男男性行为人群艾滋病防治网络干预效果评价

目的评价利用网络平台对男男性行为人群(MSM)在艾滋病知识的认知、态度及行为学方面的干预效果。方法主要采用网络调查及网络干预的模式,对MSM人群进行艾滋病预防知识、态度、行为干预进行评价,包括两次横断面调查和为期2个月的3期网络干预。结果共调查1 293人,平均年龄为(27.6±6.0)岁,其中75%年龄在18～30岁之间;86.2%为专科或本科以上学历;64.8%目前居住在北京。干预前后,MSM人群艾滋病知识知晓情况、安全套使用及HIV检测情况等方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但在减少过去6个月中的肛交行为、消除阻碍接受HIV检测的因素等方面,网络干预不具有显著效果(P>0.05)。结论针对MSM人群,可以尝试采用网络干预的方法来提高艾滋病防治知识,减少HIV感染的高危行为,促进接受HIV检测。     

Effectiveness of HIV counseling services on knowledge, attitude, behavior and practice (KABP) among pregnant women attending PPTCT program

Counseling services is an important component of National AIDS Control Program which aims at creating awareness and promoting changes in reducing high risk behavior against HIV/AIDS. Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics are being counseled about HIV/AIDS under prevention of parent to child transmission (PPTCT) program. The objective of this study was to assess (KABP) regarding HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending PPTCT program before and after counseling at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi. A Quasi-experimental study was conducted. Data was collected by interviewing 600 pregnant women attending ANC clinic during May 2006 to May 2007 using a pre-test and post-test interview schedule. About 69.2% of the pregnant women had heard about AIDS before the counseling. Knowledge regarding mother to child transmission of HIV was 53.5%. 38.2% knew that mother to child transmission can be reduced by drugs. The knowledge of pregnant women about AIDS was significantly different in pre-test (mean score = 15.3) and post test (mean score = 35.6) (P < 0.0001). Attitude of study participants towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) indicated that individuals with HIV should be allowed to work (79.9%) and all commercial sex workers should compulsorily be tested for HIV (55.1%). There was significant difference between in pre-test and post-test attitude about PLWHA and HIV testing (p < 0.0001). The condom use among the study participants significantly improved after counseling (1.2% in pre-test and 58.6% after counseling) (p < 0.0001). Counseling services were effective in increasing knowledge and changes in attitude and behavior among pregnant women and the efforts needs to be sustained.     

Acceptance of HIV testing and counseling among unmarried young adults in Northern Thailand.

A cluster randomized trial was used to assess the effect of an active group intervention in promoting utilization of voluntary HIV testing and counseling (HIV-TC). Villagers from 40 clusters were sampled to represent the premarital age population and assigned into two groups, intervention and comparison. The intervention was designed to enhance risk perception and increase knowledge about HIV testing. Interviews were performed before and after the intervention. At baseline, 23% of 398 participants had been tested for HIV at least once and 90% reported testing positive. Most participants perceived that they had no chance of being infected with HIV. Among the intervention group, 71% participated in the intervention activities. The risk ratio of HIV-TC acceptance among the intervention group was 2.92, but the risk difference was only 8.11%. Factors associated with HIV-TC acceptance were ever having had a sexually transmitted disease, being previously married, intention to get tested, and having partici pated in AIDS-related activities.     

Effect of an HIV counseling and testing program on AIDS-related knowledge and practices in tuberculosis clinics in Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire.

SETTING: Two out-patient tuberculosis treatment centers, Abidjan, C?te d'Ivoire. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and testing program on acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related knowledge and behaviors among persons with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. DESIGN: Since 1994, patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis have received individual or group HIV pretest counseling, informed consent, free HIV testing for those who consent, and post test counseling. From January 1995 through August 1996 in Abidjan's two largest tuberculosis clinics, knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS were assessed before and immediately after the group pretest sessions, and again 4 months later. RESULTS: Prior to pretest counseling, 68.9% and 68.0% of the 559 enrolled subjects could correctly identify five modes of HIV transmission and five modes of HIV prevention. These proportions increased significantly immediately after pretest counseling (90.0%, 86.6%, respectively), and remained higher 4 months later (83.7%, 87.7%) (all P < 0.01). Among men, consistent condom use during the preceding 4 months with a partner who was not a commercial sex worker increased from 9.9% at enrollment to 23.6% at the 4-month visit (P = 0.001), but not for women (6.3% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: An HIV pretest counseling program conducted in an out-patient tuberculosis clinic was well accepted, and significantly increased the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge and, among men, self-reported condom use.     

