MGMT基因启动子甲基化检测在脑胶质瘤化疗中的意义

背景与目的：如何预测和克服肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的耐药性,实施个体化治疗是肿瘤化疗急需解决的问题。与基因启动子甲基化密切相关的DNA损伤修复基因O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶（O^6-methylguanine-DNA methyhransferase,MGMT）表观沉默与肿瘤对烷化剂药物化疗敏感性密切相关。本研究探讨检测MGMT基因启动子CpG岛甲基化在判断脑胶质瘤患者预后及预测肿瘤对烷化剂药物耐药性中的意义。方法：甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）法检测脑胶质瘤组织及肿瘤细胞株MGMT基因启动子甲基化状态,蛋白印迹和免疫组化法测定蛋白表达。MTF法检测肿瘤细胞株对烷化剂药物敏感性,将患者随访资料针对MGMT甲基化状态绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,并进行log—rank检验分析。结果：39例脑胶质瘤患者组织MGMT基因启动子甲基化发生率为46．2％,蛋白表达阳性率为61．5％,且肿瘤组织中MGMT基因甲基化状态与蛋白表达显著相关（P〈0．05）：6例正常组织均未检测出基因甲基化。MGMT基因过甲基化的脑胶质瘤SHG44细胞株用5-Aza-CdR处理后完全脱甲基化．MGMT蛋白恢复了表达,同时细胞株对烷化剂药物敏感性也发生逆转．由敏感转变为耐受。在采用手术、放疗和烷化剂尼莫司汀化疗等综合治疗的39例脑胶质瘤患者中,MGMT基因甲基化的患者生存率显著高于MGMT基因未甲基化患者（P〈0．05）。结论：MGMT基因甲基化状态与蛋白表达及肿瘤细胞对烷化剂药物敏感性密切相关,有可能替代MGMT蛋白检测成为判断脑胶质瘤患者预后和预测肿瘤对烷化剂化疗耐药性的标志分子。     

DNA甲基转移酶在妇科肿瘤中的研究进展

大量研究表明，许多种类的肿瘤细胞都有异常的DNA甲基化行为，抑癌基因常常被过量地甲基化而失去活性，而基因的DNA序列并不发生改变。DNA甲基化是由DNA甲基转移酶（DNMT）催化并维持的。DNMT通过调节细胞内甲基化过程而参与肿瘤的发生与发展，在有5′端调控区胞嘧啶．鸟嘌呤（CpG）岛甲基化异常参与的肿瘤细胞中常表现为过度表达，其活性增高是肿瘤细胞具有特征的早期分子改变。     

胃癌DAPK基因甲基化的初步研究

目的：探讨死亡相关蛋白激酶（death-associated protein kinase,DAPK）基因甲基化与胃癌的关系。方法：采用甲基化特异性PCR（methylation specific PCR,MSP）检测38例配对胃癌组织、癌旁正常组织和转移淋巴结中DAPK基因甲基化的情况。结果：81．6％（31／38）的胃癌组织中存在异常甲基化,而相应的癌旁正常组织和转移淋巴结中该基因的甲基化率分别为42．1％（16／38）和70．2％（27／38）。癌组织和转移淋巴结中DAPK基因甲基化的发生率显著高于癌旁正常组织。癌旁正常组织中,该基因甲基化与年龄相关,P=0．020。但与肿瘤大体类型、分化程度及浸润深度等临床病理特征无关。结论：DAPK基因异常甲基化是胃发生发展过程中的频发事件,通过检测胃黏膜组织及转移淋巴结中该基因的甲基化情况,可能会对胃癌的诊断及判断淋巴结的微转移提供一定的参考价值,并有望成为胃癌新的基因治疗靶点。     

