接序列分析筛查SEDL基因突变.结果 DXS987与DXS8051之间呈现连锁(最大LOD值:3.82;θ=0),致病基因定位于Xp22.2-Xp23.1;序列分析发现SEDL基因第4外显子发生点突变(c.239A＞G),导致在第80位编码氨基酸由组氨酸置换为精氨酸(H80R).结论 SEDL基因与此中国迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良大家系表型完全连锁,并发现该基因新的致病突变(H80R).     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良SEDL基因剪接受体突变导致潜在剪接位点激活

目的 深入研究X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良（X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL）的发病机理，为最终防治本病提供依据。方法 应用逆转录-PCR及克隆测序方法对1例涉及SEDL基因第5内含子剪接受体缺失的SEDL患者进行mRNA表达研究。结果 该患者存在2个不同片段长度的mRNA表达产物，与GenBank正常序列进行BLAST比较后发现，393bp的表达产物是第6外显子内一个新的潜在剪接位点激活后形成的产物；433bp的表达产物与8号染色体的部分基因组序列完全一致。结论 SEDL基因第5内含子剪接受体位点及其后的第6外显子共13个碱基的缺失突变导致第6外显子内一个新的潜在剪接受体位点激活，使转录后的mRNA丢失了第6外显子内47bp的编码序列，并使紧接其后的2个密码子产生移码，导致翻译的提前终止（D109-S123del；S124fsX126）。另外，该突变可能激活了8号染色体上假基因SEDLP2的转录，从而部分地补偿了SEDL蛋白的功能。     

X-连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良SEDL基因新突变

目的　研究X 连锁迟发性脊椎骨骺发育不良 (X linkedspondyloepiphysealdysplasiatarda ,SEDL)的发病机理。方法　应用聚合酶链反应 单链构象多态及变性聚丙烯酰胺测序凝胶电泳技术 ,并结合DNA序列分析方法 ,对 5例SEDL患者及 3 0名正常对照SEDL基因的全部编码外显子及其邻近序列进行突变分析。结果　在 1例SEDL患者中发现了致病突变 ,并经DNA序列分析证实 ,SEDL基因第 5内含子剪接受体处IVS5 2— 1delAG紧接第 6外显子 3 2 2— 3 3 2delTTTTCAATGAA共 13个碱基缺失。结论该突变系国内外尚未见报道的新突变 ,这一突变可引起SEDL。     

X连锁迟发性脊柱骨骺发育不良快速基因诊断方法的研究

目的探讨建立X连锁迟发性脊柱骨骺发育不良（SEDT）快速基因诊断的方法。方法发现一个4代68人累及8例患者的SEDT大家系,呈X连锁隐性遗传。在应用PCR和DNA测序方法对SEDL进行基因突变分析后,提取外周血淋巴细胞RNA,应用RT-PCR扩增cDNA直接测序,建立快速基因诊断方法。结果RT-PCR结果显示,家系8例患者均为SEDL基因外显子6插入突变（c.370-371ins A,）,并发现1例无症状患儿携带相同突变（症状发生前）,6例女性携带者为杂合突变,家系其他成员和正常对照中均未见该插入突变。结沦RT-PCR检测扩增SEDL基因cDNA直接测序是一种快速基因诊断的方法。     

SEDL基因及其突变体真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的构建SEDL基因及其突变体与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)表达载体的融合表达质粒pEGFP-C3-SEDL并获得表达。方法分别提取X连锁迟发性脊柱骨骺发育不良(SEDT)患者和正常对照外周血淋巴细胞RNA,RT-PCR方法扩增SEDL基因cDNA,双酶切后克隆至pEGFP-C3空载体,构建表达质粒pEGFP-C3-SEDL。双酶切和DNA测序鉴定后,转染COS-7细胞,通过流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜观察重组蛋白表达情况。结果 DNA测序显示重组真核表达载体pEGFP-C3-SEDL构建成功,SEDL基因c.370-371ins A突变位点被成功克隆到突变体重组质粒中。荧光倒置显微镜观察证实重组质粒均能在细胞内进行蛋白表达。结论 SEDL基因及其突变体真核表达载体的成功构建为其进一步研究SEDL基因突变致SEDT的分子机制奠定了基础。     

马凡综合征微纤维蛋白1基因突变检测及单倍型连锁分析

目的：检测中国人马凡综合征（Marfan syndrome,MFS)患者微纤维蛋白1（fibillin-1,FBN1)基因的突变及对马凡综合征患者的家系成员进行症状前诊断。方法：应用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性技术和测序方法，对汉族9个家系中共17个MFS患者进行基因突变检测；运用FBN1基因内4个内含子中的可变串联重复序列构建染色体单倍型，进行家系单倍型连锁分析和基因诊断。结果：发现MFS（A）家系Ⅱ1患者有单链构象改变，测序证实为位于FBN1基因第25号外显子3243－3256核苷酸之间有I个13bp的小片段缺失，为新位点基因移码突变，其序列为gcctctgcaccca;单倍型连锁分析发现MFS（B）家系Ⅲ1是1个无症状期患者。结论：中国人FBN1基因突变可以引起马凡综合征，应用突变检测与单倍型连锁分析方法能为马凡综合征基因诊断提供依据。     