Awareness and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Kandy,Sri Lanka

Currently, interventions for HIV/AIDS control in Sri Lanka are only carried out among the most-at-risk populations. This study was conducted to identify the level of awareness and stigma-related attitudes among the general population of Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 869 residents of 18–64 years of age in Kandy, Sri Lanka. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised to obtain information about stigma, discrimination and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge. Chi-square test and multivariate analysis were applied to find possible associations between HIV-related variables and socio-demographic indicators. Response rate was 82.0%. Overall, 93.5% of the participants have heard of HIV/AIDS but the knowledge on HIV/AIDS was low with an average score of 51.7%, no statistically significant difference between genders (p = 0.352). Only 58.1% were aware that a condom was an effective tool for its prevention. There were many misconceptions related to epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. The participants showed more positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) for all questionnaire items except for those listed under shame and blame. Positive attitudes towards PLHIV were observed to be greater among those with a better HIV/AIDS-related knowledge score. There was no significant association between the attitudes towards PLHIV and socio-demographic characteristics such as ethnicity and religion. There is a greater need of making attempts towards educating the public regarding HIV/AIDS to eliminate misconceptions prevalent in the society. Stigma-related attitudes are mainly due to shame and blame associated with the disease. As the attitudes towards PLHIV were more positive among those with a better HIV/AIDS-related knowledge score, targeted HIV/AIDS-related health education interventions maybe recommended in this regard.     

云南省4个地区780名孕产妇预防HIV/AIDS母婴垂直传播知识态度调查

目的 了解云南省艾滋病病毒(HIV)不同流行地区孕妇时艾滋病(AIDS)的知识、态度及行为，为开展宣传教育、阻断母曼垂直传播自愿咨询、检测提供依据。方法 选择省、地区、县不同地理分布，孕妇HIV感染率高、中、低的4个地区孕产妇为调查对象，用问卷调查表收集关于AIDS，特别是母婴垂直传播有关的知识、态度及行为方面资料。结果 4个地区共调查780名孕产妇，其中641人听说过AIDS，占82．2％，有关三种传播途径的正确回答率为55．0％一83．7％，但73％的孕产妇认为日常生活中共餐、接吻、握手或入厕等会传播，37．2％的人对婚前姓行为的观念表示接受，77．2％一81．8％的孕产妇认为婚检及产前检查中应加入HIV检测，91．4％的孕产妇愿意医生为其提供有关HIV知识宣传；83．6％一84．5％孕产妇愿意接受人工流产术、剖腹产及降低垂直传播的药物治疗。62．1％的孕产妇认识到安全套可预防AIDS传播。结论 孕产妇对AIDS的认识比较低，但愿意积极参与降低HIV垂直传播的工作。应加强预防AIDS宣传教育，特别是尽快在重点地区探索开展降低孕妇HIV垂直传播的工作，以预防AIDS的母婴垂直传播。     

HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Service Preferences in a Rural Malawi Population

Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services have become an integral component of HIV prevention efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. This study of a rural Malawi district population examined variation in past and desired use of VCT services among 868 women aged 15 to 34 and 648 men aged 20 to 44 aware of HIV/AIDS. Only 11% of men and 7% of women had been tested, but of those untested, 76% of men and 61% of women desired testing. Ninety percent of respondents willing to know their results preferred to hear them from a test site counselor and on the same day of the test. However, 27% of women wanting to be tested did not want to know their test results, a finding significantly associated with knowing someone affected by AIDS and perceiving oneself at HIV infection risk. Knowledge of the behaviors of HIV prevention, knowing someone with AIDS, knowing the locations of a test site, and perceived risk of HIV infection all had a consistently significant association with past and future VCT use for men and women.     

