烧伤合并中重度吸入性损伤的早期救治

目的：为提高中重度吸入性损伤治疗水平,探讨中重度吸入性损伤早期救治的方法。方法：对32例烧伤合并中重度吸入性损伤患者实施“四早”救治方案,即：早期气管切开;早期充分给氧;早期气道湿化、灌洗;早期纤维支气管镜检查及治疗。32例患者中,烧伤面积〈30％TBSA16例,30％～50％TBSA10例,〉50％TB—SA6例;Ⅲ度烧伤面积〈10％TBSA17例,10％～20％TBSA6例,〉20％TBSA9例。救治过程中观察患者气道黏膜损伤情况及愈合时间,监测气道灌洗前后、纤支镜治疗前后30min患者的心率、呼吸频率及动脉血气变化,纤支镜治疗前后痰标本作细菌培养。结果：32例中治愈28例,死亡4例,2例死于急性呼吸窘迫综合征,2例死于肺部严重感染,病死率12．5％;气道的愈合与黏膜损伤程度密切相关,与损伤部位关系不明显;气道灌洗前后和纤支镜治疗前后,患者的动脉血氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压升高,心率、呼吸频率减慢,动脉血pH值降低;纤支镜肺泡灌洗后气道内病原菌明显减少。中重度吸入性损伤患者应用“四早”救治方案后,显著地提高了救治的成功率。结论：对中重度吸入性损伤患者按“四早”方案进行救治是有效可行的。     

吸入性损伤后多器官衰竭

为探讨吸入性损伤后多器官衰竭的临床特点及其防治,对1977年1月至1991年8月4834例住院病人中366例吸入性损伤进行了回顾性分析。结果显示,4834例烧伤病人中发生 MOF 115例,发生率为2.38%;其中366例吸入伤76例发生 MOF,发生率达20.77%,占烧伤后 MOF 总数的2/3。吸入伤后 MOF 具有发生早、发生率和死亡率较高,呼吸系统并发症多,肺和心功能衰竭发生率高,重度休克较多,缺氧及酸中毒较严重等特点。认为吸入伤本身和休克是吸入伤后 MOF 的主要发病因素,及早采取有效措施防治吸入伤和休克,减轻或纠正组织器官的缺血和缺氧损害,是防治吸入伤后 MOF 的关键。     

烧伤患者吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响

为了评价吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响，总结了我科近１４年住院治疗的热力烧伤患者９４０例，其中吸入性损伤７５例，轻度１５例，全部治愈，中度２５例，死亡１３例，死亡率为５２．０％，重度３５例，死亡３１例，死亡率为８８．６％。统计分析表明，合并吸入性损伤者６９．３％在密闭空间发生，同时伴有面部烧伤者达９６．０％。随着烧伤面积的增加，吸入性损伤发生率和肺部感染的发生率相应增加。有吸入性损伤肺部感染较无吸入性损伤肺部感染率为高（Ｐ＜０．０１），发生时间早。两组同等烧伤面积、深度、年龄患者，有吸入性损伤组发生死亡的危险比无吸入性损伤组大１７．２倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。烧伤面积、深度和年龄相近，合并肺部感染者明显增加了死亡的机会（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

吸入性损伤后多器官衰竭

为探讨吸入性损伤后多器官衰竭的临床特点及其防治，对１９７７年１月至１９９１年８月４８３４例住院病人中３６６例吸入性损伤进行了回顾性分析。结果显示，４８３４例烧伤病人中发生ＭＯＦ１１５例，发生率为２．３８％；其中３６６例吸入伤７６例发生ＭＯＦ，发生率达２０．７７％，占烧伤后ＭＯＦ总数的２／３。吸入伤后ＭＯＦ具有发生早、发生率和死亡率较高，呼吸系统并发症多，肺和心功能衰竭发生率高，重度休克较多，缺氧及酸中毒较严重等特点。认为吸入伤本身和休克是吸入伤后ＭＯＦ的主要发病因素，及早采取有效措施防治吸入伤和休克，减轻或纠正组织器官的缺血和缺氧损害，是防治吸入伤后ＭＯＦ的关键。     

No influence of burn size on ventilator-associated pneumonia in burn patients with inhalation injury

Objective

Burn size and inhalation injury are important predictors of mortality following burn. The important factors for predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) following burn remain unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of burn size on VAP in burn patients with inhalation injury.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 52 burn patients with inhalation injury requiring mechanical ventilation admitted to the Department of Acute Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Okayama, Japan, between June 2007 and October 2010.

