成人家庭肠外营养患者PICC导管相关血流感染发病率的Meta分析

 目的 比较成人家庭肠外营养(HPN)患者经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)与中心静脉导管(CVC)的导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)发病率,为HPN患者选择合适的静脉血管通路装置提供证据支持。方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、JBI图书馆、Pubmed、Embase、Ovid、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库、万方及中国知网建库至2019年3月关于HPN患者CRBSI发病率的研究,应用Stata 13.0进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入9篇队列研究文献,1 407例患者。Meta分析结果显示,使用PICC的HPN患者CRBSI发病率低于CVC (12.14% VS 37.18%,RR=0.42,95%CI:0.34~0.52)。有6篇文献报道CRBSI日发病率,结果显示PICC的CRBSI发病率低于CVC(12.97% VS 37.21%,RR=0.37,95%CI:0.23~0.60)。亚组分析结果显示,不同PICC置管方式组(超声引导、X线检查、未报道组)、报道CRBSI的诊断方法组、不同血管导管使用日数组(报道和未报道组)、报道感染菌群种类组PICC患者CRBSI发病率均低于CVC患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 与CVC相比,成人HPN患者选择PICC进行治疗时CRBSI的发生风险较低。     

Complications and cost associated with parenteral nutrition delivered to hospitalized patients through either subclavian or peripherally-inserted central catheters

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is typically delivered through catheters inserted into the superior vena cava (SVC) via a subclavian or internal jugular vein approach. A peripherally-inserted central venous catheter (PICC), utilizing a cephalic or basilic venous approach, may provide a safe alternative to the standard catheter approach and, because non-physician providers can insert the PICC, may introduce a potential cost-savings to health care institutions. We sought to determine if PICC lines are safer and more cost-effective than the standard central venous catheter approach for hospitalized patients who require TPN. METHODS: One hundred and two hospitalized patients (age range, 18-88 years) who required TPN were prospectively randomized to receive therapy via a centrally-inserted subclavian catheter (n=51) or a peripherally-inserted PICC line (n=51). The primary end-point was the development of a complication requiring catheter removal. Other end-points included catheter infection and thrombophlebitis. Cost associated with insertion and maintenance of each catheter was also studied. RESULTS: Complication-free delivery rate (without the need to remove or replace the catheter) was 67% for subclavian catheters and 46% for PICC lines (P<0.05). The overall infection rate was 4.9 per 1000 catheter days and was similar for each catheter type (P=0.68). PICC lines were associated with higher rates of clinically-evident thrombophlebitis (P<0.01), difficult insertion attempts (P<0.05), and malposition on insertion (P<0.05). No catheter complications resulted in significant long-term morbity or mortality. No significant difference was noted between the two catheter types in terms of aborted insertion attempts (P=0.18), dislodgement (P=0.12), or line occlusion (P=0.25). After standardizing costs for each hospital, the direct institutional costs for insertion and maintenance of PICC lines (US$22.32+/-2.74 per day) was greater than that for subclavian lines (US$16.20+/-2.96 per day;P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PICC catheters have higher thrombophlebitis rates and are more difficult to insert into certain patients when compared to the standard subclavian approach for central venous access in hospitalized patients who require TPN. Because of this, PICCs may be less cost-effective than currently believed because of the difficulty in inserting and maintaining the catheter.     

植入式静脉输液港与经外周静脉穿刺的中心静脉导管在乳腺癌患者中的应用效果

目的 比较植入式静脉输液港(IVAP)与经外周静脉穿刺的中心静脉导管(PICC)在乳腺癌患者中的应用效果.方法 选取2018年10月至2020年4月于医院进行化疗的乳腺癌患者60例作为研究对象,随机分为两组,各30例.观察组留置IVAP,对照组留置PICC,比较两组一次置管成功率、意外拔管率、留置时间及并发症发生率.结...     

The peripherally inserted central catheter: what are the current indications for its use?

The use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) has dramatically increased since first being used for IV therapy in the 1980s. Currently, sales of PICCs are second only to acute care central venous catheters and exceed all other types of long-term venous access devices. The use of PICCs has also increased dramatically in the home care setting. A number of studies have examined the incidence of PICC complications in comparison to other central venous access devices. Although complications differ, most reports have concluded that the type and rate of PICC complications compare favorably with other access devices in the short-term; however, dwell times beyond a few weeks have been associated with decreased complication-free days and lower device survivability rates. The PICC seems to be most appropriate for acute care or short-term home care use and may not be the ideal central venous access device when the need for long-term access is anticipated.     

