脑静脉（窦）血栓形成的MRI和MRV诊断价值

目的探讨脑静脉血栓（CVT）和静脉窦血栓（CVST）形成磁共振成像（MRI）和磁共振静脉系成像（MRV）的特征。方法回顾性分析经磁共振诊断和临床治疗的58例脑静脉（窦）血栓病人的资料。全部有MRI平扫,其中39例有2DPC法MRV成像,观察脑静脉窦、脑静脉内和脑实质内信号改变。结果脑静脉窦血栓49例：单独静脉窦血栓31例,8例合并浅静脉血栓,其中3例合并出血;4例合并脑深静脉血栓;6例同时合并深、浅静脉血栓。单独脑深静脉血栓9例。结论 MRI结合MRV是诊断脑静脉（窦）血栓首选和最有效而又无损伤的检查方法。     

Headache attributed neurosurgical diseases

When we see headache patients, it is most important thing that we rule out patients with intracranial diseases. Intracranial diseases with headache are so many. I'd like to emphasize some intracranial diseases with headache not to miss. Especially subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured cerebral aneurysm is a serious disease not to miss. Recently the cases of dissecting cerebral aneurysm (vertebral artery) and venous/sinus thrombosis are increasing with spreading MRI/MRA examination. And brain tumors and chronic subdural hematoma is a serious disease not to miss in recent Japanese aging society. I'd like to mention these important diseases with headache.     

MRI、磁共振静脉造影及弥散加权成像在不同时期脑静脉窦血栓中的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI、磁共振静脉造影（MRV）及弥散加权成像（DWI）在不同时期脑静脉窦血栓中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析本院2015年11月~2019年8月经数字减影血管造影或临床随访确诊的27例脑静脉窦血栓患者的MRI资料,其中18例患者行DWI检查,9例患者接受MRI增强检查。结果27例静脉窦血栓患者MRI平扫表现流空信号消失,静脉窦出现异常信号,3例脑静脉窦血栓患者MRI增强后表现为空三角征,MRV则显示静脉窦血流高信号不同程度缺失,局限性或阶段性血栓以血流高信号变细、中断为主。DWI对急性和亚急性脑静脉窦血栓及继发静脉性脑梗塞敏感。结论MRI、MRV联合DWI有助于静脉窦血栓的早期诊断并可以反映血栓的演变过程,为临床及时治疗静脉窦血栓具有重要意义。      

Behcet's Disease: Presentation With Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis Diagnosed Noninvasively

The standard evaluation of patients with intracranial hypertension frequently does not reveal a discrete pathophysiologic process, leading in these cases to classification of the syndrome as "benign." We present a 35-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri who presented with headache, emesis, and blurring of vision. Her symptoms were progressive despite two lumbar punctures that revealed normal cerebrospinal fluid under high pressure. Contrast and noncontrast CT scans were normal; both the cerebrospinal fluid and CT neuroimaging were thus consistent with benign intracranial hypertension. An MRI, however, supported the presence of sagittal sinus thrombosis, a finding which was confirmed by MR venography. Further workup for an underlying cause of sinus thrombosis disclosed symptoms and signs fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for Behcet's disease. Cerebral venous (or sinus) thrombosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial hypertension. Behcet's disease, while extremely rare, should be considered as a potential cause of cerebral venous thrombosis. Magnetic resonance venography can serve as a useful diagnostic study in situations where confirmation or exclusion of sinus thrombosis is required.     

