Extracorporeal ultrafiltration vs. conventional diuretic therapy in advanced decompensated heart failure

Compared with conventional diuretic (CD) therapy, ultrafiltration (UF) is associated with greater weight loss and fewer re-hospitalizations in patients admitted with decompensated heart failure (HF). Concerns have been raised regarding its safety and efficacy in patients with more advanced heart failure. The authors conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial in patients with advanced HF admitted to an intensive care unit for hemodynamically guided therapy, comparing UF (n=17) with CD (n=19) at admission. The primary end point was the time required for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) to be maintained at a value of ≤18?mm?Hg for at least 4 consecutive hours. Secondary end points included levels of cytokines and neurohormones, as well as several clinical outcomes. In our study cohort, the time to achieve the primary end point was lower in the UF group but did not reach statistical significance (P = .08). UF resulted in greater weight reduction, higher total volume removed, and shorter hospital length of stay. There were no differences in kidney function, biomarkers, or adverse events. In patients with advanced HF under hemodynamically tailored therapy, UF can be safely performed to achieve higher average volume removed than CD therapy without leading to adverse outcomes.     

心衰超滤脱水装置治疗急性失代偿性心力衰竭伴利尿剂抵抗患者的有效性及安全性评价

目的评估心衰超滤脱水装置(FQ-16)用于急性失代偿性心力衰竭(ADHF)伴利尿剂抵抗患者的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2015年11月至2017年6月解放军总医院心血管内科通过FQ-16心衰超滤脱水装置进行超滤治疗的ADHF伴利尿剂抵抗患者35例,比较超滤治疗前和最后一次超滤结束后患者体质量、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、心率(HR)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、红细胞比容(Hct)、呼吸困难评分、中心静脉压(CVP)、血氧饱和度(SaO_2)、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等指标和主要不良事件的发生情况。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据分析。数据采用t检验比较组间差异。结果超滤治疗前和最后一次超滤治疗后患者SBP、DBP、HR、SCr、BUN、Hb、Hct、PLT、K~+、Na~+和和Cl~-等方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。相比超滤治疗前,最后一次超滤治疗后患者体质量、呼吸困难评分、SaO_2、CVP和NT-proBNP均改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。超滤治疗期间和超滤治疗后72 h内未发生死亡、心肌梗死、心力衰竭加重等不良事件,治疗期间未发生有治疗意义的低血压。2例高龄患者超滤治疗前后神智淡漠,超滤结束后24 h内完全恢复。结论心衰超滤脱水装置FQ-16可缓解ADHF伴利尿剂抵抗患者的液体潴留和呼吸困难,对血.压、电解质、肾功能无影响,未见严重不良事件发生,疗效安全、可靠。     

心力衰竭患者低氯血症与利尿剂抵抗

心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)是各种心脏疾病的严重表现或晚期阶段,有较高的死亡率和再住院率[1].袢利尿剂(loop diuretics,LDs)是缓解充血症状的基石,在 HF 治疗中广泛应用[2-3].LDs的作用取决于其递送到管腔内作用部位(药代动力学)以及与其受体的相互作用(药效学).然而,将近1/...     

Diuretics and ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure

Congestion and volume overload are the hallmarks of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), and loop diuretics have historically been the cornerstone of treatment. The demonstrated efficacy of loop diuretics in managing congestion is balanced by the recognized limitations of diuretic resistance, neurohormonal activation, and worsening renal function. However, the recently published DOSE (Diuretic Optimization Strategies Evaluation) trial suggests that previous concerns about the safety of high-dose diuretics may not be valid. There has been a growing interest in alternative strategies to manage volume retention in ADHF with improved efficacy and safety profiles. Peripheral venovenous ultrafiltration (UF) represents a potentially promising approach to volume management in ADHF. Small studies suggest that UF may allow for more effective fluid removal compared with diuretics, with improved quality of life and reduced rehospitalization rates. However, further investigation is needed to completely define the role of UF in patients with ADHF. This review summarizes available data on the use of both diuretics and UF in ADHF patients and identifies challenges and unresolved questions for each approach.     

