结肠成型袋对改善中低位直肠癌术后排便功能的作用

目的：探讨结肠成型袋对改善中低位直肠癌术后排便功能的作用。方法：将62例中下段直肠癌患者根据消化道重建方法分为两组,32例行传统的结肠断端与直肠肛管直接端端吻合（CAA组）,30例断端结肠先行结肠成型术制成结肠贮袋再与直肠肛管行端端吻合（TCP组）。分别于术后1、3、6、9个月和1年、1年半对排便功能进行评估,比较两组的手术并发症和排便功能指标。结果：CAA组和TCP组平均大便次数：术后6个月分别为5次和2次（P〈0.001）,术后1年分别为3次和1次（P〈0.05）,术后1年半均为2次（P〉0.05）。TCP组定性排便控制能力近期优于CAA组。结论：中下段直肠癌低位前切除结肠成型术后直肠肛管吻合不增加手术并发症,在术后第1年内有明显改善排便功能的作用。     

结肠贮袋直肠肛管吻合术对改善直肠癌术后排便功能的作用

目的评价中下段直肠癌低前切除结肠J型贮袋——直肠或肛管吻合对改善排便功能的作用。方法将1998年1月至2000年12月作低前切除的连续67例中下段直肠癌患者根据重建消化道的方法分为2组，第1组(34例)行传统的结肠断端与直肠肛管直接端端吻合（直吻组）；第2组（33例）断端结肠制成5～6cm的J型贮袋并与直肠肛管行端侧吻合（袋吻组）。分别于术后1、3、6、9个月和1年、1年半对排便功能进行评估，比较两组的手术并发症和排便功能指标。结果直吻组和袋吻组发生吻合口狭窄分别为3例和1例，直吻组术后出血1例，两组均无吻合口瘘和死亡病例。直吻组和袋吻组术后局部复发分别为4例和3例，直吻组术后肝转移1例。直吻组和袋吻组的日平均大便次数术后6个月分别为5和2次（P<0.001），术后1年分别为3和1次（P<0.05），术后1年半均为2次（P>0.05）。袋吻组的定性排便控制能力和直肠测压指标均优于直吻组。结论中下段直肠癌低前切除结肠J型贮袋直肠肛管吻合术不增加手术并发症，在术后第1年内有明显改善排便功能的作用。     

壶腹成型联合肠瓣重建在直肠癌手术中的应用价值分析

探讨壶腹成形联合肠瓣重建在直肠癌术中的应用价值。选取中下段直肠癌患者79例,分为观察组和对照组,观察组行壶腹成形联合直肠肠瓣重建术,对照组给予常规结肠断端和直肠(肛管)端端吻合术,观察患者术后6个月、12月排便功能,同时行直肠测压检查,评估患者手术前及术后12个月生活质量。术后6个月,观察组24 h排便次数、大便失禁评分和排气排便区分困难比例分别为(2.04±0.83)次、(4.82±1.92)分和6.67%,明显低于对照组(P0.05),达到15 min控便比例为62.22%,明显高于对照组(P0.05);术后12个月,观察组24 h排便次数和大便失禁评分分别为(1.93±0.52)次和(1.72±0.31)分,明显低于对照组(P0.05),达到15 min控便比例为88.89%,明显高于对照组(P0.05);术后6个月,观察组肛管静息压(RP)、肛管缩榨压(MSP)、直肠顺应性(RC)、直肠容量感觉阈值(FP)和直肠最大耐受容量(MTV)分别为(6.15±1.21)kPa、(13.10±3.12)kPa、(3.72±1.21)、(16.24±3.29)mL和(103.02±18.11)mL,明显高于对照组(P0.05);术后12个月,观察组FP和MTV分别为(18.03±3.01)mL和(136.92±20.14)mL,明显高于对照组(P0.05);术后12个月,观察组生理机能和生理职能得分分别为(82.03±11.43)分和(70.11±12.29)分,明显高于对照组(P0.05)。壶腹成形联合肠瓣重建在直肠癌手术中有较高的应用价值,患者术后排便功能以及生活质量较好。     

低位直肠癌保留肛门内括约肌捆扎套入法超低位结肠-肛管吻合术

目的介绍用支撑捆扎套入法完整保留齿状线和肛门内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术。方法87例低位直肠癌在完成全直肠系膜切除后,保留距离齿状线≤1cm的直肠,剥离直肠黏膜,保留齿状线。近端结肠内置入肛门支撑吻合管,经肛门拖出与直肠残端吻合。结果87例保留内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术无手术死亡及吻合口漏,随访2～60个月,随访率89%,无吻合口复发;盆腔内软组织肿瘤复发3例,闭孔淋巴结复发2例,异时肝转移6例。术后12个月吻合口狭窄6例。术后6个月对79例排便功能进行评价,平均每日排便2～3次,可以区分排气和排便,可以控制半成形便,排便不规律52例。结论低位直肠癌根治术后,支撑捆扎套入法可以完成保留肛门内括约肌的超低位结肠肛管吻合术。     

