PYGO2基因RNA干扰真核表达载体的构建

目的构建PYGO2基因RNA干扰（RNAi）的真核细胞表达载体。方法以PYGO2为靶基因,以pSUPER．puro质粒为载体,设计构建重组体,根据基因库（GenBank）提供的PYGO2基因核苷酸序列,在http：／／www．ambion．com网站上使用siRNA Target Finder软件进行目的基因的siRNA序列对应DNA的设计与筛选,选择设计两条带发夹结构的核苷酸序列,克隆到空载体pSUPER．puro中,转化DH5α菌株,提取质粒,进行限制性内切酶酶切鉴定和测序分析,将重组的pSUPER．puro-PYGO2质粒转染胶质瘤C6细胞48h,检测其对该细胞PYGO2蛋白的影响。结果经酶切鉴定筛选出的重组体测序结果与目的序列完全一致,重组载体显著降低胶质瘤细胞PYGO2的蛋白表达,重组载体构建成功。结论利用RNAi技术可成功构建抑制PYGO2表达的siRNA真核表达载体。     

BDNF基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLEGFP-BDNF的构建与鉴定

目的构建脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体。方法根据 BDNF基因已知序列,设计合成一对引物并导入HindⅢ和BamH Ⅰ酶切位点;从大鼠海马组织提取总 RNA,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)获得编码BDNF的基因片段,与克隆载体pMD 18-T Simple连接构建pMDT-BDNF质粒;经HindⅢ、BamHⅠ双酶切,获得BDNF基因片断再克隆至逆转录病毒载体 pLEGFP-N1中构建重组质粒pLEGFP-BDNF。结果限制性内切酶酶切分析和PCR法鉴定表明为正确重组子,测序结果证实与已知序列吻合。结论构建的重组逆转录病毒表达载体 pLEGFP-BDNF含有序列正确的大鼠BDNF基因,可以作为今后治疗老年性痴呆动物模型转基因实验的基因来源。     

针对MAGE-1基因RNAi在恶性胶质瘤SHG-44细胞中的作用研究

目的构建抑制黑色素瘤抗原-1(MAGE-1)的siRNA表达载体,鉴定其在人恶性胶质瘤细胞系SHG-44细胞中对MAGE-1基因表达的干涉作用。方法化学合成2对编码短发夹RNA序列的靶向MAGE-1基因寡核苷酸链,克隆到经BglⅡ、HindⅢ双酶切的pSUPER载体上,重组构建RNA干涉(RNAi)质粒载体。利用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)、流式细胞术和荧光显微镜,检测经稳定转染后SHG-44细胞中MAGE-1的表达,以了解siRNA的干扰效果。结果重组构建的pSUPER-MAGE-1载体经双酶切电泳及插入基因片段序列分析,表明寡核苷酸链成功插入到预计位点,并且序列与预期完全一致。稳定转染后G418筛选出的SHG-44多克隆细胞MAGE-1的表达经RT-PCR、流式细胞术和荧光显微镜检测,2对siRNA均有较明显的干涉作用。结论成功构建了针对MAGE-1基因的siRNA表达载体,抑制SHG-44细胞中的MAGE-1分子的表达。     

真菌源性CD::UPRT联合基因治疗脑胶质瘤的实验研究

目的研究5-FC/CD：：UPRT联合基因治疗策略对胶质瘤细胞C6的杀伤效应。方法扩增yCD：：UPRT融合基因并构建含yCD：：UPRT基因的重组表达载体；载体转染包装细胞PT67,所获重组病毒转染胶质瘤细胞C6,筛选并鉴定阳性转基因克隆；用MTT法检测不同浓度5-FC对CD：：UPRT转基因细胞的杀伤效应。结果PCR法扩增出全长CD：：UPRT基因,经测序证实序列正确,重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLXSN-yCD：：UPRT经双酶切获目的条带,载体转染包装细胞获重组逆转录病毒(滴度达3．5×10~6CFU/ml)并转染C6,经筛选获得转基因阳性克隆C6-yCD：：UPRT细胞株,检测显示该细胞株有效表达目的基因。当5-FC终浓度≥10μmol/L时,实验组与对照组的细胞增殖力出现显著差异(P＜0．01),5-FC作用96h后电镜观察到凋亡小体。结论5-FC/yCD：：UPRT联合基因治疗策略对胶质瘤细胞C6有明显的杀伤作用。     