Loss of the SEDL gene product (Sedlin) causes X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: Identification of a molecular defect in a Japanese family

A 23-year-old man was diagnosed as having X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT; MIM 313400) based on his disproportionately short trunk, short stature, characteristic radiological features of the spine (posterior hump, end plate sclerosis, and disc space narrowing) and the hips (short and thick femoral necks), and positive family history. This Japanese family was found to have an intragenic deletion flanking intron 2 and exon 3 of the SEDL gene that not only included the 5' untranslated region but also the coding sequence for the first methionine through the 25th alanine. This mutation was present in the proband and his unaffected mother (a heterozygote), but not in an unaffected sister and an unaffected uncle. The nature of the mutation predicted that the SEDL protein (Sedlin) was not produced in the proband, indicating that loss of Sedlin caused SEDT.     

一个表皮松解性掌跖角化病家系的KRT9基因突变分析

目的明确一个伴随有类似关节指垫样病损和指甲病变的表皮松解性掌跖角化病的中国家系中角蛋白9(keratin9,KRT9)基因突变情况。方法用聚合酶链反应技术扩增家系成员及家系外50名正常人KRT9基因的编码区及外显子与内含子交界处,DNA序列分析寻找突变位点,然后经限制性内切酶Dde分析验证。结果患者KRT9基因第1外显子第160位密码子发生AAT→AGT的突变(N160S),而家系正常成员及家系外50个正常人中均不存在此突变。结论KRT9基因的第1外显子第160位密码子发生AAT→AGT突变(N160S)导致该家系患者发生表皮松解性掌跖角化病。     

Loss of the SEDL gene product (Sedlin) causes X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: Identification of a molecular defect in a Japanese family

A 23‐year‐old man was diagnosed as having X‐linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT; MIM 313400) based on his disproportionately short trunk, short stature, characteristic radiological features of the spine (posterior hump, end plate sclerosis, and disc space narrowing) and the hips (short and thick femoral necks), and positive family history. This Japanese family was found to have an intragenic deletion flanking intron 2 and exon 3 of the SEDL gene that not only included the 5′ untranslated region but also the coding sequence for the first methionine through the 25th alanine. This mutation was present in the proband and his unaffected mother (a heterozygote), but not in an unaffected sister and an unaffected uncle. The nature of the mutation predicted that the SEDL protein (Sedlin) was not produced in the proband, indicating that loss of Sedlin caused SEDT. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Novel Splice Site Mutation in the SERPING1 Gene Leads to Haploinsufficiency by Complete Degradation of the Mutant Allele mRNA in a Case of Familial Hereditary Angioedema

Hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1INH) is a rare autosomal-dominant and life-threatening disorder caused by mutations in SERPING1 gene. It is characterized by attacks of angioedema involving the skin and/or the mucosa of the upper airways, as well as the intestinal mucosa. Here we report the case of a patient with HAE-C1INH without family history of angioedema. By sequencing the SERPING1 gene we detected a novel mutation (c.1249?+?5G?>?A) affecting the 5’ donor splice site in intron 7. We analyzed the SERPING1 cDNA expecting a defect in splicing process but only the wild type allele was detected. SNP analysis of the cDNA sequence demonstrated that only one of the two alleles was present, indicating that the mRNA from the mutated allele was completely degraded. This study reinforces the concept of incomplete penetrance of this disorder since the patients’ mother never presented any sign of angioedema despite carrying the same mutation.     

Segregation of the V804L mutation and S836S polymorphism of exon 14 of the RET gene in an extended kindred with familial medullary thyroid cancer

In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) and familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC), the majority of germline mutations are restricted to specific positions in exons 10 and 11 of the RET gene. However, germline mutations may very occasionally occur in other exons, including exon 14 of the RET gene. Interestingly, an increased frequency of a rare germline sequence variant of the RET exon 14, S836S, has been detected in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and this variant has been proposed to play a role in the genesis of MTC and, perhaps, FMTC. In this study we report the segregation of a germline V804L mutation and a germline sequence variant S836S in exon 14 of the RET gene in an extended Hungarian FMTC kindred comprising 80 individuals of four generations. Molecular analysis of the RET gene was performed by direct DNA sequencing in 23 family members, of whom 12 had the V804L mutation, three had the V804L mutation and S836S polymorphism in separate alleles, and six had the S836S polymorphism, all in heterozygous forms. Two of the family members had neither mutation nor polymorphism of the RET gene. Three of the family members who had the V804L mutation and one member who could not be tested for mutation were operated for non-metastatic MTC, while one member with MTC who had the V804L mutation refused surgery. In all patients affected with MTC, the disease developed relatively late in life and never caused death. None of the other family members carrying the V804L mutation and/or the S836S polymorphism had clinical or biochemical evidence of MTC. These observations suggest that the co-existence of the V804L mutation and S836S polymorphism in separate alleles does not seem to aggravate the relatively low-risk disease phenotype characteristic in most patients with codon 804 mutations of the RET exon 14.     

