Osteogenic response of mesenchymal stem cells to continuous mechanical strain is dependent on ERK1/2-Runx2 signaling

Mechanical stimuli are responsible for bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. The role of mechanical stimulation in the regulation of the fate of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is of interest in bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. However, the signaling pathway involved in strain-induced biochemical events in BMSCs is not well established and can be controversial. This study investigated strain-induced proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, as well as the mechanism of mechanotransduction. BMSCs were exposed to continuous mechanical strain (CMS) of 10% at 1 Hz. The results showed that CMS reduced the proliferation of BMSCs and stimulated osteogenic differentiation by activating Runx2, followed by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, collagen type I and osteocalcin). Furthermore, the phosphorylation level of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 increased significantly at the onset of strain. However, the presence of U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the induction of Runx2 and subsequent osteogenic events. These findings demonstrate that CMS regulated Runx2 activation and favored osteoblast differentiation through activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These results will contribute to a better understanding of strain-induced bone remodeling and will form the basis for the correct choice of applied force in orthodontic treatment.     

微环境通过细胞骨架张力对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

细胞外基质（extracellular matrix，ECM）是微环境中为细胞提供力学线索的主要元件。干细胞对基质力学信号改变的响应主要通过细胞骨架实现。细胞外基质性能改变后，力学信号经信号复合体传递，细胞骨架作为贯穿细胞整体的网状支架结构，在分子马达的作用下纤维重组产生张力，该力学信号可以转导为化学信号或直接传递至细胞核骨架，产生一系列对干细胞干性、增殖、分化以及凋亡的影响。骨髓间充质干细胞（bone mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs）对于骨改建和治疗具有重要的意义。总结微环境改变后细胞骨架张力在BMSCs成骨分化过程中的影响及力信号响应机制。     

骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与成骨分化中电磁场激活ERK通路的作用

背景：研究表明电磁场可调节骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和分化,但其具体机制尚不清楚。 目的：从ERK信号途径探讨电磁场诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化成骨的作用。 方法：取第3代生长良好的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,暴磁组给予15 Hz、1 mT的正弦波电磁场刺激,PD98059+暴磁组在电磁场刺激前给予20 μmol/L ERK阻断剂PD98059,PD98059组仅给PD98059不进行电磁场刺激,对照组正常培养。电磁场刺激后,收集各组细胞,Western blot法检测ERK通路的活性,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测细胞碱性磷酸酶活性。 结果与结论：电磁场刺激后,细胞ERK1/2磷酸化水平、细胞的增殖活性、及碱性磷酸酶活性均明显升高(P < 0.01);PD98059可明显抑制ERK1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖活性的升高(P < 0.01),而在一定程度上提高细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性(P < 0.01)。说明电磁场刺激可通过激活骨髓间充质干细胞ERK信号通路,并且主要通过该途径促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;而在脉冲电磁场促进骨髓间充质干细胞分化成骨的过程中,激活ERK信号通路所起的作用较小。     

流体剪应力在骨髓基质干细胞成骨向分化中作用机制的研究进展

细胞在体内受到流体剪应力、机械应变、流体静压力等机械应力的作用,其中流体剪应力(fluid shear stress,FSS)被认为是维持骨稳态及骨改建过程中最重要的应力。目前研究多集中在FSS对骨细胞及成骨细胞的作用上,骨髓基质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)的研究相对较少。BMSCs对骨改建及治疗具有重要的意义,BMSCs对FSS的应答越来越受到关注。BMSCs对FSS的反应涉及细胞骨架、基质刚度及弹性、成骨信号等方面。总结FSS在BMSCs内的力转导机制、对其分化及功能的改变等方面的研究进展,为今后构建组织工程化骨、骨病变的治疗等研究提供思路。     