Beclin1 基因慢病毒表达载体的构建和鉴定*☆

背景：Beclin1基因是哺乳动物的自噬调控基因。 目的：实验拟构建Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。 方法：聚合酶链反应扩增目的基因Beclin1 后插入慢病毒表达载体pLenex中,构建重组载体pLenex-Beclin1。使用聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA的测序方法对其进行鉴定,并与辅助包装质粒共感染293T细胞。慢病毒颗粒转染非小细胞肺癌A549细胞后,用蛋白质印迹法检测Beclin1 基因的过表达效率。 结果与结论：聚合酶链反应鉴定结果显示扩增的阳性片段已插入pLenex载体,聚合酶链反应、双酶切和DNA测序结果表明,重组慢病毒载体pLenex-Beclin1 的插入序列完全正确,重组慢病毒载体感染A549细胞后,细胞内Beclin1蛋白高效表达。结果证实,实验成功构建了Beclin1 基因慢病毒过表达载体。     

NT4-GFP-Ant重组腺相关病毒载体的构建及病毒包装、滴度测定

目的为使基因治疗时,较大分子的功能蛋白能通过血脑屏障,构建NT4-GFP-Ant重组腺相关病毒载体,包装重组病毒,并测定滴度。为进一步动物实验研究该重组病毒液感染鼻粘膜细胞,在鼻粘膜内表达的大分子融合蛋白沿“鼻-脑”通路人脑的可行性奠定基础。方法将已构建成功的NT4-GFP-Ant融合基因插入病毒载体质粒PSSHG中,构建重组腺相关病毒载体质粒,酶切电泳鉴定。用腺病毒辅助质粒PFG140、包装质粒pAAV/Ad及已构建的重组腺伴随病毒载体质粒,三质粒磷酸钙共沉淀法转染80％融合的293细胞系,包装重组腺病毒（rAAV）。回收病毒、斑点杂交方法测定重组病毒滴度。结果成功构建了重组腺相关病毒质粒PSSHG/NT4-GFP- Ant。包装、回收病毒后斑点杂交方法测定重组病毒滴度为3．36×10^9 PFU/ml。结论成功构建了PSSHG/NT4- GFP-Ant重组腺相关病毒载体,并成功包装了较高浓度的重组病毒。     

人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体的构建和体外表达

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP-2) 是已知的所有生长因子中对骨的形成作用最强的生长因子，被认为是最具有前途的骨诱导物质。 目的：构建人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体并观察其体外表达情况。 设计、时间及地点：自身对照实验，于2005-07/2006-05在华中科技大学同济医学院分子生物中心实验室完成。 材料：pcDNA3.1(+)载体由华中科技大学同济医学院左石博士惠赠；成骨肉瘤组织由华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院骨科提供。 方法：从人成骨肉瘤细胞中提取细胞总RNA，利用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法扩增获得人BMP-2基因cDNA，将基因片断重组到pGEM-T质粒中构建pGEM-T- hBMP-2重组质粒载体，转化到大肠杆菌DH5α后筛选阳性克隆，利用限制性酶切和DNA序列分析鉴定重组质粒。分别用RcoRI和NotI双酶切pGEM-T- hBMP-2质粒和pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，将克隆载体中人骨形成蛋白2基因重组到pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，提取质粒作酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序后，用脂质体体外转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测BMP-2的表达。 主要观察指标：①人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA 反转录-聚合酶链反应结果。②重组质粒pGEM-T-hBMP-2 和pcDNA3.1-hBMP-2的构建和酶切鉴定。③BMP-2在小鼠骨髓基质细胞内的表达。 结果：人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA经反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增后，获得1.2 kb条带。经酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序证实实验成功克隆BMP-2基因，重组质粒pcDNA3.1- hBMP-2构建正确;该重组质粒能在体外培养的小鼠骨髓基质细胞中有效表达BMP-2。 结论：实验成功克隆人骨形成蛋白2基因并构建了此基因的真核表达载体。     