结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌吻合术32例中的应用

目的探讨结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法对我科2001年~2004年实施的直肠癌结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术32例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组无术中意外损伤及大出血病例。无死亡病例。发生吻合口狭窄1例。无吻合口漏及便秘。病人术后1年内排便状况满意。结论低位直肠癌行结肠J型贮袋肛管(直肠)吻合术具有操作方便、易于观察、容易推广等特点,有明显改善排便功能的作用,可显著提高病人术后的生活质量。     

直肠癌患者三种肠道重建术对肛门功能的影响比较

目的探讨不同肠道重建术对低位直肠癌患者肛门功能的影响。方法将120例低位直肠癌患者随机分为吻合组(行直接吻合术)、结袋组(行结肠成形袋术)、J型袋组(行J型贮袋术)各40例,随访12个月后比较三组患者的肛门功能。结果吻合组、结袋组、J袋组成功率分别为95.0%、97.0%、95.0%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后6、12个月结袋组和J型袋组患者肛门功能主观感受评分均高于吻合组患者;术后3、6、12个月吻合组患者24h排便次数、不能区分排便与排气率均高于结袋组和J型袋组患者;术后12个月吻合组患者最大收缩压、直肠顺应性均显著低于结袋组和J型袋组患者;术后3、6、12个月吻合组患者最大耐受量、静息压均显著低于结袋组和J型袋组患者,以上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低位直肠癌患者行全直肠结肠系膜切除术后,直接吻合术对患者肛门功能的影响最大,J型贮袋术、结肠成形袋术对患者肛门功能影响接近,可以根据患者的生理类型行肠道重建术治疗,以最大程度保留患者肛门功能。     

75岁以上高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后控便情况分析

目的评价高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后的肛门控便功能。方法对年龄在75岁以上、肿瘤距肛缘7cm以下、采用保肛手术治疗的39例低位直肠癌患者,按吻合口位置和手术方式分组,研究术后控便情况。结果患者排便次数达到正常的时间为术后(9.8±2.9)个月。肛门控便情况和直肠测压结果在低位吻合组与超低位吻合组及肛管吻合组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);肛管吻合组与超低位吻合组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。贮袋组术后(7.7±1.7)个月排便次数趋于正常,与直吻组(10.6±2.8)个月比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后36.1%的患者出现I度失禁的表现,贮袋组与直吻组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);保肛术后贮袋组直肠测压指标优于直吻组。结论高龄患者采用结肠贮袋直肠肛管吻合术能够明显改善近期的控便功能。     

介绍一种新型结肠贮粪袋手术——结肠成形术

为探讨减轻低位结直肠或结肠肛管吻合术后排便功能异常的新方法，对13例中低位直肠癌根治患者采用一种新的结肠贮粪袋手术用以替代原先的J型结肠贮粪袋，并观察其疗效。与同期结直肠或结肠肛管直接吻合组比较，术后患者近期排便功能有不同程度的改善；与J型结肠贮粪袋比较，该型贮粪袋具有方法简单实用、省时经济、术后并发症少、适应范围更广等优点。     

双吻合器与结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌手术中的应用

目的评价双吻合器技术及结肠J型贮袋在低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法回顾分析我院从1998年4月。2004年5月间，23例低位直肠癌患者，采用结肠J型贮袋方式，通过双吻合技术与下段直肠或肛管直接吻合的经验。结果本组23例患者，术后吻合瘘1例，占4．3％，术后反复用3％碘伏经腹腔引流管灌洗后治愈；切口感染2例，切口换药后治愈；吻合口轻度狭窄1例，扩肛后明显好转。随访全组病例，1例手术10个月后盆腔复发，1例手术16个月后腹腔及肝脏广泛转移。1年后排便状况(按徐氏评分)：优16例，良6例，一般1例。结论双吻合器、结肠J型贮袋技术运用于低位直肠癌手术中，既能较好帮助外科医生顺利完成结肠与下段直肠、肛管吻合术，又能明显改善患者排便质量。     

高龄低位直肠癌不同吻合平面保肛术后对控便功能的影响

目的评价高龄低位直肠癌不同吻合平面保肛手术后肛门控便功能。方法对2000～2003年39例采用保肛手术治疗的低位直肠癌病人分别按吻合口位置分组,对术后控便情况进行研究。结果病人排便次数达到正常的时间为术后(9.8±2.86)个月,术后36.1%病人出现I度失禁的表现。低位吻合组与超低位吻合组比较术后控便情况差异无统计学意义,贮袋组与直肠吻合组比较术后控便情况差异有统计学意义。结论高龄低位直肠癌低位吻合与超低位吻合术后对控便机能影响差异不明显,采用结肠贮袋直肠肛管吻合术能够明显改善高龄病人近期的控便功能。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.