难治性颞叶内侧癫痫手术的术中配合及护理

癫痫是最常见的神经系统疾病之一。它是一种致残率高、临床反复发作、病程漫长的疾病。其中,颞叶癫痫分为颞叶内侧癫痫、病灶性颞叶癫痫和颞叶外侧新皮质癫痫。颞叶内侧癫痫主要起源于内侧结构杏仁核、海马、钩回、海马旁回,占颞叶癫痫90%以上的病例。普遍的临床实践已经证明,难治性颞叶内     

颞叶癫癎36例误诊分析

颞叶癫癎是癫癎中较为常见的类型,由于临床表现复杂多样和部分医生的认识不足,常易误诊。我院1998年4月～2002年4月共收治颞叶癫痫45例,曾在外院误诊36例,误诊率达80％。本文回顾分析颞叶癫痫的临床特点及误诊原因,以提高本病的早期诊断率。1 临床资料     

Surgery of temporal lobe epilepsy

The need for and the most important categories of epilepsy surgery, as well as the evaluation of this kind of treatment by health care authorities in Switzerland is shortly discussed. Means for quality control and future developments of epilepsy surgery are mentioned. Indications and methods for the surgical treatment of the temporal lobe epilepsies are reviewed. Long-term results of the Zurich selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy series are briefly reported taking also into account the recently published proposal for a new classification of outcome with respect to epileptic seizures following epilepsy surgery.     

Voxel-based morphometry of the thalamus in patients with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy

Previous research has suggested that patients with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) show gray matter atrophy both within the temporal lobes as well as in the thalamus. However, these studies have not distinguished between different nuclei within the thalamus. We examined whether thalamic atrophy correlates with the nuclei's connections to other regions in the limbic system. T1-weighted MRI scans were obtained from 49 neurologically healthy control subjects and 43 patients diagnosed with chronic refractory MTLE that was unilateral in origin (as measured by ictal EEG and hippocampal atrophy observed on MRI). Measurements of gray matter concentration (GMC) were made using automated segmentation algorithms. GMC was analyzed both voxel-by-voxel (preserving spatial precision) as well as using predefined regions of interest. Voxel-based morphometry revealed intense GMC reduction in the anterior portion relative to posterior thalami. Furthermore, thalamic atrophy was greater ipsilateral to the MTLE origin than on the contralateral side. Here we demonstrate that the thalamic atrophy is most intense in the thalamic nuclei that have strong connections with the limbic hippocampus. This finding suggests that thalamic atrophy reflects this region's anatomical and functional association with the limbic system rather than a general vulnerability to damage.     

Seizure recurrence in temporal lobe epilepsy

We report on a patient with clinical, electroencephalographic and radiological features of temporal lobe epilepsy, whose seizures were initially controlled with antiepileptic treatment. Five years after the onset of seizures, he developed more frequent and prolonged episodes of confusion, which were misinterpreted as secondary to temporal lobe epilepsy. Further investigation revealed the presence of hypoglycaemia and the eventual diagnosis of metastatic insulinoma.     

非病灶性难治性颞叶癫痫35例手术疗效分析

目的评价手术治疗对非病灶性难治性颞叶癫痫的疗效。方法对35例非病灶性难治性颞叶癫痫的手术效果行回顾性分析。结果随访1—4年,疗效按Engel的标准评定,35例中Ⅰ级23例（65．7％）,Ⅱ级4例（11．4％）,Ⅲ级5例（14．3％）,Ⅳ级3例（8．6％）。总有效率为91．4％,效果优良率为77．1％。结论外科手术治疗药物难治性颞叶癫痫是一种安全、有效的方法,对致痫灶的精确定位和彻底处理是提高疗效的关键。     

Quantitative analysis of temporal lobe white matter T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy

The objective of this study was to assess temporal lobe white matter (WM) quantitatively using T2 relaxometry in patients with pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). T2 relaxometry was performed using a dual-echo sequence with 23 contiguous oblique coronal slices in 56 consecutive TLE patients and in 30 healthy subjects. Averages of six slices were chosen to calculate T2 relaxation time in the temporal lobe WM (WM-T2) and the hippocampus (Hippo-T2). Twenty-seven patients had unilateral hippocampal atrophy (HA), and twenty-nine patients had normal hippocampal volumes (NV) on volumetric MRI. Mean WM-T2 was increased ipsilateral to the seizure focus in TLE patients with HA and those with NV (P < 0.001). Contralateral mean WM-T2 was increased in left and right TLE with HA (P < 0.001) and in right TLE with NV (P = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between WM-T2 and Hippo-T2. Individual analysis showed a prolongation of WM-T2 in about 70% of TLE patients with HA and NV. In half of the patients, WM-T2 increase was bilateral and symmetric. However, in 33% of patients with NV and bilateral symmetric increase in Hippo-T2, WM-T2 provided a correct lateralization of the seizure focus. Regardless of the pattern of T2 abnormalities, that is, bilateral symmetric or ipsilateral, the majority of patients with HA became seizure-free after surgery, while those with NV did not have a favorable outcome. In patients with NV, WM-T2 measurement may provide additional lateralizing information compared to Hippo-T2.     