羌活鱼研粉物、水提及酸提物含药血清对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及向成骨分化的影响

背景：羌活鱼经大量的临床观察和报道有促进骨折愈合的作用,其具体的作用机制及其有效成分的研究报道尚少。 目的：分析羌活鱼研粉物、水提及酸提物含药血清对体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与成骨性分化的影响。 方法：制备羌活鱼研粉、水提物、酸提物,分别采用高、中、低剂量灌服大鼠制得羌活鱼研粉物、水提及酸提物含药血清,以灌服等体积生理盐水制得对照血清;采用贴壁筛选法培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,通过MTT法检测细胞增殖;于干预后的不同时间点分别测定细胞碱性磷酸酶活性、钙盐沉积量、成骨性分化基因表达以及钙化结节数、并比较各组间差异。 结果与结论：羌活鱼研粉物及水提物含药血清具有刺激骨髓间充质干细胞增殖活性及促进其成骨性分化的能力,其中尤其以研粉物中剂量组最为明显,而酸提物含药血清并无此功效。主要表现在细胞增殖、碱性磷酸酶活性、钙盐沉积量、成骨性分化基因和钙化结节数显著高于空白对照组(P < 0.05)。     

3种组织来源的间充质干细胞体外成骨能力的比较

目的比较成人骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)、人脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)和人胎盘间充质干细胞(P-MSCs)的成骨能力。方法用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/Ham's F-12培养液培养3种MSCs,CCK8法检测增殖能力,流式细胞仪鉴定3种细胞。碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和茜素红染色观察细胞经成骨诱导后成骨分化蛋白-ALP的分泌和矿化钙结节的沉积。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)法检测MSCs骨再生相关基因的表达。Western blot方法检测MSCs成骨再生相关基因的蛋白表达。结果 MSCs在第3天进入对数增殖期。3种细胞的表面标志物阳性率:CD44、CD90和CD105均高于98%。3种MSCs成骨诱导9 d时,3种MSCs的实验组均表达大量成骨分化蛋白-ALP,成骨诱导18 d时3种MSCs均呈现较好的矿化能力;3种MSCs成骨诱导9 d时,实验组RUNX2和ALP基因显著性高表达(P0.05),成骨诱导18 d时,实验组RUNX2和骨钙素(OCN)亦显著性高表达(P0.05);3种MSCs成骨诱导9 d时,实验组均检测到RUNX2和ALP的蛋白表达;成骨诱导18 d时,实验组细胞亦检测到RUNX2和OCN的蛋白表达。结论 UC-MSCs和P-MSCs具有良好的成骨分化能力,有望作为骨组织工程的种子细胞用于治疗骨缺损。     

骨髓间充质干细胞干预治疗骨质疏松症中的骨组织生物力学性能

目的以雷洛昔芬干预治疗骨质疏松为对照,用生物力学性能指标验证骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)干预治疗骨质疏松动物的效果。方法取6月龄雌性SD大鼠88只,随机分为骨质疏松动物模型组22只,正常对照组22只,雷洛昔芬干预组22只,骨髓间充质干细胞干预组22只。以摘除大鼠卵巢的方法建立骨质疏松动物模型。动物饲养4周后,分别以骨髓间充质干细胞和雷洛昔芬对骨质疏松动物进行干预治疗。于给药6周后检测各组大鼠血清Ca、P、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP),并取胫骨进行剪切实验,取股骨进行冲击实验,测试肱骨的骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)。结果骨髓间充质干细胞干预组肱骨BMD,血清Ca、ALP,胫骨各项剪切力学性能指标和股骨各项冲击力学性能指标大于模型组及雷洛昔芬干预组,其血清P小于模型组及雷洛昔芬干预组(P<0.05)。结论骨质疏松动物通过以骨髓间充质干细胞干预后,肱骨BMD,血清Ca、ALP,骨的强度和韧性可以得到一定恢复。     

三种高分子支架对骨髓基质细胞生长影响的研究

研究高分子复合支架聚乳酸均聚物(PLA)、聚乳酸/聚乙二醇共聚物(PLA-PEG)和聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)对骨髓基质细胞(M SC)黏附、增殖和分化的影响。分离、纯化兔骨髓基质细胞,分别和3种支架材料共培养。在不同时间段,应用细胞计数,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)定量分析,四环素荧光染色,扫描电镜,RT-PCR的方法,观察细胞在3种材料上生长,黏附和矿化沉积情况。结果表明细胞在3种支架材料上生长良好,PLGA上细胞生长的数量最多,其次是PLA-PEG、PLA,呈时间依赖性增加。3种材料上的细胞均表达ALP活性,PLA-PEG和PLGA组的ALP活性无差异,但显著高于PLA组,差异有显著性。RT-PCR反应可检测到骨钙素和纤维I型胶原在mRNA水平的表达。扫描电镜见细胞最初呈球形附着于材料上,7 d后细胞数量增加并分泌细胞外基质。两周后可见钙化结节形成,四环素荧光呈黄绿色染色。结果提示M SC细胞能较好的黏附于3种聚合物支架上,生长良好,并表达一定的成骨潜能,但PLA共聚物PLA-PEG和PLGA优于PLA均聚物,有望成为较好的构建组织工程骨的支架。     