Potent diuretic effects of prednisone in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance

BACKGROUND: Refractory congestive heart failure (CHF) with diuretic resistance is life-threatening and predicts a short life expectancy. Glucocorticoids have been proven to have potent diuretic effects in animal studies; however, their efficacy in CHF patients with diuretic resistance is not known. METHODS: Thirteen CHF patients with significant volume overload and diuretic resistance who failed to respond to a conventional sequential nephron blockade therapeutic strategy; that is, the coadministration of a thiazide (hydrochlorothiazide) and spironolactone, in combination with loop diuretics, were studied. Prednisone (1 mg/kg daily) was then added to standard care, with other medications unchanged, to determine diuretic efficacy in these CHF patients. Variables included body weight, urine volume, serum electrolytes and renal function. RESULTS: Adding prednisone resulted in striking diuresis with a mean (+/- SD) body weight reduction of 9.39+/-3.09 kg. Prednisone significantly decreased serum creatinine by 52.21+/-48.68 mumol/L and increased glomerular filtration rate by 33.63+/-15.87 mL/min/1.73 m(2) compared with baseline. All patients were discharged from hospital with improved clinical status and renal function, and 11 patients remained alive in the long term. The main side effect of prednisone appeared to be hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that prednisone can rapidly eliminate volume overload and improve clinical status and renal function in CHF patients with diuretic resistance. Further prospective randomized clinical studies are warranted to confirm its clinical efficacy.     

心力衰竭患者利尿剂抵抗的处理策略

<正>心力衰竭是大多数心血管疾病的最终归宿。随着治疗技术和治疗水平的持续改善,越来越多的心血管病患者得以存活下来,从而使得心力衰竭的发生机会越来越大。利尿剂是心力衰竭治疗的基础用药,临床上常常遇到在应用利尿剂的过程中出现利尿效果降低,多称之为利尿剂抵抗。利尿剂抵抗的定义目前尚未统一,但多数学者同意利尿剂抵抗是指每日静脉呋塞米剂量≥80 mg或相当于上述呋塞米的日剂量,但仍不能达到合适的尿量(0.5~1.0 ml·kg-1·     

Pharmacotherapy in congestive heart failure: diuretic resistance and strategies to overcome resistance in patients with congestive heart failure

Congestive heart failure is a complex clinical hemodynamic disorder characterized by chronic and progressive pump failure and fluid accumulation. Although the overall impact of diuretic therapy on congestive heart failure mortality remains unknown, diuretics remain a vital component of symptomatic congestive heart failure management. Over time, sodium and water excretion are equalized before adequate fluid elimination occurs. This phenomenon is thought to occur in one out of three patients with congestive heart failure on diuretic therapy and is termed diuretic resistance. In congestive heart failure, both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations are thought to be responsible for diuretic resistance. Due to disease chronicity, symptomatic management is vital to improved quality of life and enhancing diuretic response is therefore pivotal.     

Diuretic treatment and diuretic resistance in heart failure.

Diuretic therapy decreases capillary wedge pressure and improves New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class both in acute and chronic heart failure. In advanced symptomatic heart failure, loop diuretics are generally necessary to improve symptoms of congestion. Diuretic resistance in the edematous patient has been defined as a clinical state in which diuretic response is diminished or lost before the therapeutic goal of relief from edema has been reached. The major causes of diuretic resistance are functional renal failure (prerenal azotemia), hyponatremia, altered diuretic pharmacokinetics, and sodium retention caused by counterregulatory mechanisms intended to reestablish the effective arterial blood volume. Therapeutic approaches to combat diuretic resistance include restriction of fluid and sodium intake, use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, changes in route (oral, intravenous) and timing (single dose, multiple doses, continuous infusion) of diuretic therapy, and use of diuretic combinations.     

A practical guide for ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure

Acute decompensated heart failure is the most common reason for inpatient hospital admission. Most patients admitted for decompensated heart failure are by definition diuretic-resistant. The therapeutic objective for these patients is volume and sodium removal and restoration of diuretic sensitivity. In a significant proportion of patients, this objective is not met, subjecting patients to readmission for recurrent heart failure decompensation. Ultrafiltration therapy offers the potential of greater volume and sodium removal as compared with conventional therapies in a more expeditious manner. Ultrafiltration can be safely and effectively accomplished in a non-intensive care setting but relies on earlier discharge with reduced readmission rates to be economically feasible. This paper reviews the current data regarding ultrafiltration therapy and provides a practical guide to patient selection, implementation and management of this therapy.     