Automated MR image classification in temporal lobe epilepsy

In those with drug refractory focal epilepsy, MR imaging is important for identifying structural causes of seizures that may be amenable to surgical treatment. In up to 25% of potential surgical candidates, however, MRI is reported as unremarkable even when employing epilepsy specific sequences. Automated MRI classification is a desirable tool to augment the interpretation of images, especially when changes are subtle or distributed and may be missed on visual inspection. Support vector machines (SVM) have recently been described to be useful for voxel-based MR image classification. In the present study we sought to evaluate whether this method is feasible in temporal lobe epilepsy, with adequate accuracy.We studied 38 patients with hippocampal sclerosis and unilateral (mesial) temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) (20 left) undergoing presurgical evaluation and 22 neurologically normal control subjects. 3D T1-weighted images were acquired at 3T (GE Excite), segmented into tissue classes, normalized and smoothed with SPM8. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and double echo images for T2 relaxometry were also acquired and processed. The SVM analysis was done with the libsvm software package in a leave-one-out cross-validation design and predictive accuracy was measured. Local weighting was applied by SPM F-contrast maps.Best accuracies were achieved using the gray matter based segmentation (90-100%) and mean diffusivity (95-97%). For the three-way classification, accuracies were 88 and 93% respectively. Local weighting generally improved the accuracies except in the FA-based processing for which no effect was noted. Removing the hippocampus from the analysis, on the other hand, reduced the obtainable diagnostic indices but these were still > 90% for DTI-based methods and lateralization based on gray matter maps. These findings show that automated SVM image classification can achieve high diagnostic accuracy in mTLE and that voxel-based MRI can be used at the individual subject level. This could be helpful for screening assessments of MRI scans in patients with epilepsy and when no lesion is detected on visual evaluation.     

Abnormalities of language networks in temporal lobe epilepsy

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has demonstrated reorganisation of language functions with greater involvement of the non-dominant hemisphere. The structural brain connections supporting this atypical language dominance have not previously been identified. We performed fMRI of language functions and imaging of white matter connections using MR tractography in 14 patients with unilateral TLE and hippocampal sclerosis and 10 controls. Verb generation and reading comprehension paradigms were used to define functional regions which were used to generate starting regions for tractography. Controls and right TLE patients had a left-lateralised pattern of both language-related activations and the associated structural connections. Left TLE patients showed more symmetrical language activations, along with reduced left hemisphere and increased right hemisphere structural connections. Subjects with more lateralised functional activation had also more highly lateralised connecting pathways. We provide evidence for structural reorganisation of white matter tracts that reflects the altered functional language lateralisation in left TLE patients. The combination of fMRI and tractography offers a promising tool for studying the reorganisation of language functions in many neurological conditions and may prove useful in predicting language deficits following temporal lobe surgery.     

原发性颞叶癫痫的 X－刀治疗

目的为顽固性癫痫的治疗寻找一条新途径。方法应用X－刀治疗系统,以140Gy高能X线一次和分二次损毁杏仁核（2次间隔时间24h）,治疗原发性颞叶癫痫。准直仪7～10mm。结果14例病人治疗后4～15个月随访5例病人发作停止,6例病人发作减少50％以上,3例病人发作减少30％以上,无并发症发生。结论X－刀系统损毁杏仁核可安全、有效的治疗原发性颞叶癫痫。140Gy分二次治疗的效果优于一次治疗。     

颞叶癫痫1H-MRS变化分析

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫（TLE）1H-MRS的变化及定侧诊断价值。方法：采用1H-MRS对147例TLE内侧颞叶结构NAA/Cr、NAA/（Cr+Cho）、Cho/Cr、mI/Cr结果进行分析。结果：TLE组患侧NAA较对侧及对照组减低（P<0.05），Cho和mI未见统计学差异；存在侧别优势的TLE组NAA减低以患侧为著，与无侧别优势的TLE组不同；海马硬化组和隐源性TLE组NAA定侧诊断阳性率分别为70.45%和50%，1H-MRS与脑电图（EEG）一致性分别为66％和50%，海马硬化组1H-MRS与EEG在TLE定侧诊断上未见明显差异。结论：NAA可提供与TLE定侧相关信息，未发现Cho、mI对TLE的定侧诊断意义。     