雌激素剂量依赖性促进小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

背景：绝经后骨质疏松的发病与雌激素水平的下降关系密切。 目的：观察不同浓度雌激素对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化能力的影响,及其与微小RNA-26a的关系。 方法：取小鼠股骨与胫骨骨髓,全骨髓贴壁法获得并纯化骨髓间充质干细胞,分别以0,10-10,10-9,10-8,10-7,10-6 mol/L的雌二醇对其成骨诱导过程进行干预。 结果与结论：雌二醇对骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖能力影响不明显,但可明显提高其成骨能力;同时雌二醇可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨基因RUNX2,OCN mRNA及RUNX2,SP7蛋白的表达,以10-9 mol/L雌二醇的作用最明显,但10-9 mol/L雌二醇促进微小RNA-26a mRNA表达的能力最弱。说明雌二醇可剂量依赖性促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化,微小RNA-26a可能在此过程中发挥作用。关键词：微小RNA-26a;雌激素;骨髓间充质干细胞;成骨分化;小鼠 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.19.003     

动静态不同牵张条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖与分化

背景：在体外和体内关于细胞对于不同的机械牵张反应的大量研究表明,牵张能够刺激成骨。然而鲜有文献报道不同的牵张方式对于同种细胞的影响有何不同。 目的：比较不同机械牵张方式对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的影响。 方法：分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,应用自行研制的牵张装置对骨髓间充质干细胞分别施加动态、静态和模拟临床的混合牵张牵张刺激,分别检测3种刺激方式下骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖能力、碱性磷酸酶活性及Runx2基因的mRNA表达,并测量细胞骨钙素的分泌情况。 结果与结论：静态牵张组与对照组相比,细胞增殖能力提高18.67%,碱性磷酸酶活性、Runx2表达及骨钙素分泌无明显差异;动态牵张组相对于对照组,细胞碱性磷酸酶活性提高60.33%, Runx2表达上升49.67%,细胞外骨钙素的分泌提高了48%,然而细胞增殖则受到了抑制;混合牵张组相对于对照组,细胞增殖能力稍有上升但无统计学差异,其对碱性磷酸酶活性、Runx2表达以及骨钙素的分泌有一定的促进作用,但没有动态牵张组明显。结果提示,静态牵张能够显著刺激骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖,而动态牵张对于刺激骨髓间充质干细胞成骨向分化作用更为明显,混合牵张方式对于细胞增殖及成骨分化均有一定的促进作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙植骨材料的体外研究

目的研究兔骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙(HA/TCP)植骨材料上的黏附增殖情况。方法抽取兔股骨骨髓,进行贴壁培养BMSCs。在成骨诱导液中诱导BMSCs,于7d用钙钴法检测碱性磷酸酶活性,10d进行茜素红矿化结节染色;在成脂诱导液中诱导BMSCs,于21d进行油红O染色。将BMSCs接种到HA/TCP植骨材料上,加入成骨诱导液,采用倒置显微镜、荧光显微镜及扫描电镜检测,并采用四氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定HA/TCP植骨材料上BMSCs的增殖情况。结果BMSCs在成骨诱导液中7d碱性磷酸酶呈强阳性,10d矿化结节染色呈橘红色;在成脂诱导液中,21d油红O染色呈阳性。BMSCs在HA/TCP植骨材料上孔隙周围及孔隙内生长良好并大量增殖。MTT分析结果显示,HA/TCP对BMSCs的体外增殖无抑制作用。结论BMSCs与HA/TCP植骨材料有良好的生物相容性。     

Enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis by PCL/chitosan/Sr-doped calcium phosphate electrospun nanocomposite membrane for guided bone regeneration

Abstract

Membranes play pivotal role in guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique for reconstruction alveolar bone. GBR membrane that is able to stimulate both osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of cells may be more effective in clinic practice. Herein, we fabricated the Sr-doped calcium phosphate/polycaprolactone/chitosan (Sr-CaP/PCL/CS) nanohybrid fibrous membrane by incorporating 20?wt% bioactive Sr-CaP nanoparticles into PCL/CS matrix via one-step electrospinning method, in order to endow the membrane with stimulation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The physicochemical properties, mechanical properties, Sr²⁺ release behavior, and the membrane stimulate bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) differentiation were evaluated in comparison with PCL/CS and CaP/PCL/CS membranes. The SEM images revealed that the nanocomposite membrane mimicked the extracellular matrix structure. The release curve presented a 28-day long continuous release of Sr²⁺ and concentration which was certified in an optimal range for positive biological effects at each timepoint. The in vitro cell culture experiments certified that the Sr-CaP/PCL/CS membrane enjoyed excellent biocompatibility and remarkably promoted rat bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) adhesion and proliferation. In terms of osteogenic differentiation, BMSCs seeded on the Sr-CaP/PCL/CS membrane showed a higher ALP activity level and a better matrix mineralization. What’s more, the synergism of the Sr²⁺ and CaP from the Sr-CaP/PCL/CS membrane enhanced BMSCs angiogenic differentiation, herein resulting in the largest VEGF secretion amount. Consequently, the Sr-CaP/PCL/CS nanohybrid electrospun membrane has promising applications in GBR.     

骨髓间充质干细胞联合血管内皮祖细胞修复骨质疏松性牙槽骨缺损

BACKGROUND:Numerous studies have demonstrated that estrogen can regulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), while EPCs can also promote the function and activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the ability of the BMSCs and EPCs which construct the composite cell sheet in the repair of alveolar bone defect in ovariectomized rats. METHODS:BMSCs/EPCs composite sheet, EPCs sheet and BMSCs sheet were respectively implanted into the defects of the alveolar bone in ovariectomized rats. Rats with no implantation served as control group. Repaired alveolar bone was assessed by gross examination, histological observation and micro-CT scan at 2, 4, 8 weeks after operation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:BMSCs/EPCs composite sheet has greater osteogensis activity and bone repair capacity than BMSCs or EPCs sheet alone.     

慢病毒载体介导HIF-1α基因修饰骨髓间质干细胞促进脑缺血大鼠的神经功能恢复

目的： 探讨静脉注射低氧诱导因子（HIF-1α）修饰的骨髓间质干细胞对脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法: 利用慢病毒载体介导HIF-1α基因修饰骨髓间质干细胞,获得稳定转染HIF-1α的骨髓间质干细胞,于缺血后3 h经股静脉进行体内移植。在细胞移植后的1、7、14、28 d进行神经功能检查,使用TTC染色观察缺血体积,分别通过TUNEL和pax6、DCX抗体免疫荧光双标分析缺血侧脑组织的神经细胞凋亡及内源性神经干细胞增殖、存活情况。结果: 脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组在14 d和28 d大鼠神经功能评分显著低于缺血组 (P<0.05),神经功能得到明显改善;脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组脑梗死灶体积小于缺血组;脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组缺血侧脑组织的神经细胞凋亡在14 d和28 d明显少于缺血组 (P<0.05);细胞移植后7 d,脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组在海马区域观察到pax6/DCX细胞数量明显多于缺血组（P<0.05）。结论: 静脉注射HIF-1α修饰骨髓间质干细胞能够促进脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复;抗凋亡及激活并促进内源性神经干细胞迁移至缺血区可能是静脉注射HIF-1α修饰骨髓间质干细胞治疗脑缺血的机制。     

Culture and properties of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: characteristics in vitro and immunosuppression in vivo