Results

The overall mortality for all patients was 15%. Twenty-six patients (50%) developed VAP. Patients with VAP required longer ICU stay and mechanical ventilation than those without VAP. There was no difference in age, gender, mortality, and TBSA between burn patients with inhalation injury with and Without VAP. VAP rate had no difference with increasing TBSA in burn patients with inhalation injury.

Conclusions

Our data indicated that burn size had no relationship with the development of VAP in burn patients with inhalation injury.     

纤维支气管镜诊断和治疗吸入性损伤

目的通过纤维支气管镜对吸入性损伤进行系统形态学观察,探讨纤维支气管镜下诊断吸入性损伤的形态学标准,早期诊断的可行性,以及纤维支气管镜在吸入性损伤的局部治疗作用。方法经过10年来144例临床应用纤维支气管镜诊治吸入性损伤体会,观察不同损伤程度的形态表现。结果得出镜下诊断和分类,早期(伤后8h 内)经纤维支气管镜诊断吸入性损伤的可行性及意义,借助纤维支气管镜对吸入性损伤局部进行吸引、刷洗、灌注等治疗的临床效果。结论纤维支气管镜在诊断治疗吸入性损伤中有其特殊地位和普及应用的必要性。     

纤维支气管镜诊断和治疗吸入性损伤

目的通过纤维支气管镜对吸入性损伤进行系统形态学观察,探讨纤维支气管镜下诊断吸入性损伤的形态学标准,早期诊断的可行性,以及纤维支气管镜在吸入性损伤的局部治疗作用。方法经过１０年来１４４例临床应用纤维支气管镜诊治吸入性损伤体会,观察不同损伤程度的形态表现。结果得出镜下诊断和分类,早期（伤后８ｈ内）经纤维支气管镜诊断吸入性损伤的可行性及意义,借助纤维支气管镜对吸入性损伤局部进行吸引、刷洗、灌注等治疗的临床效果。结论纤维支气管镜在诊断治疗吸入性损伤中有其特殊地位和普及应用的必要性。     

烧伤患者吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响

为了评价吸入性损伤和肺部感染的发生特点及其对死亡的影响,总结了我科近14年住院治疗的热力烧伤患者940例,其中吸入性损伤175例,轻度15例。全部治愈,中度25例,死亡13例,死亡率为52.0％,重度35例。死亡31例,死亡率为88.6％,统计分析表明,合并吸入性损伤者69.3％在密闭空间发生,同时伴有面部烧伤者达96.0％。随着烧伤面积的增加,吸入性损伤发生率和肺部感染的发生率相应增加,有吸入性损伤肺部感染较无吸入性损伤肺部感染率为高(P<0.01),发生时间早,两组同等烧伤面积、深度、年龄患者、有吸入性损伤组发生死亡的危险比无吸入性损份组大17.2倍(P<0.001)。烧伤面积、深度和年龄相近,合并肺部感染者明显增加了死亡的机会(P<0.001)。     

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with inhalation injury treated at a military burn center during U.S. combat operations

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine risk factors for mortality in burned patients with inhalation injury (II). We further sought to compare a cohort of burned military service members to civilian patients with II.MethodsWe identified patients treated at our burn center over a 10-year period. Demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes were compared between patients with and without II. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of patient characteristics and II grade on mortality.Results3791 patients treated at our burn center met study inclusion criteria. 424 (11.2%) patients were diagnosed with II [II(+)]. Age, % total body surface area (TBSA) burned, % full thickness burned, intensive care unit (ICU) days, hospital days, and mortality were all greater in II(+) patients. Separating the II(+) patients into military and civilian groups, there was a higher incidence of grade 4 II and higher mortality for grades 2–4 II in military patients. Analyses demonstrated that military service was associated with increased mortality in II(+) patients. The bronchoscopic grade of II did not have an association with mortality in this population.ConclusionsII(+) patients were older, had larger burns, needed more ICU and hospital days, and had higher mortality rates. Among II(+) patients, military affiliation was associated with more severe II and increased mortality. Establishment of an objective grading system for II that is associated with mortality is a meaningful future research endeavor.     