颅内静脉窦栓塞的CT、MRI、DSA诊断

目的：探讨颅内静脉窦栓塞的影像学诊断。方法：11例经临床确诊的静脉窦栓塞患者,全部行DSA检查,10例行CT扫描,MRI检查9例,MRA检查7例。结果：CT平扫诊断不明确,4例增强后,2例可见Delta征。MR检查可见静脉窦血管流空消失,其内可见高信号的血栓形成。11例DSA均提示窦未显影或显影不良。结论：MRI、MRA、DSA联合检查可以明确诊断。     

3D-CE-MRA在脑静脉血栓影像学诊断中的价值

目的:探讨运用三维对比增强MR血管造影技术(3D-CE-MRA)的MRV在脑静脉血栓(CVT)的各种影像学诊断中的价值。方法:回顾22例经MRI、MRV及DSA检查CVT的病例,重点观察分析各种影像学表现。结果:MRI(SE序列)检查共显示脑实质继发改变10例;显示上矢状窦、横窦及直窦血栓共13例;MRV检查显示上矢状窦血栓6例;下矢状窦血栓1例;上矢状窦合并直窦2例;上矢状窦合并横窦、乙状窦3例;横窦合并乙状窦血栓3例;海绵窦血栓1例;大脑大静脉及大脑内静脉血栓1例;大脑上静脉及吻合静脉血栓1例。全部病例均经DSA检查证实。结论:MRI与3D-CE-MRA成像技术的MRV相结合可以全面、准确地显示CVT,为CVT检出的最佳方法。     

磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)在脑静脉窦血栓诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)在脑静脉窦血栓诊疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析12例脑静脉窦血栓患者诊疗前后的临床症状、MRI、MRV图像,并对照分析。结果 12例中共形成24个血栓,上矢状窦血栓10个,横窦血栓7个;8例为多发静脉窦血栓形成;治疗前12例MRV均显示受累静脉窦闭塞、充盈缺损,内科溶栓治疗后MRV显示闭塞静脉窦显影;治疗前有5例MRI显示脑实质继发改变,治疗后复查脑内病灶均消失、好转;12例患者临床症状均好转。结论磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)检查是早期诊断、疗效观察及随访脑静脉窦血栓形成的有效检查方法。     

MRI和MRV在脑静脉窦血栓形成中的诊断价值探讨

目的:探讨磁共振成像(MRI)和磁共振静脉成像(MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值。方法:对20例脑静脉窦血栓形成患者,其中急性期(<1周)脑静脉窦血栓形成3例,亚急性期(1～2周)13例,慢性期(>2周)4例,作MRISE序列平扫,10例有TOF法MRV,3例有MRIGd-DTPA增强,13例有平扫CT对照。结果:20例脑静脉窦血栓形成中,MRISE序列扫描确诊19例,1例急性期早期MRI平扫漏诊,后经MRV确定。13例CT平扫均未能确定脑静脉窦血栓的诊断。急性期脑静脉窦血栓MRI信号复杂,T1WI呈低、中等或稍高信号,T2WI呈明显低信号。亚急性期呈短T1和长T2信号表现典型;慢性期由高信号到低信号,最后血栓吸收,静脉窦再通。MRV表现为静脉窦闭塞或静脉窦内充盈缺损。结论:MRI和MRV是诊断和随访静脉窦血栓形成的有效手段,对脑静脉窦血栓的诊断优于CT,可替代创伤性的DSA检查。     

Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis as unusual cause of headache: case report

Headache is the most frequent symptom in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. However, patients presenting with headache due to cerebral venous thrombosis are uncommon. The association between oral contraceptives and cerebral venous thrombosis is well known. We report the case of a young woman who was admitted to our department for sudden onset of headache. She had been taking oral contraceptives for 6 months. Early pharmacological approach with analgesics failed to elleviate symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed thrombosis of the posterior and middle thirds of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Because the patient was oligosymptomatic, medical treatment with high-dose heparin was started. A clinical follow-up showed headache regression after 2 weeks of therapy. Subsequent MRI showed partial recanalization of the SSS. The patient continued oral anticoagulants for 3 months. Eighteen months after discharge, the patient was symptom-free. We conclude that new, persistent or atypical headaches in patients taking oral contraceptives should be carefully evaluated for cerebral venous thrombosis. Received: 9 May 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 4 September 2001     

Sinus thrombosis after a jump from a small rock and a sneezing attack: minor endothelial trauma as a precipitating factor for cerebral venous thrombosis?