Objective: To compare the two sources of adipose and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs and AMSCs) in immune regulation and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of AMSCs on Con A induced hepatitis and the possible mechanism involved in it. Methods: We isolated bone marrow and adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells respectively and compared their differences on T lymphocyte activation, proliferation and suppression. We also test the anti-apoptosis ability of AMSCs on LO2 cell line. The effects of intravenous infusion of AMSCs on liver damage were also tested and we detected donor AMSCs in liver of recipient and their effects on the activity of intrahepatic NKT cells. Results: BMSCs and AMSCs were similar in cell phenotype and the difference existed only in the expression of CD106. The results showed that the capacity of suppressing T cells proliferation and activation was weakened in AMSCs. AMSCs ameliorated liver damage and this effect was time and dose dependent. We detected donor AMSCs in liver of recipient which suggested tissue damage could be a clue for AMSCs migration. We also found AMSCs suppress the activity of intrahepatic NKT cells, but this suppress effects was not restricted in liver only, but the whole body. Conclusion: Cell origin and abundance are decisive factors in stem cells applications and with the same premise of AMSCs and BMSCs, adipose tissue is a more promising origin source of stem cells. The immunoregulatory features of MSCs might play an important role in various MSCs cellular therapies.     

超顺磁性氧化铁和DAPI双标记骨髓间充质干细胞

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞目前已经成为重要的组织工程种子细胞,而若想深入研究其在体内外增殖、分化的规律,首先需要解决如何能高效、安全地标记骨髓间充质干细胞。 目的：观察超顺磁性氧化铁及DAPI对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的双标记效果及其对细胞存活、增殖以及凋亡的影响。 方法：分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,用超顺磁性氧化铁及DAPI双标记后分别用普鲁士蓝染色法和激光共聚焦显微镜观察其铁标记率及荧光标记率。用锥虫蓝检测细胞活力;MTT法检测标记干细胞增殖力;Calcein-AM/PI以及AO/PI双染细胞,检测细胞存活率以及凋亡率。 结果与结论：超顺磁性氧化铁及DAPI在体外双标记大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞效率高,可达100%;锥虫蓝染色显示标记细胞的存活率为97%;MTT法检测发现双标记干细胞组的活力以及增殖力与未标记干细胞组相比差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);Calcein-AM/PI染色,未标记细胞及双标记细胞的存活率分别为96%和95%;AO/PI染色,未标记及双标记细胞的凋亡率均为1%。提示超顺磁性氧化铁和DAPI双标记大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞后,对于干细胞的存活、增殖以及凋亡无影响。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化过程中miR130α的表达

目的诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化,初步探索miR130a在骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化过程中的调控作用。方法体外TGF-β1诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化,免疫荧光法和免疫组化染色鉴定Ⅱ型胶原,阿辛兰染色鉴定氨基葡聚糖。用Real-time PCR法检测细胞miR130a的表达。结果骨髓间充质干细胞在TGF-β1诱导下可分化为软骨细胞。培养7 d后,诱导培养组细胞miR130a表达的水平显著低于培养前的水平(P<0.05)。结论骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导可以分化为软骨细胞,在向软骨细胞分化的早期,miR130a表达降低伴随着软骨细胞的分化,提示与软骨形成的过程有关。     

Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2 increases the multipotentiality of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), first identified in the bone marrow, have subsequently been found in many other tissues, including fat, cartilage, muscle, and bone. Adipose tissue has been identified as an alternative to bone marrow as a source for the isolation of MSCs, as it is neither limited in volume nor as invasive in the harvesting. This study compares the multipotentiality of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with that of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) from 12 age- and sex-matched donors. Phenotypically, the cells are very similar, with only three surface markers, CD106, CD146, and HLA-ABC, differentially expressed in the BMSCs. Although colony-forming units-fibroblastic numbers in BMSCs were higher than in AMSCs, the expression of multiple stem cell-related genes, like that of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), the Wnt pathway effectors FRAT1 and frizzled 1, and other self-renewal markers, was greater in AMSCs. Furthermore, AMSCs displayed enhanced osteogenic and adipogenic potential, whereas BMSCs formed chondrocytes more readily than AMSCs. However, by removing the effects of proliferation from the experiment, AMSCs no longer out-performed BMSCs in their ability to undergo osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Inhibition of the FGF2/fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 signaling pathway demonstrated that FGF2 is required for the proliferation of both AMSCs and BMSCs, yet blocking FGF2 signaling had no direct effect on osteogenic differentiation. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.