Plasma and tissue vitamin E depletion in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injury

Oxidants are involved in the pathogenesis of many disorders caused by burn and smoke inhalation; α- and γ-tocopherols are major tissue antioxidants, and their depletion should reflect oxidant injury. To determine whether plasma and tissue vitamin E levels would thus be depleted in severe burn, prepared sheep were randomly divided into the following groups: non-injured, burn- and smoke-exposed, burned only and smoke-exposed only. All were resuscitated with Ringer's lactate solution, mechanically ventilated and sacrificed at various time intervals. Immediately following injury plasma, lung, trachea, heart and liver tocopherols/lipids were measured and found to be significantly depleted except in the heart. Reduction of tissue γ-tocopherol appeared earlier than reduction of α-tocopherol. Thus animals receiving combined burn and inhalation injury underwent marked oxidative stress, suggesting that vitamin E might be depleted also in humans with burn and smoke inhalation injury, and that appropriate supplementation should be evaluated.     

严重烧伤或伴吸入性损伤患者休克期输液问题及死亡原因探讨

的　探讨严重烧伤或伴吸入性损伤患者休克期输液问题以及死亡原因。　方法在 1991～ 2 0 0 0年间收治的严重烧伤或伴吸入性损伤患者 112例 ,对这些患者休克期的诊断、输液情况、死亡情况进行了总结。　结果　休克期的输液情况可归纳为 :第 1个 2 4h总入量 2 2ml/ (%TBSA·kg) ,其中胶体 0 5ml/ (%TBSA·kg) ,晶体 1ml/ (%TBSA·kg) ,其余为水分。第 2个 2 4h总入量 1 8ml/(%TBSA·kg) ,其中胶体 0 4ml/ (%TBSA·kg) ,其余为晶体、水分各半。单纯烧伤与烧伤伴吸入性损伤的输液情况 ,两者并无差异。休克期 7例患者死亡 ,原因均为呼吸衰竭 ,其中 3例休克未能纠正。　结论　各种输液公式均可为休克期补液提供参考 ,最重要的是应根据病人具体情况进行输液 ,以保证病人平稳渡过休克为最终目的。单纯烧伤和烧伤伴吸入性损伤患者休克期输液量并无不同。     

Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 predicts pneumonia in patients with inhalation injury: Results of a pilot study

IntroductionSeveral mechanisms play a role in the development of pneumonia after inhalation injury. Our aim was to analyze whether higher concentrations of inflammatory markers or of biomarkers of epithelial injury are associated with a higher incidence of pneumonia in patients with inhalation injury.Material and methodsSecondary analysis of a single-center prospective observational cohort pilot study, performed over a two-year period (2015–2017) at the Burns Unit of the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. All patients aged 18 with suspected inhalation injury undergoing admission to the Burns Unit were included. Plasma biomarkers of the lung epithelium (RAGE and SP-D), inflammation markers (IL6, IL8), and IL33, as well as soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) levels, were measured within the first 24 h of admission.ResultsTwenty-four patients with inhalation injury were included. Eight (33.3%) developed pneumonia after a median of 7 (4–8) days of hospital stay. Patients with pneumonia presented higher plasma concentrations of sST2 (2853 [2356–3351] ng/mL vs 1352 [865–1839] ng/mL; p < 0.001), IL33 (1.95 [1.31–2.59] pg/mL vs 1.26 [1.07–1.45] pg/mL; p = 0.002) and IL8 (325.7 [221.6–430.0] pg/mL vs 174.1 [95.2–253.0] pg/mL; p = 0.017) on day 1 of inclusion. Plasma sST2 concentration in the first 24 h demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy for predicting the occurrence of pneumonia in patients with smoke inhalation (AUROC 0.929 [95%CI 0.818–1.000]). A cutoff point of ≥2825 ng/mL for sST2 had a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 100%. The risk ratio of pneumonia in patients with sST2 ≥ 2825 ng/mL was 7.14 ([95% CI 1.56–32.61]; p = 0.016).ConclusionsPlasma sST2 in the first 24 h of admission predicts the occurrence of pneumonia in patients with inhalation injury.     