体外超滤治疗急性失代偿性心力衰竭的疗效与安全性

目的：对血液超滤装置在心力衰竭患者应用安全性和有效性进行评价。方法：选择在我院CCU进行治疗的心力衰竭伴钠水潴留患者34例,其中扩张型心肌病伴心衰患者20例,缺血性心肌病伴心衰14例,采用血液超滤装置治疗,分析治疗前后呼吸困难评分、血氧饱和度、体重、血流动力学指标(心排量、心脏指数、胸液体容积、左心射血分数)、N-端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)等指标,评价血液超滤的临床疗效,同时分析超滤前后的心率、血压、肝功能、肾功能、电解质、血常规等指标,进行安全性评价。结果：经治疗后,扩张型心肌病伴心衰患者及缺血性心肌病伴心衰患者的呼吸困难评分、血氧饱和度、体重、血流动力学指标(心排量、心脏指数、胸液体容积、左心射血分数)、NT-proBNP等指标均有改善,与治疗前相比有统计学意义(P<0．05)。治疗过程对患者血压、心率、血常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等无负面影响,且肾功能还有改善的趋势。结论：血液超滤装置治疗扩张型心肌病及缺血性心肌病伴心衰患者疗效明显,且安全可靠。     

不同剂量托伐普坦治疗老年慢性心力衰竭伴利尿剂抵抗患者的疗效与安全性观察

目的观察不同剂量托伐普坦治疗老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)伴利尿剂抵抗患者的疗效与安全性。方法选择老年CHF伴利尿剂抵抗患者60例,随机分为观察组(托伐普坦15mg/d口服联合呋塞米100mg/d持续静脉注射)和对照组(托伐普坦30～60mg/d口服),每组30例。监测比较2组治疗前与治疗5d的尿量变化及临床疗效;记录比较2组高钠血症等不良反应发生率。结果治疗后2组尿量均显著增多,持续增加至3d时达高峰,此后维持相近水平至观察期结束(F_(主体内效应)=299.784,P0.01);2组间尿量比较差异无统计学意义(F_(主体间效应)=1.119,P=0.294)。观察组平均托伐普坦用量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(11.75±3.78)mg/d vs (41.50±12.88)mg/d,P0.01]。观察组与对照组的总有效率、总不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(93.33%vs 90.00%,P=1.000;53.33%vs 63.33%,P=1.000);观察组高钠血症发生率显著低于对照组(6.67%vs 33.33%,P=0.021)。结论托伐普坦能有效改善老年CHF患者的利尿剂抵抗,提高临床疗效;中大剂量托伐普坦显著增加高钠血症发生;联合应用低剂量托伐普坦与排钠利尿剂在降低高钠血症的同时未降低临床疗效。     

Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with decompensated heart failure

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has a higher prevalence in patients with heart failure than in the general middle-aged population. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), one of the forms of SBD, promotes poorly controlled hypertension, coronary events, and atrial fibrillation events that can lead to acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF), and evidence suggests that untreated OSA increases mortality in patients with heart failure. Cheyne–Stokes respiration and central sleep apnea (CSA) have long been associated with heart failure and, in many patients, can coexist with OSA. In this article, we propose a systematic approach to diagnose and treat OSA in patients with ADHF based on current evidence.     

Diuretics in therapy of "diuretic resistance" by patients with congestive heart failure

Loop diuretics are integral part of overall therapy of severe congestive heart failure. Approximately 10-20 % of patients with congestive heart failure (NYHA class III-IV) do not respond satisfactorily to diuretic treatment. Despite its frequency, the term "diuretic resistance" remains inadequately defined. In general, failure to decrease the extracellular fluid volume despite liberal use of diuretics is often termed "diuretic resistance". The combination of diuretics, particularly of loop diuretic with thiazide agents, is recommended for prevention as well as treatment of this complication. Effective management is also continuous infusion of loop diuretic. If it is impossible to achieve adequate response by combination of diuretics, increasing of its dosage or/and frequency or continuous infusion, then dialysis methods may be employed (however it is not intended to discuss this option in this article).