对比两种中心静脉导管的临床应用

目的 对比两种中心静脉导管的置管方法特点及并发症。方法 按时间先后用美国BD公司生产的一次性“经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管”（Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter,简称PICC）或美国Arrow公司生产的双腔或单腔中心静脉导管。观察30天,共80例病人（n=40:40),甲组应用双腔中心锁骨下静脉穿刺至上腔静脉置管,乙组应用PICC导管行经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管。结果 置管成功率：PICC导管置管成功39例占97．5％;锁骨下静脉穿刺成功40例（100％）。导管骨下静脉穿刺导管有1例气胸并发症占2．5％。导管异位,PICC导管有2例占5％;锁骨下天然脉穿刺导管有1例占2．5％。静脉炎发生率,PICC导管有2例占5％;锁骨下静脉穿刺导管无一例静脉炎发生。结论 PICC导管穿刺无风险,部分治疗可取代锁骨下静脉穿刺导管;是抢救危重病人有用的通道。     

Catheter‐Related Complications in Cancer Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Although home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is often indicated in cancer patients, many physicians are concerned about the risks potentially associated with the use of central venous access devices (VADs) in these patients. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the actual incidence of VAD‐related complications in cancer patients on HPN. Methods: All adult cancer patient candidates for VAD insertion and HPN were enrolled. The incidence of complications associated with 4 types of VADs (peripherally inserted central catheter [PICC], Hohn catheter, tunneled Groshong catheter, and port) was investigated, as well as the most significant risk factors. Results: Two hundred eighty‐nine VADs in 254 patients were studied, for a total of 51,308 catheter‐days. The incidence of catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) was low (0.35/1000 catheter‐days), particularly for PICCs (0/1000; P < .01 vs Hohn and tunneled catheters) and for ports (0.19/1000; P < .01 vs Hohn and P < .05 vs tunneled catheters). Mechanical complications were uncommon (0.8/1000), as was VAD‐related venous thrombosis (0.06/1000). Ultrasound‐guided venipuncture was associated with a decreased risk of CRBSI (P < .04) and thrombosis (P < .001). VAD securement using sutureless devices reduced the risk of CRBSI and dislocation (P < .001). Hohn catheters had no advantage over PICCs (higher complication rate and shorter dwell time; P < .001). Conclusions: In cancer patients, HPN can be safely carried out with a low incidence of complications. Also, VADs are not equal in terms of complication rates, and strict adherence to meticulous insertion policies may effectively reduce catheter‐related complications.     

Evaluation of 6 years use of sodium hydroxide solution to clear partially occluded central venous catheters

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Central venous catheter occlusion is a frequently occurring complication during home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) administration to clear an occluded central venous catheter especially in HPN. METHOD: Retrospective study to the use of NaOH in partially occluded central venous catheters. About 45 patients with HPN treated in the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC) were included in this study between January 1997 and April 2003. Excluded from the study were patients under the age of 18 at the start of HPN and/or patients who use parenteral nutrition for less than 3 months. Partial catheter occlusion was defined as a spontaneous flow less than 60 drops/min. RESULTS: In total, 130 occlusions were registered in 29 HPN patients. The other 16 HPN patients did not report any occlusion. The incidence of occlusions in fat containing total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was 1 occlusion in 167 feeding days. TPN without fat showed only one occlusion (incidence 1 in 7126 feeding days). The use of a lipid emulsion proved an important risk factor for catheter occlusion in this study (P<0.05, RR=43). Ninety-five central venous catheter occlusions were treated with NaOH 0.1M. The remaining occlusions were total or mechanical occlusions making NaOH treatment impossible. In 73 out of 95 partial occlusions treatment with NaOH was effective (P<0.05). Using NaOH extended the use of 32 catheters (range 7-1592 days, mean 328). Twenty-one out of 32 catheters could be used for more than 3 months after using NaOH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that perfusion of a partial occluded central venous catheter (defined as 25-60 drops/min) used for parenteral nutrition with 0.1N NaOH is safe and shows a significant long term improvement in catheter care, by preventing total occlusion and operative removal.     

Peripherally inserted central catheters for parenteral nutrition: a comparison with centrally inserted catheters

BACKGROUND: Central venous access is crucial for the provision of adequate parenteral nutrition (PN). The type of central venous access device (CVAD) has evolved over the past 10 years. The most recent trend has been to use peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). This development has occurred without controlled clinical trials. METHODS: Over a 10-year period, the nutrition support service at a single institution has prospectively collected data on CVADs used for providing PN. The types of CVAD used for providing PN were analyzed, and the major complications associated with CVADs, thrombosis and line sepsis, were compared over three different time periods: 1988-1989; 1992-1993; 1996-1997. In addition, complications associated with PICCs were compared with other CVADs. RESULTS: The following were the dominant CVADs over each of the three time periods: 1988-1989: tunneled catheters, 80%; 1992-1993: nontunneled catheters, 46%; and 1996-1997: PICCs, 48%. There was a decreased incidence of sepsis and pneumothorax in 1996-1997 and an increase in severed or leaking catheters and phlebitis. In a comparison of PICC and non-PICC catheters over the past 3 years, there was a trend toward decreasing sepsis with PICC catheters but an increase in malposition, inadvertent removal, and severed or leaking catheters. CONCLUSIONS: PICCs have replaced tunneled and nontunneled central catheters as the most commonly used CVAD for providing PN. PICCs do not result in increased line sepsis or thrombosis but have an increased incidence of local complications such as leaking catheters, phlebitis, and malposition.     

