自身免疫性肝炎CD4+CD25+high调节性T细胞的研究

目的探讨CD4^＋CD25^＋high调节性T细胞（Tr）在自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）发病中的作用。方法用流式细胞仪技术比较分析AIH患者16例、慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）22例及键康正常人20例外周血中的CD4^＋CD25^＋high细胞，同时用免疫组织化学法检测AIH和CHB患者肝组织Foxp3的表达情况。结果AIH组外周血中CD4^＋CD25^＋high／CD4^＋百分比显著低于正常组（P〈0、05）和CHB组（P〈O．01），并且CHB组显著高于正常组（P〈0．05）；同时AIH组外周血中CD4^＋ T细胞也显著高于CHB组（P〈0．01））；肝组织Foxp3^＋细胞主要分布于肝小叶内窦周隙、汇管区，AIH组肝组织Foxp3^＋表达显著低于CHB组（P〈0．01）。结论CD4^＋CD25^＋high Tr细胞下降可能是自身免疫性肝炎发病的原因之一。     

妊娠水平孕酮体外对HIV-1感染和复制的影响

目的：研究相当于妊娠后外周血和胎盘局部浓度的孕酮（P4）体外对HIV-1感染及复制的影响。方法：检测终浓度为10^-6mol／L（相当于妊娠妇女外周血水平）和10^-5mol／L（相当于母胎界面局部浓度）的P4对HIV-1介导细胞融合的影响；ELISA法检测感染HIV的MT-2细胞培养上清p24抗原含量来探讨对HIV-1复制的影响；流式细胞术检测对淋巴细胞活化后CD69表达的影响和^1H-TdR掺入法检测对淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果：10^-5mol／L的P4可以明显抑制HIV-1介导的细胞融合，并且降低感染细胞培养上清中p24抗原含量，两种浓度对淋巴细胞的活化和增殖都有抑制作用。结论：相当于妊娠后母胎界面局部浓度的P4体外可以抑制HIV-1感染和复制，其机制与抑制淋巴细胞活化和增殖有关。     

中国HIV-1感染者CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞与疾病进展相关性研究

目的对中国HIV-1感染者CD4~ CD25~ Foxp3~ 调节性T细胞水平及与疾病进展相关性进行研究,探讨CD4~ CD25~ Foxp3~ 调节性T细胞在HIV-1疾病进程中发挥的作用。方法选取35名HIV-1感染者及14名健康对照,应用流式细胞仪胞内染色技术在单细胞水平检测CD~ CD25~ Foxp3~ 调节性T细胞表达及淋巴细胞活化、凋亡水平。结果中国HIV-1感染者CD4~ CD25~ Foxp3~ T细胞水平与CD4~ T细胞显著负相关(r=-0.544,P=0.001),与病毒载量明显正相关(r=0.484,P= 0.026),与CD4~ T细胞凋亡(CD95表达)水平明显正相关(r=0.431,P=0.011)。艾滋病人CD4~ CD25~ Foxp3~ T细胞水平明显高于无症状HIV感染者(P<0.05),与健康人相比差异无统计学意义。艾滋病人CD4~ 、CD8~ T细胞凋亡水平明显高于无症状HIV感染者及健康人(P<0.05),艾滋病人及无症状HIV感染者CD4~ 、CD8~ T细胞活化明显高于健康人(P<0.05)。结论中国HIV-1感染者CD4~ CD25~ Foxp3~ 调节性T细胞水平与疾病进展明显相关。     