云南省德宏州2010年婚检人群的HIV感染率及其影响因素

目的了解云南省德宏州2010年婚检人群的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及其影响因素。方法利用德宏州2010年参加婚前体检人群的婚检资料,对该人群HIV感染率及相关因素进行分析。结果 23 223名婚前体检者HIV感染率为0.78%(180人),其中HIV单阳性比例为70.0%;83.3%(150/180)是通过异性性行为感染。婚检人群中有56.1%(13 025人)有婚前性行为,11.9%(1 340人)的女性婚检者已怀孕。Logistic多因素回归分析显示:HIV感染率为有吸毒行为者高于无吸毒行为者,25岁以上者高于25岁以下者,无业者高于农民,缅甸籍高于国内者。结论 2010年德宏州婚检人群的HIV感染率仍较高,吸毒、高年龄、无业与缅甸籍等因素与HIV感染有关。婚前检查作为发现HIV感染者及控制HIV传播的有效手段之一,应该在艾滋病流行地区大力推广。     

社区卫生服务机构艾滋病防治对象对HIV检测接受意愿调查

目的了解社区卫生服务机构艾滋病防治对象对艾滋病病毒（HIV）检测的接受意愿及影响因素。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷,在北京、上海等8个城市的社区卫生服务机构,对重点科室（妇产科、皮肤科等）的就诊人员、男男性行为人群（MSM）和娱乐场所女性工作人员进行调查。调查内容包括一般社会人口学信息、艾滋病相关知识、HIV防治服务接受意愿及利用情况等。结果共调查了755人,其中29人HIV阳性。在726名HIV阴性人员中,555人（76．4％）表示愿意接受社区卫生服务机构免费提供的HIV检测服务。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,平均月收入较高（1000～1999元、2000-2999元）、知晓艾滋病知识和以前接受过HIV检测的服务对象,更愿意接受HIV检测,其比值比（OR）和95％可信区间（CD分别为2．51（1．18～5．37）、2．35（1．28～4．32）、2．07（1．14～3．77）、1．85（1．25～2．75）。结论调查对象对社区卫生服务机构开展的HIV检测服务有较高的接受意愿,但也存在诸如担心歧视、个人隐私暴露和业务能力不高以及自身艾滋病知识欠缺等因素的影响,因此在社区卫生服务机构开展HIV检测需要加强受检者隐私保护,同时要扩大HIV防治宣传和提高社区医生的HIV咨询检测知识和技能水平。     

山西省某农村既往非法卖血社区影响HIV从卖血人群向一般人群传播的可能因素

目的分析农村既往非法卖血社区影响艾滋病病毒(HIV)从卖血人群向一般人群传播的可能因素。方法选择山西省某县12个村庄，随机抽取660名18～59岁村民开展以社区为基础的横断面研究。采用标准问卷收集研究对象的人口学、医疗注射情况、性行为、艾滋病(AIDS)相关的知识、态度及HIV自愿咨询检测史等信息。结果在过去5年中，约有1／4的调查对象拔过牙，2．8％的对象接受过输血，77．7％的对象有过打针和注射史。打针或注射的场所多是在个体诊所(58．1％)和村卫生室(33．0％)。仅有19．6％的对象使用过安全套；12．5％的对象有过2个以上的性伴侣。该社区婚外性行为并不少见(6．7％)，卖淫嫖娼的比例为1．O％，最近1次婚外性行为中，使用安全套的比例仅为20．O％。对HIV三种传播途径(性、血液和母要传播)的正确回答率为43．1％。该地存在广泛的AIDS相关的歧视。仅有1．7％的村民曾经接受过HIV检测。结论该地区存在广泛的影响HIV从卖血人群向一般人群传播的可能因素。有效预防HIV的二代传播成为中国农村AIDS防治的工作重点之一。关键词：艾滋病病毒；农村社区；二代传播；预防和控制     

Adapting an evidence-based intervention for HIV to avail access to testing and risk-reduction counseling for female victims of sexual violence in post-earthquake Haiti

Haiti has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean. Before the 2010 earthquake, Haitian women bore a disproportionate burden of HIV/AIDS, had lower HIV knowledge, less capacity to negotiate for safer sex, and limited access to HIV testing and risk-reduction (RR) counseling. Since 2010, there has been an increase in sexual violence against women, characterized by deliberate vaginal injuries by non-intimate partners, increasing victims’ risk of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. Needed is an adaptation of evidence-based interventions for HIV that include HIV testing and counseling for this stigmatized population. We reviewed several features of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 103 evidence-based interventions for HIV (e.g., measures used, participant risk characteristics, theoretical framework, outcome variables, and evidence tier) in an attempt to seek a feasibly adaptable evidence-based intervention for HIV that could be used for victims of sexual violence (VOSV). RESPECT, one of the reviewed evidence-based HIV interventions, comprises of one-on-one, client-focused HIV prevention/RR counseling, and RAPID HIV testing. Adapting RESPECT can enhance access to testing for Haitian VOSV and can influence their perceptions of HIV risk, and establishment of RR goals for future consensual intimate relations. Adapting and implementing RESPECT can increase uptake of evidence-based HIV interventions among Haitians and positively affect a region with high HIV prevalence and increased rates of sexual violence.     