胃癌血清肿瘤相关基因超甲基化检测及其意义

目的：探讨检测胃癌患者血清中肿瘤相关基因超甲基化的可行性及其意义。肿瘤患者的血清中游离DNA存在质或量的变化，是可能的肿瘤标志物。DNA甲基化不改变DNA序列和遗传密码，具有可逆性，被认为是基因转录调控的表观遗传机制之一。抑癌基因启动子超甲基化通常导致基因的转录失活，其功能的丧失，参与肿瘤的发生。方法：通过甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）检测52例胃癌组织和配对血清的hMLHl、E—cadherin、GSTPI、P15和P16基因的启动子超甲基化。20例健康体检者血清作为对照。结果：在胃癌组织中检测到hMLH1、E—cadherin、GSTP1、D15和p16基因的启动子超甲基化率分别为28名％、76．9％、23．1％、59．6％和69.2％；在患者血清中检测到hMLH1、E—cadherin、GSTP1、P15和P16基因的启动子超甲基化率分别为13．5％、38．5％、15．4％、25．0％和30．8％。84．7％的患者血清可以检测到异常甲基化．所有血清中检测到异常甲基化的患者，其肿瘤组织也能检测到相应基因的异常甲基化。对照组血清未检测到任何异常甲基化。结论：MSP检测血清异常甲基化是一种具有较高灵敏度和特异性的方法，可以在大部分胃癌患者血清中同时检测到多个肿瘤相关基因的异常甲基化，可以将其作为胃癌诊断的辅助手段。     

PTEN基因甲基化及其表达异常与胃癌的关系

目的：探讨PTEN基因表达、启动子区甲基化与胃癌及其临床病理特征的关系。方法：采用甲基化特异性PCR法（MSP）和逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法，分析胃癌组织及相应癌旁正常组织中PTEN基因启动子区甲基化及其mRNA表达情况。结果：48．2％（27／56）的胃癌组织和3．6％（2／56）的癌旁胃组织PTEN基因启动子区发生甲基化．癌组织PTEN基因启动子区甲基化率显著增高（P〈0．05）：其中，2例甲基化癌旁胃组织均为胃癌组织中有甲基化的病例．发生淋巴结转移的29例胃癌组织中．19例PTEN基因启动子甲基化；发生淋巴结转移的PTEN基因启动子甲基化显著高于无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）。RT—PCR结果显示，所有甲基化的胃癌组织中PTEN mRNA均无表达，结论：胃癌中PTEN基因mRNA失表达与其启动子区甲基化有关，这可能是胃癌发生、发展以及转移的原因之一。     

PTEN基因甲基化与胃癌临床病理特征的关系

目的研究胃癌组织中抑癌基因第10号染色体缺失性磷酸酶张力蛋白基因（PTEN）表达异常与胃癌临床病理特征的关系。方法应用甲基化特异性PCR方法（MSP）检测45例胃癌及癌旁正常组织PTEN甲基化的表达情况。结果40．0％（18／45）的胃癌组织和2．2％（1／45）的癌旁正常组织PTEN基因发生甲基化,胃癌组织甲基化率显著增高（P〈0．05）;低分化腺癌甲基化率为60．0％（15／25）,高中分化腺癌甲基化率为15．0％（3／20）,二者差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;发生淋巴结转移的24例胃癌组织中,13例PTEN基因发生甲基化,发生淋巴结转移的胃癌组织PTEN甲基化率明显高于无淋巴结转移胃癌组织（P〈0．05）。结论PTEN基因甲基化与胃癌的发生密切相关,PTEN基因甲基化在胃癌的发病过程中起重要作用。     

MGMT表达与恶性肿瘤化疗关系的研究现状

06甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶（O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase．MGMT）是一种非常重要的DNA修复酶：肿瘤细胞对烷化剂耐药常与MGMT高表达有关。抑制MGMT的表达和活性，可能提高烷化剂疗效？文章就此进行综述。     

胶质瘤患者外周血 DNA 修复基因甲基化与蛋白表达的相关性

目的：探讨胶质瘤患者O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶（ O6-Methylguanine -DNA methyltransferase,MGMT）及人类错配修复基因 MSH2（Human mutS homolog2,hMSH2）蛋白表达与外周血相应基因启动子甲基化的相关性。方法分别采用免疫组化法及甲基化特异性PCR （ MSP ）检测275例胶质瘤患者肿瘤组织MGMT、hMSH2蛋白的表达及外周血中这两个基因启动子甲基化情况。结果脑胶质瘤患者肿瘤组织MGMT和hMSH2蛋白阴性表达率分别为47．2％和62．5％;基因启动子区甲基化阳性率分别为41．8％和22．4％。统计学分析显示外周血MGMT基因启动子甲基化与肿瘤组织蛋白阴性表达相关（P＜0．05）。 hMSH2基因启动子甲基化与肿瘤组织hMSH2蛋白表达不具有相关性（P＞0．05）。结论 MGMT基因甲基化是脑胶质瘤发生过程中常见的分子事件,可能与胶质瘤的发生有关;而hMSH2基因启动子甲基化可能并不是胶质瘤hMSH2蛋白失活的主要原因,可能存在其他重要因素影响其表达。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者血浆MGMT基因甲基化与化疗疗效关系