芹菜素对小鼠T淋巴细胞体外活化和增殖的抑制作用

研究芹菜素(apigenin,AP)对小鼠T细胞体外活化和增殖的影响,探讨其作用机制,以及将其开发为免疫抑制药物的可能。无菌分离小鼠淋巴结细胞,加入不同浓度(25μmol/L、50μmol/L、100μmol/L、150μmol/L和200μmol/L)的芹菜素预孵育4 h,用多克隆刺激剂刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,ConA)诱导T细胞活化和增殖,并用MTT法检测该药物浓度对T细胞的毒性作用。荧光标记抗体双染色结合流式细胞术,检测各浓度AP对ConA诱导的小鼠T细胞表达早期、中期和晚期活化抗原CD69、CD25和CD71的影响;以二乙酰羧基荧光素-琥珀酰亚胺酯(carboxyfluoresceindiacetate-succinim-idyl ester,CFDA-SE)染色结合流式细胞术,检测各浓度AP对ConA诱导的小鼠T细胞增殖的影响,并应用ModFit软件分析其增殖指数(proliferation index,PI)。结果显示,25~200μmol/L AP对ConA诱导的T细胞CD69、CD25的表达有显著抑制作用(P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖关系;25μmol/L和50μmol/L的AP抑制CD71的表达,但高浓度(大于100μmol/L)才有显著抑制作用(P<0.01)。各浓度AP对ConA诱导的T细胞增殖均有显著抑制作用(P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖关系。表明在一定浓度范围内,AP可显著抑制ConA诱导的小鼠T细胞体外活化及增殖,有望通过进一步研究将其开发成免疫抑制药物。     

使用活化诱导标记法评价HIV-1感染者特异性CD4+T细胞免疫应答的研究

目的:建立一种检测HIV-1特异性CD4⁺T细胞亚群功能的活化诱导标记法(activation-induced markers,AIM),从而更有效地评价HIV-1抗原特异性CD4⁺T细胞免疫应答水平。方法:选取12例未经抗病毒治疗的HIV-1慢性感染者及6例未感染HIV-1的健康人,分别以基于多色流式细胞术的AIM法和细胞内因子染色法(intracellular cytokine staining,ICS)检测抗原特异性T淋巴细胞功能,并探讨两种方法用于评价HIV-1感染者抗原特异性T细胞免疫应答的能力。结果:AIM法检测HIV-1慢性感染者中HIV-1抗原特异性PD-1⁺CD25⁺CD4⁺T、CD69⁺CD200⁺CD4⁺T、CD69⁺ICOS⁺CD4⁺T细胞阳性的比例为11/12、8/12和7/12,检测CD69⁺ICOS⁺CD8⁺T、CD137⁺CD69⁺CD8⁺T、PD-1⁺CD25⁺CD8⁺、OX40⁺PD-1⁺CD8⁺T细胞阳性的比例为8/12、8/12、7/12、7/12。ICS法检测HIV-1抗原特异性IL-2⁺CD4⁺T、IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺T、TNF-α⁺CD4⁺T细胞阳性的占比为2/12、2/12、0;IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺T、TNF-α⁺CD8⁺T、IL-2⁺CD8⁺T细胞阳性的占比为12/12、10/12、5/12。结论:AIM法在评价CD4⁺T细胞功能方面更为敏感,可作为ICS法的补充,两种方法联合使用可更全面地评估抗原特异性T淋巴细胞反应。     

献血员CD8~+T细胞的增加对CD4~+T细胞的抑制作用

实验发现 6 5 %体检合格的献血员外周血CD8+T细胞数量明显增加 ,并伴随CD16 +淋巴细胞数量的增加。这些异常的淋巴细胞与葡萄球菌肠毒素B (SEB )共同培养 6d ,CD4+T细胞无增殖反应。预先用抗CD8抗体去除CD8+T细胞 (去除率 >90 % )再用SEB刺激淋巴细胞 ,其应答能力恢复正常。增殖的细胞是CD4+T细胞 ,它们由 34 0 4%增加到 99 34%。CD8+T细胞由最初的 9 5 7%降低到 0 12 %。这些结果显示过量的CD8+T细胞有可能是被外原性抗原活化的T细胞。它们直接抑制CD4+T细胞对SEB的免疫应答反应 ,但不破坏CD4+T细胞的TCRVβ结构。     