Productive and perceptive language reorganization in temporal lobe epilepsy

The aim of this work was to determine whether productive and perceptive language functions are differentially affected in homogeneous groups of epilepsy patients with right and left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Eighteen patients with left TLE, 18 with right TLE, and 17 healthy volunteers were studied using fMRI during performance of three tasks assessing the productive and perceptive aspects of language (covert semantic verbal fluency, covert sentence repetition, and story listening). Hemispheric dominance for language was calculated in the frontal and temporal regions using laterality indices (LI). Atypical lateralization was defined as a right-sided LI (LI<-0.20) in the frontal lobes during the verbal fluency task or in the temporal lobes during the story listening task. Control subjects and right TLE patients demonstrated a strong left lateralization for language in the frontal lobes during the fluency task, whereas activation was less lateralized to the left hemisphere in left TLE patients, although the difference did not reach significance. In the story listening and the repetition tasks, activation was significantly more right sided in the temporal lobes of patients with left TLE. Atypical language representation was found in 19% of TLE patients (five left and two right TLE). The shift toward the right hemisphere was significantly larger in the temporal than the frontal lobes in patients with atypical language lateralization compared to TLE patients with a typical language lateralization. Neuropsychological performances of patients with atypical language patterns were better than those of patients with typical patterns, suggesting that this reorganization may represent a compensatory mechanism.     

1H-MRS在颞叶癫痫中的应用进展

手术切除颞叶癫痫（temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE）的致痫灶具有良好的效果。1H-MRS作为一种非侵袭性的磁共振功能成像技术,成为近年来应用于癫痫研究的新方法。作者就1H-MRS在TLE中的应用进展进行综述。     

MRS在非海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者中的应用

目的 探讨MRS技术在非海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析于我院诊治为非海马硬化的单侧颞叶癫痫患者23例（病例组）,选取年龄与之相匹配的20名正常志愿者作为对照组,行常规MR平扫及MRS检查,分析颞叶癫痫患者患侧海马、健侧海马及对照组海马N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）/肌酸（Cr）、胆碱（Cho）/Cr值的差异;同时评价病例组中接受手术治疗的11例患者的病理及手术结果。结果 病例组患侧海马NAA/Cr值较健侧海马（t=-7.97,P<0.001）及对照组海马降低（t=-9.96,P<0.001）,病例组健侧海马NAA/Cr值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=-1.21,P=0.12）。病例组患侧海马Cho/Cr与健侧（t=0.50,P=0.31）及对照组海马（t=-0.59,P=0.28）差异无统计学意义。11例行致痫侧颞叶切除患者的病理结果显示小范围少量的神经元损伤,神经胶质增生不明显。结论 MRS有助于临床对非海马硬化颞叶癫痫患者的致痫灶进行定侧及定位。     

颞叶癫痫合并额叶运动症状对癫痫严重程度及预后的影响

目的：颞叶癫痫（TLE）是临床最常见药物难治性癫痫（DRE）。额叶运动症状的出现，提示颞外网络受累，可能是TLE患者预后不佳的重要因素。本研究针对确诊为TLE患者额叶运动症状的出现情况，并通过前瞻性研究分析其对预后预测作用，为临床诊疗决策提供依据。 方法：本研究共前瞻性入组符合国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）2017癫痫诊断及分类标准的颞叶癫痫患者151例。所有患者均采集临床发作症状学病史，记录合并额叶运动症状：头眼向对侧偏转、不对称姿势、过度运动的症状学特征，同时进行16小时连续长程视频脑电监测。采用VA-2量表对癫痫严重程度进行评分。对患者进行1年的前瞻性随访，依据ILAE 2010定义对DRE进行诊断。 结果：颞叶癫痫患者合并额叶运动症状（TLE/F+）42例，发生率27.81%。与不合并额叶运动症状的颞叶癫痫患者（TLE/F-）相比，TLE/F+组患者的发作频率（P = 0.002）、VA-2评分更高（P = 0.000），抗癫痫药物使用（TLE/F+ vs. TLE/F-：83.33% vs. 64.22%；P = 0.029）及多药联合率更高（TLE/F+ vs. TLE/F-：38.10% vs. 22.02%；P = 0.036）。多因素分析结果显示：头眼向对侧偏转是发作频率（OR = 8.246，95%CI = 1.977~34.405，P = 0.004）、VA-2评分的共同危险因素，其中头眼向对侧偏转（β = 0.277，P = 0.000）、过度运动（β = 0.343，P = 0.003）与VA评分独立相关。随访1年后TLE/F+组患者（21/42，50.0%）较TLE/F-组患者（16/107，15.0%）诊断难治性癫痫的比例更高（P = 0.000）。 结论：颞叶癫痫患者中约27.81%的合并额叶运动症状，与发作严重程度密切相关。颞叶癫痫患者出现额叶运动症状可能提示了不良的发作预后，应在临床诊疗中早期识别并予以积极干预。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在内侧颞叶癫痫中的应用进展

内侧颞叶癫痫(mTLE)是最常见的难治性癫痫类型.磁共振弥散张量成像能提供mTLE患者脑组织微观结构变化的定性、定量信息,有助于对颞叶癫痫病理生理机制理解,并可用于颞叶癫痫脑网络结构的研究.本文对磁共振弥散张量成像在mTLE中的应用进展作一综述.