肱骨近端加压锁定板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的：比较肱骨近端加压锁定钢板（ LPHP ）与传统钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法选取肱骨近端骨折患者58例,根据治疗方式不同分为两组,治疗组32例行加压锁定钢板治疗,对照组26例行传统的T型钢板、三叶草钢板治疗。根据Neer功能评分对两组患者术后恢复和并发症情况进行比较。结果58例患者均获得11～15个月的随访,治疗组未发现螺钉及钢板断裂、骨折不愈合、肱骨头坏死,4例肩关节疼痛活动受限;Neer功能评分优15例,良12例,可5例,优良率84．4％。对照组有3例患者螺钉松动、2例钢板断裂、3例骨折不愈合、2例肱骨头坏死、7例肩关节疼痛活动受限;Neer功能评分优6例,良9例,可3例,差8例,优良率57．7％。两组优良率差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．113,P＜0．05）。结论相比传统钢板,LPHP治疗肱骨近端骨折固定确切、并发症少,有利于患者早期进行康复锻炼。     

45例采用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的评价肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效。方法对45例肱骨近端骨折患者行肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗,其中二部分骨折17例,三部分骨折22例,四部分骨折6例。结果本组45例患者随访时间3～24个月,平均11个月,均获骨性愈合,愈合时间6～15周,平均8．5周。无内固定物松动、断裂或骨折再移位发生。根据Neer疗效系统进行评分：优32例（71．11％）,良10例（22．22％）,可3例（6．67％）,差0例,优良率93．33％。结论肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折操作简单、固定可靠、可提供早期功能锻炼、术后并发症少,功能恢复满意,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

锁定钢板内固定加植骨治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的探讨锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的治疗方法。方法对19例老年性肱骨近端三、四部分骨折采用肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定加取髂骨植骨治疗,术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果术后所有患者随访,时间5～48个月。按Neer功能评定,优12例,良4例,可2例,差1例。结论肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定加植骨治疗老年性肱骨近端三、四部分骨折,内固定牢固,并发症少,可早期进行功能锻炼,疗效满意,是一种治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的好方法。     

老年肱骨近端骨折手术治疗方法的临床分析

目的分析锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法采用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗22例老年肱骨近端骨折,平均随访9个月。结果术后无创口感染、骨折不愈合和内固定松动发生。肩关节功能按照Neer评分标准,功能优8例,良10例,可3例,差1例,优良率为81．81％。结论肱骨近端锁定钢板对老年肱骨近端骨折固定可靠,并发症少,骨折愈合良好,便于早期功能锻炼等优点。     

锁定钢板在肱骨近端骨折中的临床应用探讨

目的探讨应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法2005年4月至2008年5月使用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折30例,年龄30～78岁;平均51岁。骨折按Neer分型：2部分骨折10例,3部分骨折15例,4部分骨折5例,均予肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定。结果30例均获随访,随诊6～24月,平均14个月。患者均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间4.3个月。肩关节功能按Neer疗效评分系统评定,优18例,良10例,可2例,优良率93.3%。结论锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折疗效满意,是目前治疗肱骨近端骨折较理想的内固定方法。内固定稳定,操作简单,并发症少,术后能早期进行功能锻炼,功能恢复良好。     

锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折36例疗效分析

目的探讨锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的效果。方法应用锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折36例,其中Neer分类二部分骨折13例,三部分骨折21例,四部分骨折2例。术后及时指导肩部功能锻炼。结果术后所有患者随访6～36个月,以Neer评分评估其功能,优10例,良22例,可4例,总优良率达88．9％。结论锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折,是一种良好可靠的内固定方法。     

解剖型钢板在治疗老年肱骨近端骨折中的应用

目的探讨老年肱骨近端移位骨折的外科治疗。方法对85例老年肱骨近端骨折采用解剖型钢板内固定,术后早期康复治疗。结果 85例患者随访3～24个月,平均15.3个月,采用Neer评分方法评定疗效,Neer评分优良率为71.4%。结论对老年肱骨近端移位骨折采用解剖型钢板内固定具有内固定牢靠、术后不需要外固定,早期功能锻炼的优点,有助于肩关节功能恢复。     

锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨外科颈骨折31例疗效分析

目的探讨锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨外科颈骨折临床治疗效果。方法选择我院2007年1月—2010年1月肱骨外科颈骨折患者62例,将患者随机分为两组,观察组和对照组。两组患者均给予常规术前检查,术前和术后给予抗生素抗感染,术后患肢采用三角巾悬吊,术后进行功能锻炼等。观察组患者采用锁定加压钢板固定,对照组采用三叶草型钢板固定。根据Neer骨折评分标准,对患者治疗后进行临床疗效评定。结果观察组优良率为9..5%,对照组优良率为74.1%,两组优良率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论锁定加压钢板固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折固定牢固,有利于患者早期功能锻炼,优于三叶型钢板固定,临床治疗效果显著。     

应用锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折临床分析

目的探讨肱骨近端解剖型锁定加压钢板在肱骨近端骨折中的疗效。方法对本院2004年7月至2007年6月收治的24例肱骨近端骨折应用锁定加压钢板治疗的疗效分析。按Neer分型：2部分骨折11例3部分骨折12例4部分骨折1例。结果21例获得随访,平均9个月。X线片显示骨折全部一期愈合,均无感染、骨坏死、内固定松动、骨不连等并发症,按照Neer功能评分：优15例,良4例,可2例,无差病例,总优良率90．48％。结论应用锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折短期效果良好,远期效果尚需进一步随访观察。     

锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨外科颈骨折31例疗效分析

目的 探讨锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨外科颈骨折临床治疗效果.方法 选择我院2007年1月-2010年1月肱骨外科颈骨折患者62例,将患者随机分为两组,观察组和对照组.两组患者均给予常规术前检查,术前和术后给予抗生素抗感染,术后患肢采用三角巾悬吊,术后进行功能锻炼等.观察组患者采用锁定加压钢板固定,对照组采用三叶草型钢板固定.根据Neer骨折评分标准,对患者治疗后进行临床疗效评定.结果 观察组优良率为9..5%,对照组优良率为74.1%,两组优良率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 锁定加压钢板固定治疗肱骨外科颈骨折固定牢固,有利于患者早期功能锻炼,优于三叶型钢板固定,临床治疗效果显著.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.