小儿川崎病CD4+T细胞CD40L和E-选择素的表达

目的：通过检测川崎病患儿静脉输注丙球治疗前后外周血T细胞表面CD40L（CD154）表达,探讨川崎病冠状动脉损伤的发病机制.方法：采用流式细胞仪检测26例川崎病患儿静脉输注丙球治疗前后、16例其他发热性疾病患儿、15例正常儿童外周血T细胞表面的CD40L表达.采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测相应血清中可溶性CD40L（sCD40L） 及E-选择素.结果：川崎病患儿CD4^＋T细胞表面CD40L表达及血清中E-选择素显著高于其他发热性疾病对照组及正常儿童对照组（P＜0.01）,川崎病患儿静脉输注丙球治疗后明显下降（P＜0.01）.CD4^＋T细胞表面CD40L表达及E-选择素与川崎病冠状动脉损伤有关,而CD8^＋T细胞表面CD40L的表达及可溶性CD40L与冠状动脉损伤无明显相关性.川崎病患儿CD4^＋T细胞表面CD40L表达与E-选择素水平正相关（r=0.626,P＜0.05）.结论：CD40L异常表达及血清中E-选择素在川崎病发病机制中起重要作用.静脉输注丙球能下调CD40L表达及血清中E-选择素,且有利于治疗血管炎.     

流式细胞术检测CD4~+ T细胞内p24抗原辅助诊断HIV-1的感染

目的探讨流式细胞术(FCM)检测CD4+T淋巴细胞内p24抗原对人免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)感染的辅助诊断价值。方法通过FCM检测HIV-1感染者和正常人(阴性对照)CD4+T淋巴细胞内HIV-1 p24抗原,建立方法。收集HIV-1早期感染者样本,用FCM检测CD4+T淋巴细胞内p24抗原,ELISA检测血浆p24抗原以及nest-PCR检测核酸,比较3种方法的检测结果。结果感染者p24+CD4+T淋巴细胞比例明显高于相应阴性对照(P0.01);感染者组p24+CD4+T淋巴细胞比例95%百分位数为1.92%,确立阴阳界值为2.00%。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≤350个/μL的感染者p24+CD4+T淋巴细胞比例明显高于相应CD4+T淋巴细胞计数350个/μL的感染者(P0.05)。FCM检测HIV-1早期感染者CD4+T淋巴细胞内p24抗原结果显示,该方法的检验效能优于ELISA检测血浆p24抗原,和核酸检测相当。结论 FCM检测CD4+T淋巴细胞内p24抗原能及时发现HIV-1早期感染,在HIV-1感染的辅助诊断方面有一定的应用价值。     

乙肝病毒感染者外周血中CD4+Foxp3+T细胞亚群的表达及临床意义

目的研究外周血中3个CD4~+Foxp3~+T细胞亚群在乙肝病毒感染者外周血中频率及其可能的临床意义。方法分离来自无症状携带者(AsC)、慢性乙型肝炎患者(CHB)以及健康对照(Health)的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),用流式细胞术分析PBMC中3个CD4~+Foxp3~+T细胞亚群占CD4~+T细胞的比例,并分析其与临床参数间的相关性,同时将CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+Treg作对比分析。结果CD4~+CD45RA~+Foxp3~(lo)(静息态Treg)频率在各实验组间无显著差别;CD4~+CD45RA~-Foxp3~(lo)(非Treg)频率在CHB组和AsC组间无明显差别,但两组相对Health组明显升高;CHB组CD4~+CD45RA~-Foxp3~(hi)(活动态Treg)明显高于AsC组和Health组。在CHB和AsC病例中活动态Treg与HBV病毒载量,HBeAg状态均无显著相关性。在CHB病例中活动态Treg与ALT水平不相关。结论相当比例的不具抑制功能的Foxp3~+T细胞可能混杂在CD4~+CD25~+Foxp3~+Treg的分析中,因此活动态Treg比CD4~+CD25~...     

Correlation of immune activation with HIV-1 RNA levels assayed by real-time RT-PCR in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients in Northern India

BACKGROUND: Assays with specificity and cost effectiveness are needed for the measurement of HIV-1 burden to monitor disease progression or response to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to develop and validate an affordable one step real-time RT-PCR assay with high specificity and sensitivity to measure plasma HIV-1 loads in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients. RESULTS: We developed an RT-PCR assay to detect and quantitate plasma HIV-1 levels in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients. An inverse correlation between plasma viral loads (PVL) and CD4+ T-cell numbers was detected at all CDC stages. Significant correlations were found between CD8+ T-cell activation and PVL, as well as with the clinical and immunological status of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This RT-PCR assay provides a sensitive method to measure PVL in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients. Viral loads correlated with immune activation and can be used to monitor HIV care in India.     