目的检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）患者外周血血浆中06．甲基鸟嘌呤．DNA甲基转移酶（O6-methylgua-nine-DNAmethyltransferase,MGMT）基因的甲基化状态,探讨MGMT基因甲基化与含烷化剂方案治疗DLBCL疗效的关系。方法利用巢式甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应法检测CHOP方案治疗前后DLBCL患者外周血血浆MGMT基因的甲基化状态。结果30例DLBCL患者血浆MGMT基因甲基化率为63．3％（19／30）,血浆MGMT基因甲基化者化疗有效率为100．O％（19／19）,非甲基化者化疗有效率为72．7％（8／11）,两组化疗有效率差异有统计学意义（P=0．041）。血浆MGMT基因甲基化者化疗后耐药发生率为10．5％（2／19）,非甲基化者耐药发生率为54．5％（6／11）,两组化疗耐药率差异有统计学意义（P=0．028）。结论外周血血浆中MGMT基因甲基化可能是预示DLBCL使用含烷化剂方案化疗疗效和耐药的指标。     

MSP法检测胃癌组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化改变

目的：探讨抑癌基因RASSF1A启动子区CpG岛甲基化与胃癌及临床病理特征的关系。方法：采用甲基化特异性PCR（methylation—specific PCR,MSP）法检测60例胃癌组织及相应癌旁组织和30例对照组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化状态。结果：胃癌组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化率为65．0％（39／60）,艋著高于癌旁组织6．7％（4／60）,及对照组0％（0／30）（P〈0．01）。胃癌组织中不同年龄、性别、分化程度及淋巴结转移与否的RASSF1A基因甲基化率的差异均无统计学意义。结论：胃癌中RASSF1A基因启动子区的高甲基化提示其与胃癌的发生密切相关,MSP法对RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化的检测有望成为胃癌早期监测的重要方法。     

Generating mutations but providing chemosensitivity: the role of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in human cancer

O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a key enzyme in the DNA repair network. MGMT removes mutagenic and cytotoxic adducts from O(6)-guanine in DNA, the preferred point of attack of many carcinogens (i.e. methylnitrosourea) and alkylating chemotherapeutic agents (i.e. BCNU, temozolamide, etc.). Hypermethylation of the CpG island located in the promoter region of MGMT is primarily responsible for the loss of MGMT function in many tumor types. The methylation-mediated silencing of MGMT has two consequences for cancer. First, tumors with MGMT methylation have a new mutator phenotype characterized by the generation of transition point mutations in genes involved in cancer etiology, such as the tumor suppressor p53 and the oncogene K-ras. Second, MGMT hypermethylation demonstrates the possibility of pharmacoepigenomics: methylated tumors are more sensitive to the killing effects of alkylating drugs used in chemotherapy. These recent results underscore the importance of MGMT in basic and translational cancer research.     

Development and application of a multiplex PCR procedure for the detection of DNA methylation in colorectal cancer

Cancers often exhibit aberrant methylation of gene promoter regions associated with loss of tumor suppressor and/or DNA repair gene function. Such methylation constitutes an excellent marker for the molecular detection of micro-metastases and the diagnosis of tumor recurrences. We have developed a multiplex methylation-specific PCR (MSP) procedure for rapid and simultaneous assessment of the methylation of 5 loci: the tumor suppressor genes p16INK4a, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) and p14ARF, and the DNA repair genes hMLH1 and O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). This multiplex test uses one single PCR reaction and only one electrophoretic run. In 98 samples of colorectal cancer studied, methylation of MGMT, DAPK, p16, hMLH1 and p14 was present in 31, 20, 17, 16 and 14% of tumors, respectively. In 58% of the tumors at least one methylated gene was found. This multiplex MSP constitutes a simple and inexpensive method for screening of molecular signatures in colorectal cancer and can be used profitably before employing more expensive and complex techniques such as microarray testing.     