A comparison of voluntary counseling and testing uptake between a China CARES county and a county not designated for the china CARES program

A cross-sectional study employing two-stage cluster sampling was conducted between December 2005 and March 2006 to compare adults' knowledge of HIV/AIDS voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and the attitudes toward and acceptance of VCT between a county in which a comprehensive HIV/AIDS program, China CARES (CC), was available, and a county where it was not. Information on HIV/AIDS knowledge, awareness of VCT, and attitudes was collected. All participants were given a coupon for free VCT after the cross-sectional interview. Uptake of VCT was measured within 2 months of the interview. More participants in the CC county knew someone infected with HIV, had participated in AIDS-related activities, and/or had heard about China CARES. In the control county, education and income levels were higher, there were fewer minorities, and there was a higher proportion of women. VCT uptake was low. Overall, no significant differences in uptake were found between the two counties. Urban residents of the CC county had higher HIV/AIDS knowledge levels than urban residents of the comparison county (p = 0.002). Residents of the CC county were more discriminative against HIV/AIDS and persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and had lower perceptions of risk. The differences may be due to the higher proportion of rural residents in the CC county (p < 0.001). The China CARES program may have had a positive effect on urban areas of Guizhou Province in terms of improving HIV/AIDS and VCT knowledge and reducing discrimination, but had little impact in the rural areas. If the China CARES program is to be successful, it must implement a more effective education program and increase the acceptability of testing.     

PITC的优势及其影响因素分析

为了加强对艾滋病的预防控制,扩大艾滋病检测咨询的覆盖面,让更多的人得到艾滋病检测进而得到相关的治疗和预防服务,世界卫生组织和联合国艾滋病规划署在求询者主动寻求HIV检测咨询的基础上,提出了医疗机构医务人员主动提供HIV检测咨询(PITC)的策略,将其作为多种艾滋病检测策略的补充,并建议在艾滋病广泛流行地区的全部医疗机构中都应该开展医务人员主动提供的艾滋病检测咨询。该文将对开展PITC的优势及其影响因素进行综述分析。     

Outcomes of blood and oral fluid rapid HIV testing: a literature review, 2000-2006

Rapid HIV antibody testing is a new technology whose implementation promises to facilitate the early detection of persons with HIV/AIDS. The goal of this study was to review and summarize the literature from 2000-2006 regarding four outcomes of rapid (including both blood and oral fluid) HIV testing: rates of client acceptance; rates of clients' receiving their test results; rates of entry into medical care for those found to be HIV positive; and the efficacy of prevention counseling after testing. A total of 116 studies in peer-reviewed journals were screened. Twenty-six met the screening criteria (published in peer-reviewed journals and focused on at least one of the outcomes of interest) and were selected for review. Considerable variation was found in client acceptance rates with the highest rates among pregnant women in labor and delivery units and the lowest rates in needle exchange and bath-house settings. The evidence shows that most persons tested with a rapid test receive their test result. Three studies on entry into medical care among those who were newly identified HIV positive found rates of 47%, 82%, and 97% of clients adhering to their first medical appointment. No long-term medical follow-up studies were found. Only one study examined the efficacy of prevention counseling after rapid testing and found no statistically significant differences in the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) conventional versus rapid HIV testers contracted following testing.     

开远市暗娼人群参加HIV检测后咨询关联因素的前瞻性流行病学调查

目的了解开远市娱乐场所暗娼人群参加艾滋病病毒（HIV）检测后咨询的情况及影响因素,为艾滋病预防控制工作提供参考依据。方法采用外展招募方式,对符合纳入标准的暗娼,进行一对一的检测前咨询和问卷调查,并预约HIV检测后4周接受HIV检测后咨询服务。结果 57.4%（412/718）的暗娼通过参加HIV检测后咨询获取了HIV检测结果。多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示,来源于中低档服务场所（OR=0.57）、HIV抗体检测阴性（OR=0.51）、年龄〈25岁（OR=0.61）和艾滋病知识得分较低（〈14分）（OR=0.66）,是暗娼人群参加HIV检测后咨询的重要妨碍因素（P〈0.05）。结论暗娼人群参加HIV检测后咨询的比例较低,卫生部门在扩大HIV检测数量和范围的同时,需加强对暗娼开展有针对性的健康宣传教育,提高其参加HIV检测后咨询的比例,切实降低暗娼人群HIV相关高危行为。     