部分液体通气对吸入性损伤犬的研究

目的 观察部分液体通气(PLV)对吸人性损伤犬呼吸力学、氧合和血流动力学参数的影响.方法 16条健康杂种犬经蒸气吸人造成重度吸入性损伤模型,随机分为对照组和实验组(n=8).实验组经气管导管缓慢注入氟碳液体(12ml/kg体重)行PLV治疗,治疗后30、60、90 min时测定两组犬血气、气道阻力、肺顺应性及血流动力学参数.结果 实验组Pa02呈进行性上升,在各时点与致伤后60 min比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组比较,实验组各时点的PaO2稍有升高(P＞0.05).两组气道阻力、肺顺应性和血流动力学参数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PLV有利于吸入性损伤犬的动脉氧合,对血流动力学无明显不利影响.     

82例吸入性损伤治疗分析

目的通过对82例吸入性损伤的治疗分析,探讨有效的治疗方法,以提高其治愈率。方法选择1994年1月～1998年4月收治的中、重度吸入性损伤82例,对其死因及治疗效果进行分析。结果 82例中治愈33例、好转11例。死于吸入性损伤者24例,死于其他并发症14例。结论吸入性损伤的主要死亡原因为急性中毒、窒息和 ARDS。治疗上气管切开越早越好,雾化、气道灌洗,对防治肺部感染、促进稠痰和坏死粘膜排出具有较好效果。适当加大补液量,不会引起肺水肿。激素早期短时应用具有积极作用。     

82例吸入性损伤治疗分析

目的　通过对８２ 例吸入性损伤的治疗分析,探讨有效的治疗方法,以提高其治愈率。方法　选择１９９４ 年１ 月～１９９８ 年４ 月收治的中、重度吸入性损伤８２ 例,对其死因及治疗效果进行分析。结果　８２ 例中治愈３３ 例、好转１１ 例,死于吸入性损伤者２４ 例,死于其他并发症１４ 例。结论　吸入性损伤的主要死亡原因为急性中毒、窒息和ＡＲＤＳ。治疗上气管切开越早越好,雾化、气道灌洗,对防治肺部感染、促进稠痰和坏死粘膜排出具有较好效果。适当加大补液量,不会引起肺水肿。激素早期短时应用具有积极作用     

Intra-alveolar IL-6 levels following burn and inhalation injury

Burn combined with inhalation injury is a major challenge and requires further study. Using a small-animal model, excretion of IL-6 was investigated during the first 6 h after exposure of rats to wood/polyvinyl chloride smoke, with and without concomitant skin burn. In controls, respirator therapy alone was found to release IL-6 into the serum and the alveolar space. These levels of IL-6 were reduced when associated with either inhalation injury or burn, but were increased when the traumas were combined. Thus, during the first 6 h of mechanical respiration the presence of burn or of inhalation injury seems to decrease IL-6 excretion, but a combination of these traumas reverses this effect.     

The respiratory insult in burns injury

Inhalation injury may result from numerous noxious triggers and in association with other injuries, the most common being cutaneous burns. While patients with severe burns often require transfer to a regional unit for specialist management, this is not the case for those with inhalation injury associated with minor burns or occurring in isolation. These latter patients may require management in a general intensive care unit and yet they present some unique challenges to the clinician that may otherwise go unnoticed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, presentation and management of patients with inhalation injury by way of a guide to those who manage such patients on an infrequent basis.     