Molecular progression of promoter methylation in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas

To understand the role of gene promoter methylation in neoplastic evolution and progression, the methylation changes associated with 15 candidate tumor suppressor genes were studied throughout stages of tumor progression involving intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas. Genomic DNA from 28 pancreatic IPMN tissue samples, categorized histologically as non-invasive intraductal IPMN (n = 3), IPMN with carcinoma in situ (n = 7), IPMN with microinvasion <1 mm (n = 4), and infiltrative IPMN with associated adenocarcinoma (n = 14), was modified by bisulfite treatment and analyzed with methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Promoter methylation of at least one tumor suppressor gene was present in 26/28 (92%) of the IPMNs. The cell cycle control genes, p16 and p73, were methylated frequently (>50%) in both non-invasive and invasive tumors. APC methylation was discovered in <10% of the non-invasive IPMNs versus 45% of the IPMNs associated with infiltrative adenocarcinoma, P = 0.040. Mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and MGMT, were frequently methylated in the invasive IPMNs compared with the non-invasive tumors (38 versus 10% and 45 versus 20%, respectively) as was E-cadherin (38 versus 10%), P = 0.11. Multiple gene methylation at greater than three loci was present in 55% of the invasive tumors compared with 20% of the non-invasive tumors, P = 0.075. Lymph node status did not predict multi-gene methylation among tumors associated with invasive cancer. Compared with non-invasive IPMNs of the pancreas, IPMNs associated with adenocarcinoma demonstrate higher rates of aberrant tumor suppressor gene methylation. The sequential acquisition of hypermethylation at multiple gene promoter sites may explain tumor progression in IPMNs and other malignancies. Detection of methylation within selected genes may afford an accurate diagnostic molecular marker and predictor of neoplastic behavior.     

胃癌中PCDH8基因启动子甲基化状态及其临床意义

目的:本研究旨在明确胃癌中PCDH8表达水平以及PCDH8基因启动子甲基化情况,分析PCDH8的甲基化差异表达与胃癌临床病理因素的关系。方法:我们通过RT-PCR、Western blot方法检测了65例胃癌组织标本和30例正常胃黏膜标本中PCDH8 mRNA及蛋白的表达,然后分析了其在不同组织中的表达差异。并运用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)技术检测PCDH8基因启动子区在不同组织中的甲基化情况,并分析其基因启动子区甲基化情况与胃癌临床病理因素的关系。结果:PCDH8 mRNA、蛋白在正常胃组织中为阳性表达,而在胃癌组织中则表达缺失或下调,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PCDH8甲基化情况在胃癌组织(55.38％,36/65)与正常组织(0％,0/65)、癌旁组织(41.54％,27/65)与正常组织间存在显著差异（P< 0.05)。65例胃癌患者中,其甲基化情况与胃癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、远处转移及TNM分期均无关(P>0.05)。多因素回归分析结果表明,淋巴结转移为PCDH8基因启动子区甲基化的独立因素(P=0.026,95%CI 1.12~86.84)。结论:PCDH8甲基化及表达情况与胃癌患者肿瘤分化程度及淋巴结转移有关。PCDH8在调节胃癌的发生和转移过程中具有重要作用,它有可能作为胃癌的抑癌基因而发挥作用,并作为标记物对胃癌的诊断、预后判定及治疗提供研究方向。     

p16基因与肺癌关系研究进展

肿瘤抑癌基因p16对于肺癌的早期诊断非常重要,启动子的异常甲基化、第二号外显子的纯合子缺失、基因点突变、蛋白及mRNA的缺失表达都与肺癌的发生关系密切,且与肺癌的基因治疗、药物靶向治疗有关.     

Hypermethylation in human cancers of the RIZ1 tumor suppressor gene, a member of a histone/protein methyltransferase superfamily.

The retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene RIZ1 is a tumor suppressor gene and a member of a nuclear histone/protein methyltransferase superfamily. RIZ1 inactivation is commonly found in many types of human cancers and occurs through loss of mRNA expression, frameshift mutation, chromosomal deletion, and missense mutation. RIZ1 is also a tumor susceptibility gene in mice. We now show that loss of RIZ1 mRNA in human cancers is associated with DNA methylation of its promoter CpG island. Methylation of the RIZ1 promoter strongly correlated with lost or decreased RIZ1 mRNA expression in breast, liver, colon, and lung cancer cell lines as well as in liver cancer tissues. Treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine activated RIZ1 mRNA expression in cancer cells. Furthermore, methylation was found in 11 of 25 (44%) breast cancer specimens and 20 of 32 (62%) liver cancer specimens. Our results suggest that DNA methylation is a common mechanism in inactivating the RIZ1 tumor suppressor gene in human liver and breast cancers.