艾滋病自愿咨询检测的影响因素

目的了解高危(重点)人群中艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)状况及影响因素,并为今后政府制定高危行为人群的VCT干预对策提供科学依据。方法采用匿名自填问卷的方式,对深圳市特种服务行业女性从业人员进行了有关VCT的认知、态度、行为现状及影响因素的问卷调查。结果61.3%的人不知道VCT免费;95.4%的人没有做过艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测,其中有65.9%的人认为自己不会得艾滋病,没有必要检测;54.6%的人不知道在哪里检测HIV抗体。当怀疑自己感染了HIV时有16.5%的人表示不会去检测,其中有84.4%的人担心被别人知道曾经做过HIV检测而被瞧不起,53.1%的人害怕检测结果阳性,本人和家人遭受歧视。结论社会宣传和干预力度不够,求询者的畏惧心理和侥幸心理、社会歧视是影响高危(重点)人群自愿接受HIV检测的主要原因,应进一步加强对艾滋病知识和"四免一关怀"政策的宣传,把VCT作为在高危(重点)人群中开展行为干预的重点。     

北京、广州市待婚青年艾滋病性病知识、态度、信念及行为研究

目的 了解北京、广州待婚青年有关艾滋病、性病知识的认知和行为方面的异同。方法 对前往医院婚前检查的待婚青年进行问卷调查,由被调查者自己调查问卷,当场收回后对数据进行分析处理。结果 调查显示北京、广州两地待婚青年对性病艾滋病防治的基本常识有一定了解,但存在一些模糊认识,对性病艾滋病的恐惧与轻视心理同时存在;广州待婚青年的性观念相对更加开放,但对性病艾滋病防治的意识相对也强。结论 待婚青年对艾滋病、性病的认知程度有待提高,在待婚青年中开展性病艾滋病防治健康教育是需要的,也是可行的。     

Sexual behaviour as the limiting and linking factor in HIV-infected people in rural Zimbabwe

Although the incidence of AIDS continues to increase in Zimbabwe, no systematic investigation has been done of the contextual (behavioural and situational) variables important to the tailoring of AIDS educational prevention programmes for those at risk. As part of a World Health Organization-recommended cotrimoxazole prophylaxis programme to 1146 HIV-positive individuals in rural Zimbabwe, data were collected on risk behaviours and characteristics of all participants. Outcomes included condom use, relationship, marital status, duration of the programme and reason for HIV testing. Forty-five participants (4.1%) reported always using condoms, 379 (34.5%) reported occasional use and 673 (61.4%) reported no condom use. Statistical analysis showed significant positive correlations between condom use and participant age, duration of the programme, the reason for HIV testing, knowledge about the partners' HIV status and the partner's awareness of the patient's HIV-positive status. Results reflect the need to target subpopulations, for specific HIV/AIDS education initiatives in rural Africa.     

The impact of premarital HIV testing: a perspective from selected countries from the Arabian Peninsula

Although voluntary HIV testing is still more dominant than the mandatory form, in accordance with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and Centers for Disease Control recommendations, there are still millions of people who are mandatorily tested before marriage. This article presents policies toward mandatory premarital HIV testing (PHT) in selected Arabian Peninsula countries, focusing on details of the testing as experienced by high-school students, who were participants of a recent research study conducted in the United Arab Emirates. With a high acceptance for mandatory premarital and periodical marital HIV testing among young Emirates, showing a feeling of vulnerability to contracting the infection, possible explanations for such feelings is also discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of PHT are presented with a focus on Arabian Peninsula countries. The author concludes that while a positive PHT result may be socially isolating, the challenge in Arab countries is to stimulate efforts into shifting social norms toward a destigmatization of disease, acceptance, and support of HIV-infected persons with reference to religion and compassion. Recommendations, which consider the specific nature of Arab countries, predominately governed by Islamic laws are formulated. A PHT program could benefit from adequate legislation acts followed by education and counseling based on government policy, religious body support, and an involvement of NGOs and international agencies.