3个肾上腺脑白质营养不良家系的基因突变分析

目的　对 3个肾上腺脑白质营养不良 ( adrenoleukodystrophy,AL D) ( MIM# 30 0 10 0 )家系进行基因突变分析。方法　从 3个 AL D患儿及其主要家系成员的外周血白细胞 ,提取总 RNA和基因组 DNA。应用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术 ,对 3个家系的 ABCD1基因编码区 ,分 4个片段进行 PCR扩增并对 PCR产物直接测序。同时应用 PCR-限制性酶切或扩增阻滞突变系统分析相应的基因组 DNA,进一步确证ABCD1基因的突变位点。结果　 3名患儿的 ABCD1基因上均存在错义突变 ,其中患儿 1的 ABCD1基因第 5 34位密码子发生 CCC→ CGC改变 ,使脯氨酸被精氨酸取代 ( P5 34R) ;患儿 2的 ABCD1基因第 2 6 6位密码子发生 GGG→AGG改变 ,使甘氨酸被精氨酸取代 ( G2 6 6 R) ;患儿 3母亲的 ABCD1上一个等位基因第 6 17位密码子发生 CGC→ GGC改变 ,使精氨酸被甘氨酸取代 ( R6 17G) ,另一个等位基因未发生突变。结论　在中国人 AL D患者中发现 1个新的 ABCD1基因突变 ( P5 34R) ,并首次在中国人 AL D患者中检测到G2 6 6 R、R6 17G突变     

一个单纯家族性嗜铬细胞瘤家系的VHL基因突变筛查

目的检测一个单纯家族性嗜铬细胞瘤家系的VHL基因突变情况。方法对一个单纯家族性嗜铬细胞瘤家系进行VHL基因突变检测，抽取该家系5例患者及15名血缘亲属外周血基因组DNA，对VHL基因3个外显子进行PCR，产物进行DNA测序。结果该家系5例患者均检测出VHL基因第2外显子上第587位核苷酸A—C突变，该突变导致第125位编码氨基酸由组氨酸（H）转变为脯氨酸（P）。15名家系成员中筛查出7名成员为该突变基因携带者，B超检查发现1例为双侧肾上腺肿瘤，1例为右肾囊肿。该突变为首次报道。结论该嗜铬细胞瘤家系中检测到可能的致病突变，VHL基因检测可早期发现致病基因携带者，建议对单纯家族性嗜铬细胞瘤患者常规进行VHL基因突变筛查。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍GCH1基因突变分析

目的探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍（dopa responsive dystonia,DRD）三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶Ⅰ基因（guanosinetriphosphate cyclohydrolaseⅠ,GCH1）的突变。方法应用聚合酶链反应、DNA直接测序和限制性内切酶酶切技术对6例散发DRD患者进行GCH1基因的突变分析,对100名健康对照者进行GCH1基因的PCR和限制性内切酶酶切分析。结果1例患者检测出GCH1基因一个新的点突变151（G→A）,为起始密码子突变,导致所编码的起始氨基酸由蛋氨酸变为异亮氨酸（M1I）而不能起始翻译。100名健康对照者等位基因无此突变。结论发现了GCH1基因一个新的杂合型点突变151（G→A）,我国散发DRD患者中存在GCH1基因突变。     

EXT2基因IVS2+1G>A突变致遗传性多发性外生性骨疣

目的　确定一个遗传性外生性骨疣家系的致病基因。方法　应用基因组扫描方法 ,利用 8、11和 19号染色体上的微卫星标记对该家系进行连锁分析 ,确定候选基因 ,然后对候选基因的编码区及外显子与内含子交界处进行测序分析寻找突变 ,并行逆转录 - PCR扩增 m RNA加以证实。结果　该家系致病基因被定位在 11号染色体的 EXT2基因区 ,在 EXT2基因中检测到 1个 IVS2 1G>A(5 36 1G>A)突变 ,该突变与疾病共分离。逆转录 - PCR证实 ,该突变导致编码区的第 316～ 5 36位共 2 2 1个碱基的缺失 ,使 10 6位密码子至 178位密码子及紧随的两个核苷酸的缺失 ,造成移码 ,形成 12 5个氨基酸的截短蛋白。结论　EXT2基因的 IVS2 1G>A突变是导致这个家系发生外生性骨疣的原因。     

A Novel Single Basepair Insertion in Exon 6 of the Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) Gene From a Japanese X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patient With Growth Hormone Insufficiency

A novel insertion mutation in exon 6 of the Btk gene was detected in a 17 year-old XLA patient with GH insufficiency. We synthesized cDNA from leukocyte total RNA and amplified every region of the Btk-coding sequence. Sequencing of cDNA fragments revealed a single basepair insertion mutation at codon 157 in exon 6 (CAG→CAAG) which leads to premature termination at codon 193 in exon 7. To confirm the results, we also performed a PCR-DdeI digestion analysis using leukocyte genomic DNA. The PCR product from the patient's genomic DNA was uncleaved with DdeI, as expected. PCR-DdeI digestion analysis of the family members showed that the mother and elder sister were carriers with the mutation and that the younger sister did not carry the mutation.