miR-221基因干扰慢病毒载体的构建及其有效靶序列的筛选与表达检测

目的 构建携带人miR-221 基因的miRNA 干扰慢病毒载体并寻找其有效靶序列,为胶质瘤的研究提供一种新的方法.方法 合成含干扰序列的双链DNA oligo 直接连入酶切后的RNA 干扰载体上.将产物转入细菌感受态细胞,对长出的克隆进行PCR 鉴定,阳性克隆即为目的 基因RNA 干扰慢病毒载体质粒.再将目的 基因与目的 载体分别进行双酶切,纯化酶切产物后进行定向连接,其产物转入细菌感受态细胞,再对PCR 鉴定阳性的克隆进行测序和分析比对,比对正确即为融合蛋白过表达质粒载体,然后将两种质粒共转染入293T 细胞,用western bolt 法检测其有效敲减靶序列.结果 重组质粒经测序鉴定证明各转录模板完整、正确插入到相应质粒中,共转染后发现编号为PscSI576 的靶点干扰效果最好.结论 本实验成功构建了人miR-221 基因的RNA 干扰慢病毒载体,并找到了有效的干扰靶序列.     

重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP的构建与鉴定*☆

背景：基因治疗是目前脊髓损伤治疗的方向，目的基因和载体是基因治疗的关键。 目的：构建携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(Enhanced green fluorescence protein, EGFP)标志人脑源性神经营养因子(human brain-derived neurotrophic factor，hBDNF)基因重组腺病毒载体。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本观察，实验于2007-09/2008-06在福建医科大学附属第一医院完成。 材料：感受态大肠杆菌DH-5α购自美国Stratagene公司；pDC316-hBDNF、载体质粒pDC316-mCMV-EGFP、腺病毒骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1,3Cre、腺病毒包装系统AdMax和包装细胞株293购自加拿大Mixcrobix-Biosystems公司。 方法：以pDC316-hBDNF为模板，聚合酶链反应扩增酶切获得hBDNF基因片段，连接到带有EGFP标记基因的载体质粒pDC316-mCMV-EGFP上，构建穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP。利用AdMax包装系统，穿梭质粒与骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1，3Cre共转染293包装细胞, 同源重组产生复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP，反复感染293细胞扩增病毒后，离子交换法纯化病毒，并测定病毒颗粒数及滴度。 主要观察指标：①hBDNF基因原始质粒聚合酶链反应鉴定。②穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP的构建及鉴定。③重组腺病毒Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP的包装、扩增及纯化。④毒种目的基因的聚合酶链反应鉴定。⑤纯化病毒的滴度测定结果。 结果：经聚合酶链反应鉴定、限制性酶切分析及序列测定，证明已正确构建重组穿梭质粒pDC316-hBDNF-mCMV-EGFP和重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP；扩增纯化后，测得重组腺病毒颗粒数为2.4×1011VP / mL，A260/A280值约为2.0，滴度为0.8×1010 CCID50/ mL。 结论：已成功构建重组腺病毒载体Ad5-hBDNF-EGFP，为hBDNF基因功能及基因治疗的进一步研究奠定实验基础。     

应用Cyclin D1和bcl-2为靶标的siRNA慢病毒载体构建和鉴定

背景：近年来,与骨肉瘤耐药相关的基因研究大多局限于单个基因或单个通路。而进行细胞凋亡和细胞周期调控双通道同时阻断有可能逆转药物耐受机制。 目的：构建bcl-2和cyclin D1特异性siRNA慢病毒载体,拟将其转入骨肉瘤耐药细胞株,探讨对骨肉瘤耐药性的逆转作用。 方法：采用限制性内切酶酶切、T4DNA连接酶连接等方法,将bcl-2和cyclin D1基因分别插入慢病毒载体pSIH1-H1-copGFP shRNA Vector中,构建bcl-2和cyclin D1与pSIH1-H1-copGFP共表达的慢病毒载体(pSIH1-H1-copGFP- bcl-2-siRNA和pSIH1-H1-copGFP-cyclinD1-siRNA)。构建成功后的慢病毒质粒系统和pPACK包装质粒共转染293T细胞,过滤,浓缩病毒,利用荧光蛋白作为报告基因,对病毒滴度和感染效率进行检测。 结果与结论：4对bcl-2和cyclin D1特异性siRNA与双酶切慢病毒载体pSIH1- H1-copGFP shRNA Vector连接成功。共转染293T细胞包装病毒并浓缩后滴度达1.14×104 ifu/μL,适合感染目的细胞。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示对bcl-2和cyclinD1基因的干扰效率最高分别达88%和87%。证实将siRNA技术应用于bcl-2和cyclin D1,能够构建出有效的bcl-2和cyclin D1特异性siRNA慢病毒载体。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.