Innate immunity and chronic immune activation in HCV/HIV-1 co-infection

Innate immune responses are critical in the defense against viral infections. NK cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and invariant CD1d-restricted NKT cells mediate both effector and regulatory functions in this early immune response. In chronic uncontrolled viral infections such as HCV and HIV-1, these essential immune functions are compromised and can become a double edged sword contributing to the immunopathogenesis of viral disease. In particular, recent findings indicate that innate immune responses play a central role in the chronic immune activation which is a primary driver of HIV-1 disease progression. HCV/HIV-1 co-infection is affecting millions of people and is associated with faster viral disease progression. Here, we review the role of innate immunity and chronic immune activation in HCV and HIV-1 infection, and discuss how mechanisms of innate immunity may influence protection as well as immunopathogenesis in the HCV/HIV-1 co-infected human host.     

Proviral load and immune function in blood and lymph node during HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.

Proviral load as well as lymphocyte phenotype and function were compared in peripheral blood and lymph node compartments of 17 HIV-1, 12 HIV-2 and three dually infected patients with lymphadenopathy. The mean percentage (95% confidence interval (CI)) of CD4+ cells was higher in lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) than in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in both infections, being 26.7% (21. 1%, 32.3%) and 15.3% (10.4%, 20.2%), respectively, for HIV-1-infected patients (P = 0.0001) and 32.3% (22.7%, 41.9%) and 22. 1% (13.6%, 30.6%), respectively, for HIV-2-infected patients (P = 0. 02). In both types of infection, proviral load adjusted for number of CD4+ cells was higher in LNMC than in PBMC: the geometric mean (95% CI) was 8937 (4991; 16 003) and 4384 (2260; 8503), respectively, for HIV-1 patients (P = 0.02) and 1624 (382; 6898) and 551 (147; 2058) DNA copies, respectively, for HIV-2 patients (P = 0.05). Proviral load in both compartments was closely correlated (HIV-1, r = 0.60, P = 0.01; and HIV-2, r = 0.83, P = 0.0003). In both infections, proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) was lower in LNMC than in PBMC, both of which, in turn, were lower than in healthy controls. These results indicate that in HIV-2 as in HIV-1 infection, infected cells have a tropism for the lymph nodes resulting in higher viral load in this compartment and lower lymphocyte responses to the recall antigen PPD which may increase susceptibility to tuberculosis.     

早期HIV-1感染env基因的动态变异研究

目的 追踪观察HIV-1新发感染者体内CRF07_BC重组毒株膜蛋白基因的变异性.方法 从HIV-1感染者血浆中提取总RNA,通过逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)获得HIV-1 gp120全长及C2-C5区段基因.纯化后装入T载体,转化至Top10大肠埃希菌内增殖,通过蓝白斑筛选获得阳性克隆,运用PCR方法进行鉴定,最后对所获得的目的克隆测序.结果从两个感染者血浆样品中获得感染后半年到2年半间多个时间点的gp120基因克隆共135个及gp120基因C2-C5区段克隆15个,分析显示这些克隆均为HIV-1 CRF07_BC亚型.随感染时间的延长,HIV-1 env基因的离散率与多样性均有增加的趋势.env基因同义突变与非同义突变比较结果显示,C1、C3与V4区段非同义突变比率比gp120基因的其他区域都高.基因多态性分析的结果显示,同一时间点内不同毒株基因在不同区段的变异是不同的,基因多样性介于0与0.066±0.028之间.结论 随着患者感染时间的推移,HIV-1膜蛋白基因的变异逐渐增大.C1、C3和V4区的高突变率提示,该基因区可能是HIV-1病毒生存与宿主免疫压力相互作用的主要位点.     

The good and evil of complement activation in HIV-1 infection

The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, is a first-line defender against foreign pathogens such as HIV-1. The role of the complement system in HIV-1 pathogenesis appears to be multifaceted. Although the complement system plays critical roles in clearing and neutralizing HIV-1 virions, it also represents a critical factor for the spread and maintenance of the virus in the infected host. In addition, complement regulators such as human CD59 present in the envelope of HIV-1 prevent complement-mediated lysis of HIV-1. Some novel approaches are proposed to combat HIV-1 infection through the enhancement of antibody-dependent complement activity against HIV-1. In this paper, we will review these diverse roles of complement in HIV-1 infection.     