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) associated with minor or trivial head trauma has only been described in a few cases so far. We report two patients who developed CVT after a sudden intracranial pressure increase and head acceleration. A 49-year-old woman jumped from a small rock, 1 m in height, and developed instantaneous occipital headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed confluens sinuum thrombosis. Risk factors consisted of smoking and oral contraceptives. Our second patient, an 18-year-old woman, experienced instantaneous headaches after a sneezing attack. Superior sagittal and right-sided transverse sinus thrombosis were confirmed by venous computed tomography angiography. She took oral contraceptives as an additional risk factor. In about 20% of CVT cases the cause remains unclear. As minor head trauma may not have been recognized during history taking, this may represent a so far under-recognized precipitating factor for CVT.     

A rare cause of headache: cerebral venous sinus thrombosis due to hyperthyroidism

Headache represents up to 4% of all emergency department (ED) visits. Emergency physicians generally are concerned with identifying those patients whose headaches are caused by life-threatening conditions. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may be difficult to diagnose clinically because of its various and nonspecific manifestations. The most frequent but least specific symptom of sinus thrombosis is severe headache, which is present in more than 90% of adult patients. In the case report we present, a patient had severe headache and was diagnosed until third ED visit at different hospitals. He had one of the most unusual causes of headache, that is, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis due to hyperthyroidism.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成53例诊治分析

目的 分析脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床特征、诊断方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年8月至2008年5月北京天坛医院住院的53例CVST患者的发病年龄、发病形式、临床表现、影像学特征及治疗预后情况.结果 本组患者男22例,女31例;年龄(15～52)岁,平均(34.92±9.69)岁.多数为急性、亚急性起病.主要临床表现为头痛,伴有呕吐,视物不清,复视,抽搐,肢体活动障碍或意识障碍等.影像学表现为静脉窦闭塞及局灶性梗死灶,部分伴发渗血或血肿.治疗以脱水降颅压、抗凝治疗为主,根据情况可联合溶栓治疗或支架置入治疗.痊愈12例,好转37例,无效2例,脑疝形成自动出院2例.结论 认识CVST的临床特征并及时行MRV检查是正确诊断和及早治疗的关键,CVST的治疗以抗凝治疗为基础,根据情况可联合溶栓治疗或支架置入治疗.     

磁共振成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断

目的:探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的MRI表现和成像特点。方法:回顾性分析2003年12月~2005年1月经临床确诊的13例脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的MRI表现,所有患者均行超导MRI检查,多平面图像采集,磁共振静脉造影(MRV)采用2D-TOF技术。结果:MRI特征性表现为平扫脑静脉窦内正常的流空信号消失,代之以异常的等信号或高信号。病变最常累及上矢状窦和横窦。MRV表现为受累的静脉窦的闭塞呈充盈缺损或再通后的模糊影,病变部位和范围与MRI相对应?熏 侧枝血管形成,深部静脉明显扩张或其他引流静脉显现。结论:MRI和MRV能准确诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成,而且可以用于病例的随诊观察。     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, A Case Report

SYNOPSIS
In a patient presenting with headache, who later developed bilateral sixth nerve palsies and papilledema, an initial CT scan (unenhanced and enhanced) was normal, and a later CT scan was suggestive of superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. An MRI scan gave much less equivocal evidence of thrombosis of both the sagittal and the right transverse sinus. The diagnosis was confirmed by digital venous angiography.
MRI is a noninvasive investigation useful in the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis.     

MRI及磁共振静脉血管成像诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成

目的 评价MRI及磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析11例经临床确诊脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的MRI表现。对所有病例均行MR平扫,其中5例行增强扫描,6例行MRV检查,2例行DSA检查。 结果 4例上矢状窦及横窦同时受累,1例上矢状窦、横窦及乙状窦同时受累,4例单纯乙状窦受累,2例单纯横窦受累。MR平扫1例表现为T1WI等信号、T2WI低信号,8例表现为T1WI、T2WI高信号,2例表现为T1WI不均匀低信号、T2WI高信号;增强扫描5例表现为脑静脉异常强化,静脉窦壁表现为环形、三角形或平行状强化,而静脉窦内血栓无强化呈不规则充盈缺损或空三角征。MRV表现为受累静脉窦显影不规则、狭窄或不显影、侧支血管形成、邻近深部脑静脉扩张。 结论 MRI结合MRV是诊断脑静脉窦血栓形成的无创、有效手段。     

