胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折三种固定方法的疗效比较

目的比较3种固定方法治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效,探讨腓骨固定对胫骨愈合和维持踝关节稳定性的作用。方法收治182例胫腓骨骨折,采用加压钢板固定76例,外固定架74例,交锁髓内钉32例;腓骨固定68例。结果本组随访12～24个月,优良率:外固定架94.6%,交锁髓内钉93.7%,加压钢板82.9%,并发症:外固定架4例,交锁髓内钉2例,加压钢板15例。结论对于胫腓骨严重粉碎性骨折或多段骨折,外固定架更具有生物学固定的优点,加压钢板只适用于胫骨上段或下段近关节面的骨折;其次,腓骨骨折内固定对促进胫骨愈合及维持踝关节稳定性具有重要作用。     

胫骨外固定支架结合腓骨1/3管型钢板治疗Ⅲ型胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折

目的探讨胫骨外固定支架结合腓骨1/3管型钢板治疗Ⅲ型胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折的疗效。方法2000年2月～2004年8月应用胫骨外固定支架结合腓骨1/3管型钢板治疗Ⅲ型胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折18例;Gustilo分类Ⅲa型8例,Ⅲb型7例,Ⅲc型3例。术后早期功能锻炼,定期复查,后期外固定支架改为弹性固定,有明确骨性愈合后拆除。结果所有患者随访4～50个月,平均15个月。平均愈合时间6.9个月。术后并发症:1例患者保肢成功后最终截肢,2例外固定架钉道后期感染,1例钉道后期感染伴松动,无畸形愈合及感染发生。结论外固定支架具有操作简单、创伤小、后期可调整等优点,结合腓骨1/3管型钢板固定,既能增加固定强度,减少并发症,又可弥补外固定架固定的缺点,符合现代微创理念;是治疗Ⅲ型胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折的有效方法之一。     

闭合复位经皮锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干中下段骨折的疗效比较

[目的]评价闭合复位锁定钢板与交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨干中下段(距离胫距关节面4~11 cm范围内)骨折的临床和放射学比较。[方法]回顾性分析自2003~2007年采用内侧锁定钢板和交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干中下段骨折共65例,其中锁定钢板(钢板组)治疗37例、交锁髓内钉(髓内钉组)治疗28例;按AO分型:A型32例,B型12例,C型21例。[结果]对所有病人随访12~24个月,平均16.5个月。5例患者发生延迟愈合或不愈合,其中钢板组1例,髓内钉组4例。钢板组中1例和髓内钉组中2例患者伴发深部感染。钢板组中1例,髓内钉组中8例伴发骨折畸形愈合。钢板组中2例,髓内钉组中8例进行了2次手术。钢板组和髓内钉组功能评估,踝关节功能优良率分别是91.9%、71.4%,膝关节功能优良率分别是97.3%、78.6%。[结论]锁定钢板和交锁髓内钉都能成功的治疗胫骨中下段骨折,但在髓内钉组中骨折延迟愈合、畸形愈合和第2次手术发生率更高。选用锁定钢板能更好的治疗胫骨干中下段骨折。     

胫骨中下段骨皮质形态特点与内固定选择的研究

目的从骨皮质形态研究方面来比较带锁髓内钉与解剖型钢板治疗闭合性或轻度开放性胫骨中下段骨折的疗效。方法手术治疗61例胫骨中下段骨折,其中胫骨解剖型钢板内固定34例,带锁髓内钉固定27例,骨折为闭合性或GustiloⅠ、Ⅱ度开放性骨折,比较两种技术的手术时间、住院时间等疗效指标和各项并发症发生情况。结果与解剖型钢板内固定相比,带锁髓内钉内固定操作的手术时间长(P<0.05),而住院时间两者之间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);钢板组和髓内钉组手术后骨折延迟愈合或不愈合分别为1例,6例;带锁髓内钉组发生1例腓总神经瘫;所有病例无骨折畸形愈合和脂肪栓塞综合征发生。结论对于闭合性或轻度开放性胫骨中下段骨折,解剖型钢板内固定具有更加符合生物力学、并发症少等特点,应优先考虑使用。     

胫腓骨多段骨折不同手术方法疗效分析

目的探讨胫腓骨多段骨折不同手术方法的临床疗效。方法对68例胫腓骨多段骨折者分别采用闭合复位三维外固定架（32例）、带锁髓内钉（17例）、加压钢板（19例）治疗,比较3种方法的疗效。结果 68例均获得随访,时间6-24（14±3）个月。加压钢板组2例出现感染及骨不连。三维外固定架组治疗胫腓骨多段骨折在手术时间、住院时间、手术切口、出血量、输液天数、住院费用、骨折愈合时间等方面均优于带锁髓内钉组和加压钢板组（P〈0.05）。参照Johner-Wruh评定标准,优良率：三维外固定架组93.75%,带锁髓内钉组88.24%,加压钢板组89.48%。结论闭合复位三维外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段骨折疗效优于带锁髓内钉和加压钢板。     