含密码子优化型HIV-1 gp120基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫效果研究

目的 构建能表达野生型和密码子优化型人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)B亚型中国流行株gp120基因的非复制型腺病毒。方法 按哺乳动物细胞偏好的密码子对HIV-1B亚型中国流行株Ch gp42的gp120基因进行优化，合成优化基因。将野生型和密码子优化的gp120基因插入穿梭质粒，再与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化E．coli BJ5183，获得重组子，转染293细胞后获得重组病毒。分别以两种重组腺病毒疫苗免疫小鼠，ELISA检测小鼠血清中的特异性抗体，乳酸脱氢酶法检测小鼠细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应。结果 获得两株重组腺病毒rAd-wt．gp120和rAd．mod．gp120，能正确表达Gp120。rAd-mod．gp120比rAd-wt．gp120蛋白表达水平明显提高。重组腺病毒免疫小鼠后能产生HIV-1特异性的抗体及CTL反应，rAd-mod．gp120组明显优于rAd-wt．gp120组。结论 成功构建了表达野生型和密码子优化的HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺病毒，能诱导HIV-1特异性体液和细胞免疫反应。     

In vitro anti-HIV-1 antibody production in subjects in different stages of HIV-1 infection.

We evaluated the in vitro antibody production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against HIV-1 proteins in infected adults. Fifty-four HIV-1 infected patients (four recent seroconverters, 15 asymptomatics with a CD4 count higher than 500/microliters, 27 asymptomatics with a CD4 count between 200 and 500/microliters and eight symptomatic patients) were tested. PBMC were incubated in the presence or absence of 1% pokeweed mitogen (PWM) at 37 degrees C for 8 days. Western blot assay, p24 antigen ELISA and anti-p24 antibody ELISA were performed on serum and culture supernatants. Spontaneous production of anti-env antibody in culture supernatants was evidenced in all subjects. All the positive supernatants for anti-core antibodies (18/54) were derived from asymptomatic patients. PBMC from recent seroconverters and from symptomatic patients did not produce any anti-core antibody. Antibody production decreased after stimulation with PWM. The concentration of p24 antigen did not significantly increase in p24 positive supernatants following acidification (P = 0.1), suggesting that the inability to detect p24 antibody was not due to the anti-p24 antibody complexed to p24 antigen in culture supernatants. In vitro production of anti-p24 antibodies was significantly more frequent in asymptomatic subjects with high CD4+ cell counts (P = 0.02) and was absent in recent seroconverters. This last finding suggests that during the initial phases of the infection, anti-p24 antibody production may be restricted to cells residing in lymphoid organs. In addition, the lower percentage of anti-core antibody in people with low CD4+ cell counts is not merely a consequence of the binding of the antibody to an increased amount of antigen, but probably reflects an impaired production or a sequestration of producing cells in lymphoid tissue during the late stages of the infection.     

HIV-Ⅰ慢病毒载体的研究进展与应用

基因治疗是治疗肿瘤、遗传病等难治性疾病的最有效手段之一,但目前的基因转移方法存在一定的局限性,成为基因治疗和广泛应用的障碍.以1型人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)为基础构建的慢病毒载体(LV)具有感染分裂及非分裂细胞、使目的 基因产物表达稳定、表达时间长、载体自身免疫原性小等优点,尤其是LV能有效诱导免疫应答,抑制肿瘤生长,诱导移植免疫耐受等,是很有发展潜力的体内基因治疗新载体.     

Autoproliferation in HIV-1-infected patients undergoing active HIV-1-specific immunotherapy.

We have observed a treatment-associated autoproliferative response in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects receiving a gp120-depleted, inactivated HIV-1 antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA; HIV-1 Immunogen). The frequency and magnitude of the autoproliferative response appeared to be dose-related (P < 0.05), and was not observed in subjects receiving IFA alone. Immunophenotyping of the proliferating cells demonstrated the presence of both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, with the CD4+ blasts almost exclusively expressing the CD45RO+ phenotype. A comparison of this response with the HIV-1-specific antigen stimulation responses in this cohort revealed a significant correlation between increases in HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity and autoproliferation (r2 = 0.61, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that immunization with the HIV-1 Immunogen induces an autoproliferative response that may reflect changes in HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity in infected individuals.