皮层蛛网膜下腔出血临床影像特征及其病因

  目的  研究皮层蛛网膜下腔出血(cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage, cSAH)患者的临床表现及影像学特征, 并分析病因, 旨在增加对cSAH的认识。  方法  回顾性研究北京协和医院神经内科2007年9月至2011年12月8例诊断为cSAH患者的临床表现及影像学特点, 并分析病因。  结果  8例cSAH患者中男性4例, 女性4例; 发病年龄21~78岁; 最常见的临床表现为癫痫发作(75%), 头痛少见(12.5%)。8例cSAH患者头颅CT均表现为沿大脑凸面皮层沟回分布的线样高信号, 顶叶中央沟内最为多见(5例)。7例cSAH患者进行动脉血管影像检查, 均未见动脉瘤。5例患者病因明确, 分别为皮层静脉血栓2例, 静脉窦血栓1例, 淀粉样脑血管病1例, 血管炎1例。  结论  cSAH是一类具有特征性临床及影像学表现的特殊类型蛛网膜下腔出血, 临床上应予以重视。对于病因诊断, 青年患者需重点除外皮层静脉血栓, 老年患者应重点考虑淀粉样脑血管病。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的CT、MRI诊断

目的:探讨CT、MRI及MRV对脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析15例脑静脉窦血栓形成的头颅CT、MRI及MRV表现。结果:所有患者均行头颅CT和MRI平扫,其中5例行CT增强扫描,3例行MRI增强扫描,11例行MRV检查。CT平扫显示静脉窦密度增高,急性7例(7/9),亚急性3例(3/6);MRI平扫显示13例静脉窦内有异常信号,CT及MRI增强扫描均见"空三角征"或"充盈缺损征",11例MRV均表现为受累静脉窦不显影或充盈缺损。结论:头颅CT是诊断急性CVST的重要方法;MRI对亚急性CVST具有更高敏感度与特异性;MRV可快速、无创地评价CVST。     

非神经科住院患者颅内静脉窦血栓形成临床和影像特征分析并文献复习

目的:探讨非神经科住院患者颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)发生的病因、临床和影像学特征,提高临床医生对CVST的识别和诊断能力.方法:回顾性分析因非神经科疾病于其他科室接受住院治疗,并于住院期间确诊的CVST患者的临床和影像学资料,同时结合相关文献进行回顾性分析.结果:共纳入6例确诊的CVST患者,其原发性疾病分别为肾小...     

Effect of echo contrast media on the visualization of transverse sinus thrombosis with transcranial 3-D duplex sonography

Transcranial duplex sonography has the capacity of detecting venous flow as in the transverse sinus. During a 6-month period, 28 consecutive patients (mean age 55 y) with a clinically suspected diagnosis of cerebral sinus thrombosis were included in the study. All patients were examined using 3-D ultrasound equipment within 24 h of having undergone either venous computerized tomography (CT), venous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or cerebral angiography. A total of 22 healthy patients had a normal venous CT, venous MRI or cerebral angiography of both transverse sinuses. Before echo contrast enhancement, the transverse sinus could be visualized in only 2 of these 44 sinuses (22 patients). A total of 6 patients with an unilaterally missed transverse sinus in 3-D ultrasound suffered from sinus thrombosis (n = 3), hypoplasia (n = 2) or aplasia (n = 1) of the unilateral transverse sinus in neuroradiological tests. In none of the patients with an thrombosis of the transverse sinus did ultrasound contrast media application improve the visualization of the affected sinus. Our study confirms that the normal transverse sinus, insonated through the contralateral temporal bone, often cannot be visualized without the use of contrast agents. With transcranial 3-D duplex sonography, a differentiation between thrombosis, hypoplasia and aplasia of the sinus was not possible.