Impact of inhalation injury on outcomes in critically ill burns patients: 12-year experience at a regional burns centre

IntroductionBurns inhalation injury increases the attributable mortality of burns related trauma. However, diagnostic uncertainties around bronchoscopically graded severity, and its effect on outcomes, remain. This study evaluated the impact of different bronchoscopic burns inhalation injury grades on outcomes.MethodsA single-centre cohort study of all patients admitted to the London Burns centre intensive care unit (BICU) over 12 years. Demographic data, burn and burns inhalation injury characteristics, and ICU-related parameters were collected retrospectively. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes were hospital and ICU lengths of stay. The impact of pneumonia was determined. Univariate and multivariable Cox’s proportional hazards regression analyses informed factors predicting mortality.ResultsBurns inhalation injury was diagnosed in 84 of 231 (36%) critically ill burns patients; 20 mild (grade 1), 41 severe (grades 2/3) and 23 unclassified bronchoscopically. Median (IQR) total body surface area burned (TBSA) was 20% (10?40). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with burns inhalation injury vs those without burns inhalation injury (38/84 [45%] vs 35/147 [24%], p < 0.001). Patients with pneumonia had a higher mortality than those without (34/125 [27%] vs 8/71 [11%], p = 0.009). In multivariable analysis, severe burns inhalation injury significantly increased mortality (adjusted HR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.12–4.09, p = 0.022), compared with mild injury (adjusted HR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.18–1.86, p = 0.363). Facial burns (adjusted HR=3.13, 95%CI: 1.69–5.79, p < 0.001), higher TBSA (adjusted HR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.04–1.06, p < 0.001) and older age (adjusted HR=1.04, 95%CI: 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001) also independently predicted mortality, though pneumonia did not.ConclusionsSevere burns inhalation injury is a significant risk factor for mortality in critically ill burns patients. However, pneumonia did not increase mortality from burns inhalation injury. This work confirms prior implications of bronchoscopically graded burns inhalation injury. Further study is suggested, through registries, into the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of bronchoscopy in burns related lung injury.     

高频喷射通气对吸入性损伤犬呼吸气流与气体交换的影响

目的观察犬吸入性损伤时呼吸气流对气体交换的影响。方法用三维粒子动态分析仪测定犬自主呼吸时吸气和呼气流速。将实验动物通入高压蒸气5秒后随机进行五种不同条件高频喷射通气,每种通气方式通气20分钟,并根据公式Re=Vrρ/η计算出雷诺数,同时采取动脉血标本,观察Pa-CO_2、PaO_2PIP的变化。结果①自主呼吸时吸气为层流,呼气可能为层流,也可能为涡流;②高频喷射通气(HFJV)时呼气和吸气均为涡流;③高频双向喷射通气(HFTJV)与HFJV相比,呼气流速显著增加(P<0.05),PaCO_2显著降低(P<0.05),呼气流速与PaCO_2呈负相关(r=-0.9216,P<0.05),同时吸气流速也有增加的趋势。结论 HFJV可维持吸入性损伤犬正常通气,其机制可能与涡流有关。HFTJV是在HFJV基础上增加了反向喷射气流,可以增进呼吸气体速度,促进CO_2排除。     

吸入一氧化氮对吸入性损伤患者心功能的影响

目的观察吸入一氧化氮(NO)对吸入性损伤患者心功能的疗效,初步探讨其作用机制. 方法选择12例烧伤伴中度以上吸入性损伤的成年患者,随机分为2组.对照组(C组)6例,按常规治疗;治疗组(T组)6例,行常规治疗+吸入体积分数1×10-6 的NO.两组患者均留置各种导管.于治疗前及治疗后6、12、24、48和72 h观察两组患者各项心功能指标和血浆内皮素(ET)及NO含量的变化,对T组患者ET、NO的变化进行相关性分析. 结果 T组心排出量(CO)和心搏出量(SV)在24 h后显著高于治疗前,其变化早于C组 (P﹤0.05～0.01).T组左室每搏功指数(LVSWI)和右室每搏功指数(RVSWI)与C组相比均改善较早,且两组RVSWI比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).与C组比较,T组ET水平明显降低(P﹤0.05～0.01),而血浆NO水平明显升高(P<0.01),此两项指标呈负相关(r＝-0.98,P<0.01). 结论吸入体积分数1×10-6的NO可以改善吸入性损伤患者的心功能,其机制可能是NO对肺血管平滑肌张力具有调节作用.