HIV母婴阻断的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的广泛流行已成为全球最为瞩目的公共卫生问题和社会问题。据估计全球每年大约有220万妇女和60万儿童感染HIV,其中90％的儿童是通过母婴传播途径感染的,所以进行HIV母婴阻断对控制HIV的流行具有非常重要的意义。目前主要的母婴阻断方式包括抗逆转录病毒治疗、剖官产及人工喂养等。     

Use of interventions for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent and outcome of use of interventions for reducing the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child in Australia. DESIGN: National surveillance for perinatal exposure to HIV. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Notified cases of HIV infection in women in Australia and their perinatally exposed children, 1982-1999. OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends over time in use of interventions (antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy, elective caesarean delivery and avoidance of breastfeeding) and perinatally acquired HIV infection. RESULTS: By 31 March 2000, 204 children were reported as having been born in 1982-1999 to 162 women whose HIV infection had been diagnosed by 31 December 1999. The child's HIV infection status was established for 182 (89.2%); the mother's HIV infection was diagnosed antenatally in 91 of these cases (50%). Among women diagnosed antenatally, use of elective caesarean delivery and antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy increased significantly, from 3% and 14% by women whose children were born in 1982-1993, to 21% (P=0.01) and 88% (P<0.001), respectively, by women whose children were born in 1994-1999. Most women (95%) diagnosed antenatally avoided breastfeeding their children. The percentage of infected children born to women diagnosed antenatally declined from 26% among children born in 1982-1993 to 19% among those born in 1994-1999. The percentage of infected children was significantly lower among those whose mothers used antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy (11% versus 36%; P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral use in pregnancy, elective caesarean delivery and avoidance of breastfeeding have been effective interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Australia. While the rate of perinatal HIV transmission has declined, it remains high in comparison with rates reported from other industrialised countries.     

Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice

Kevin M. De Cock, MD; Mary Glenn Fowler, MD, MPH; Eric Mercier, MD, MPH; Isabelle de Vincenzi, MD, PhD; Joseph Saba, MD; Elizabeth Hoff, MSc; David J. Alnwick, MSc; Martha Rogers, MD; Nathan Shaffer, MD

JAMA. 2000;283:1175-1182.

Each year, an estimated 590,000 infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection from their mothers, mostly in developing countries that are unable to implement interventions now standard in the industrialized world. In resource-poor settings, the HIV pandemic has eroded hard-won gains in infant and child survival. Recent clinical trial results from international settings suggest that short-course antiretroviral regimens could significantly reduce perinatal HIV transmission worldwide if research findings could be translated into practice. This article reviews current knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission in developing countries, summarizes key findings from the trials, outlines future research requirements, and describes public health challenges of implementing perinatal HIV prevention interventions in resource-poor settings. Public health efforts must also emphasize primary prevention strategies to reduce incident HIV infections among adolescents and women of childbearing age. Successful implementation of available perinatal HIV interventions could substantially improve global child survival.

     

Progress of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs in China: successes, challenges and way forward

HIV still remains a global public health problem despite decades of interventions to eliminate the virus.In 2010,there were 390 000 children globally,under 15 years old,newly infected with HIV,mainly through mother-to-child transmission.1 China had 780 000 HIV infected people at the end of 2011,of these,28.6％ were women and 1.1％ were children infected through mother-to-child transmission.2 The first case of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in China was reported in 1995.3 Few years later,the proportion of MTCT in China increased from 0.1％ in 1997 to 0.4％ in 2002.4 The Ministry of Health in China in conjunction with the Central for Maternal and Child Healthcare and the Chinese Centre for Disease Control launched prevention of mother-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs in China in 2003.The programs were launched in five provinces with high prevalence of HIV namely,Henan,Guangdong,Yunnan,Guangxi and Xinjiang.     

预防艾滋病母婴传播阻断后儿童健康状况调查研究

目的：探讨预防艾滋病母婴传播阻断后对儿童健康状况的影响。方法：于2014年3月至2015年3月间,在该院选择40例进行分娩的艾滋病阳性孕妇设为阻断组,选择同时期收治的40例健康孕妇设为对照组,对阻断组孕妇进行预防艾滋病母婴传播阻断,对两组进行随访,统计对比两组儿童健康状况。结果：阻断组儿童12月内腹泻病发病率、呼吸道疾病发病率、营养不良发生率及18月内艾滋病检测阳性率、死亡率与对照组相比无明显差异（P＞0.05）。结论：预防艾滋病母婴传播阻断能有效改善儿童健康状况,可在临床推广运用。     

福建省艾滋病母婴传播病例及其母亲基本情况分析

目的分析福建省母婴传播艾滋病病毒感染者(HIV)/艾滋病病人(AIDS)及其母亲基本情况。方法利用中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病综合防治信息系统收集福建省母婴传播HIV/AIDS的基本信息和随访资料并逐一核实其母亲的基本情况,用SPSS 15.0对相关数据进行统计分析。结果截至2015年12月31日,福建省共发现70例母婴传播病例,11例病例为抱养/弃婴。死亡病例19例,现活51例;现活的51例在2015年100%接受随访管理。在艾滋病综合防治信息系统中共有47例阳性母亲能核实到具体情况,显示阳性母亲文化程度较低,初中以及下文化程度者占89.36%,职业以无业者及农民为主,占74.47%,91.49%的母亲是在患儿出生之后确诊HIV抗体阳性。70例母婴传播病例母亲中外籍女性12例,占17.14%。结论艾滋病母婴传播对儿童的影响深远,应引起足够的重视,还需加强适龄妇女孕前/孕早期HIV抗体检测、外籍新娘的管理以促进母婴阻断的有效实施。     

Variable uptake of recommended interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Australia, 1982-2005

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the uptake of interventions known to reduce the risk of perinatal HIV transmission among Australian women with HIV infection (who knew their HIV status before delivery), and identify predictors of uptake. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of perinatal HIV surveillance data in Australia. PATIENTS: Women reported as having HIV infection and having given birth to a child (1982-2005) were identified through three mechanisms: an informal network of clinicians (1982-1993); an active surveillance program through paediatricians (since 1993); and state health department reports of children born to women newly diagnosed with HIV (since 1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uptake of interventions - avoidance of breastfeeding (after 1985), use of zidovudine during pregnancy (after 1994), and elective caesarean section (after 1999). Factors associated with uptake of these interventions were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: 367 live births were reported in 291 women with HIV infection. Among the subgroup diagnosed with HIV infection before delivery, 4/255 (1.6%) elected to breastfeed (post 1985), 44/185 (24%) did not receive zidovudine (after 1994), and 41/118 (35%) did not have an elective caesarean section (after 1999). In multivariate analysis, there were significant differences in uptake of zidovudine and elective caesarean section according to year of birth and state in which the birth took place. CONCLUSION: In Australia between 1982 and 2005, uptake of interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV was high. There were significant differences associated with use of zidovudine and mode of delivery according to location of delivery and year of birth.