交锁髓内钉与锁定钢板在胫骨中下段骨折中的应用

目的探讨交锁髓内钉和锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨中下段骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2009-01—2014-10诊治胫骨中下段骨折58例。根据内固定方式不同分为交锁髓内钉组(31例)和锁定钢板组(27例),比较2组疗效。结果所有患者获得随访12~24个月,平均18.6个月。4例发生不同程度感染,其中髓内钉组1例,锁定钢板组3例;不愈合和延迟愈合5例,髓内钉组4例,钢板组1例。末次随访膝关节HSS评分:髓内钉组为(89.3±3.2)分,锁定钢板组为(91.6±2.9)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);末次随访踝关节AOFAS评分:髓内钉组为(92.5±2.3)分,锁定钢板组为(91.2±2.8)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论交锁髓内钉和锁定钢板均能有效治疗胫骨中下段骨折,但在开放性骨折和小腿肿胀较严重时,使用交锁髓内钉疗效较好;锁定钢板在骨折不愈合和延迟愈合发生率更低。     

一期应用交锁髓内钉和/或AO外固定架治疗双侧胫骨骨折

[目的]探讨一期应用交锁髓内钉和/或AO外固定架治疗双侧胫骨骨折的临床价值和相关问题。[方法]回顾性分析自1998年4月~2006年1月间一期应用交锁髓内钉和/或AO外固定架治疗双侧胫骨骨折33例66肢。男26例,女7例;平均34.4岁。闭合骨折按AO/ASIF分型A型9肢;B型13肢;C型17肢。开放骨折按Gustio分型I型10肢;Ⅱ型6肢;ⅢA型5肢;ⅢB型4肢;ⅢC型2肢。受伤至手术时间平均为5.5d(3h~12d)。[结果]随访6个月~3年,平均16个月。66肢均达骨性愈合,骨折平均愈合时间闭合性骨折16周,开放性骨折18周,4肢延迟愈合。3肢发生浅表感染经保守治疗痊愈。按Johner-Wruh评分标准,结果优19例,良11例,可3例。优良率为90.9%。无脂肪栓塞综合征、深部感染,内固定失效及畸形愈合发生。[结论]一期应用交锁髓内钉和/或AO外固定架治疗双侧胫骨骨折操作简单,骨折端血运破坏少,固定确切,骨折愈合率高,可早期功能锻炼且疗效满意。固定方式应根据骨折类型选择最佳方法。     

两种内固定治疗胫骨中下段骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较交锁髓内钉和微创经皮锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨中下段骨折的疗效。方法 将100例胫骨中下段骨折患者按内固定方式不同分为交锁髓内钉组(采用交锁髓内钉固定治疗,50例)和锁定钢板组(采用微创经皮锁定钢板内固定治疗,50例)。比较两组手术情况、骨折愈合时间、术后部分负重行走时间、术后并发症发生情况、Johner-Wruhs评分、踝关节活动度、AOFAS踝-后足评分。结果 患者均获得随访,时间12～15(12.26±5.63)个月。术中出血量、切口长度、住院时间：交锁髓内钉组均少(短)于锁定钢板组(P<0.01)。骨折愈合时间：交锁髓内钉组短于锁定钢板组(P<0.01)。术后部分负重行走时间：交锁髓内钉组早于锁定钢板组(P<0.01)。术后并发症发生率：交锁髓内钉组低于锁定钢板组(P<0.05)。术后12个月Johner-Wruhs评分优良率、末次随访时踝关节活动度及术后3、12个月AOFAS踝-后足评分：交锁髓内钉组均优于锁定钢板组(P<0.05)。结论 与微创经皮锁定钢板内固定相比,交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨中下段骨折更符合力学原理,更利于骨折愈合,患者术后下...     

UTN与外固定架治疗胫骨开放骨折的疗效评估

目的 比较非扩髓胫骨带锁髓内钉(UTN)和外固定架治疗胫骨开放骨折的疗效。方法 对72例胫骨带锁髓内钉或外固定架治疗的胫骨开放骨折进行回顾性研究，比较其愈合时间、感染率和畸形愈合率，其对伤口及软组织处理原则相同，病人特征和损伤分类没有统计学意义。结果 平均愈合时间，髓内钉组5．2个月，外固定架组7．6个月；畸形愈合率外固定架组高于髓内钉组2．5倍：感染率没有差别。结论 对于大多数胫骨开放性骨折非扩髓胫骨带锁髓内钉的疗效优于外固定架。     

腓骨内固定治疗中重度开放性胫腓骨折的随机对照分析

目的探讨单纯腓骨内固定与钢板螺钉、交锁髓内钉、外固定架治疗中重度胫腓骨开放性骨折GustiloⅡ、Ⅲ型的临床疗效。方法选择2001年1月～2005年2月治疗180例Ⅱ、Ⅲ型开放性胫腓骨骨折,随机分为四组。比较各组的骨折愈合时间、患肢膝踝关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率、固定失效率、骨折延迟愈合及骨不连率。结果所有患者至少随访2年以上,腓骨骨折的愈合时间和膝、踝关节功能恢复的优良率(按Johner-Wruh标准评定),四组无统计学意义。在胫骨骨折的愈合时间单纯腓骨内固定组少于其他三组,有统计学意义。感染率方面单纯腓骨内固定组和交锁髓内钉组小于另外两组。固定失效率、骨折延迟愈合及骨不连率方面单纯腓骨内固定组少于其他三组,有统计学意义。结论对Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折,单纯行腓骨内固定可简化手术,促进骨折早期愈合,减少各种并发症并且能获得较好的患肢功能。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.