血栓弹力图在预防肺癌患者PICC相关性静脉血栓中的应用

目的 探讨血栓弹力图在预防肺癌患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（peripherally inserted centralcatheters,PICC）相关性静脉血栓中的作用。方法 将264例肺癌患者按随机数字表法分为干预组和对照组各132例。干预组患者分别于PICC置管前1 d、置管后4周内每周检测1次血栓弹力图（thromboelastography,TEG）,血液高凝者行抗凝治疗。对照组患者按常规PICC置管,并于置管前1 d、静脉血栓形成后行TEG检测。2组患者均于PICC置管后4周内每周行血管超声检测1次,比较2组PICC相关性静脉血栓发生率、观察血液高凝状态者抗凝治疗前后TEG参数变化及静脉血栓者血栓形成前后TEG参数变化。结果 67例置管后血液高凝状态者行抗凝治疗后,TEG各参数与治疗前比较,均P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义;干预组PICC相关性静脉血栓发生率为0.76%、对照组为19.70%,2组相关性静脉血栓比较,χ2 = 25.791,P＜0.01,差异有统计学意义。26例静脉血栓形成者TEG参数与PICC置管前比较,均P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论 采用TEG预测肺癌PICC患者静脉血栓,并建立个体化的抗凝治疗,可有效预防PICC相关性静脉血栓的形成,保证PICC临床应用安全。     

Catheter-associated bloodstream infection incidence and risk factors in adults with cancer: a prospective cohort study

Central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CABSIs) cause considerable morbidity in patients with cancer. We determined the incidence and risk factors for CABSI by performing a prospective observational cohort study of all adult patients requiring a central venous access device (CVAD) in a haematology-oncology unit. All CVADs were inserted under ultrasound guidance by trained operators in a dedicated interventional radiology facility. A total of 1127 CVADs were assessed in 727 patients over 51,514 line-days. The rate of CABSI per 1000 line-days was 2.50. Factors associated with CABSI included: type of CVAD, greatest for non-tunnelled lines [hazard ratio (HR): 3.50; P < 0.0001] and tunnelled lines (HR: 1.77; P = 0.011) compared to peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) lines; patient diagnosis, greatest for aggressive haematological malignancies (HR: 3.17; P = 0.0007) and least for oesophageal, colon and rectal cancers (HR: 0.29; P = 0.019) compared to other solid tumours; side of insertion, greatest for right-sided lines (HR: 1.60; P = 0.027); and number of prior line insertions (HR: 1.20; P = 0.022). In patients with aggressive haematological malignancies there was significantly more CABSI with non-tunnelled lines (HR: 3.9; P < 0.001) and a trend to more CABSI with tunnelled lines (HR: 1.43; P = 0.12) compared to patients with PICC lines, as well as increased CABSI for right-sided insertions (HR: 1.62; P = 0.047). This study highlights the utility of a standardised CABSI surveillance strategy in adult patients with cancer, provides further data to support the use of PICC lines in such patient populations, and suggests that the side of line insertion may influence risk of CABSI.     

Use of ethanol lock therapy to reduce the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections in home parenteral nutrition patients

BACKGROUND: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a serious complication for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients. To reduce the incidence of infection in frequently infected HPN patients, prophylactic ethanol lock therapy (ELT) was initiated. METHODS: Nine patients were selected as candidates for ELT because of their history of recurrent CRBSI. Diagnosis of CRBSI was determined by symptoms correlating with positive peripheral and access device blood cultures. Medical-grade ethyl alcohol 25%-70% was instilled into the central venous access device and allowed to dwell for 2-4 hours. The incidence of CRBSI and catheter changes was compared before and after initiation of ELT. RESULTS: Nine patients experienced 81 CRBSIs (8.3 per 1,000 catheter-days) before starting ELT vs 9 infections (2.7 per 1,000 catheter-days: relative risk [RR], 0.325; confidence interval [CI] 95%, 0.17-0.64) after ELT. Catheter changes were also reduced from 69 (7.0 per 1000 days) before ELT to 1 (0.3 per 1,000 days: RR, 0.043; CI 95%, 0.01-0.25) after ELT. No significant adverse effects were noted, although some patients complained of transient dizziness and nausea. CONCLUSIONS: ELT shows promise in reducing the incidence of CRBSI in the frequently infected HPN population. Further studies are warranted.     

肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素及预防对策

目的探讨肿瘤患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)的导管相关性感染(CRI)危险因素及预防对策。方法回顾性分析340例PICC患者临床资料,比较CRI组与无CRI感染组患者在性别、年龄、病程、应用化疗、高营养药物、激素、基础疾病、操作人员经验、插管部位、导管留置时间等方面的差异。结果 CRI发生率为11.76%,单因素检验8个变量与CRI相关,logistic回归分析筛选出独立危险因素,依次为操作经验少、高营养、化疗药物应用、导管留置时间长、高龄。结论 PICC合并CRI的发生率较高,通过提高穿刺技巧和成功率、应用高营养、化疗药物需严格无菌操作及时冲管、缩短导管留置时间、提高机体免疫力,减少CRI发生。     

肿瘤患者PICC导管相关血流感染危险因素的logistic回归分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管导管相关血流感染(PICC-CRBSI)的危险因素。方法选取2015年2月—2017年2月荆州市某三级甲等医院中心静脉置管登记数据库中能获取完整资料的PICC患者。将48例确诊为PICC-CRBSI的肿瘤患者作为研究对象,1∶1配对进行病例对照研究,通过条件logistic回归分析,筛选主要危险因素。结果共有PICC置管患者1 357例,纳入698例,发生PICC-CRBSI 48例,发病率为6.88%;PICC总插管日数为13 953 d,每千导管日发病率为3.44‰。穿刺次数≥3次(OR=2.05)、X线胸片定位(OR=4.23)、未按时维护(OR=2.17)是PICC-CRBSI发生的独立危险因素。结论 PICC-CRBSI与穿刺次数、定位方法、维护频率等因素有关,针对PICC置管患者减少穿刺次数、置管过程中采用心电图(EKG)定位、按时维护可减少PICC-CRBSI的发生。     

Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infection in Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients

Background: Tunneled, cuffed, central venous catheters, including Hickman catheters and peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs), are the most commonly used venous access for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) therapy. Catheter‐related bloodstream infection is the most prevalent and severe complication. This study investigated whether environmental risk factors, including smoking, catheter management by a home care nurse, colectomy with stoma, number of infusion days per week, and C‐reactive protein at catheter insertion day, influenced the time to first catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Materials and Methods: In this 6‐year (2008–2014) observational cohort study, adult patients with intestinal failure receiving HPN through either Hickman catheters or PICCs were included. Data were obtained by reviewing medical records, and the environmental risk factors were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: A total of 295 catheters (Hickman catheters: n = 169 and PICCs: n = 126) inserted into 136 patients were registered. Using the PICCs, 1 additional infusion day per week showed to significantly decrease the time to first CRBSI by a factor of 2.47. Hickman catheters managed by a home care nurse had a significantly increased mean (SD) incidence of CRBSI of 1.45 (0.68) per 1000 catheter days. Hickman catheters not managed by a home care nurse had a mean (SD) incidence of 0.56 (0.24). Conclusion: Using the PICC, 1 additional infusion day per week decreased the time to first CRBSI, while having the Hickman catheter managed by a home care nurse increased the mean CRBSI incidence. No other risk factors were found.     

Le cathéter veineux central à insertion périphérique en nutrition parentérale à domicile chez l’adulte

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is a new device in France, at least for home parenteral nutrition (HPN). As a central intravenous line entering the organism via a peripheral vein of the arm, it offers some advantages on classic tunneled catheter: mainly reduced risk of mechanical or anatomical complications during insertion. Infection rate is identical but thrombosis risk is higher. PICC is appropriate for short or medium duration HPN (less 6 months), particularly in case of contra-indication to large vein puncture.     

Role of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has become a common therapy, with tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) being preferred for its administration. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are not currently recommended for long‐term HPN, although evidence to support this statement is scarce. The authors aimed to evaluate the outcomes of HPN, focusing on CVC‐related complications. Materials and Methods: All patients attended at the authors’ center for HPN from 2007–2011 were prospectively included. HPN composition aimed at 20–35 kcal/kg/d, 3–6 g/kg/d of glucose, 1.0 g/kg/d of amino acids, and <1 g/kg/d of lipids. HPN was infused in an intermittent schedule, mostly at night. Catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) were confirmed with positive semi‐quantitative or quantitative culture of the catheter or simultaneous differential blood cultures drawn through the CVC and peripheral vein. Results: Seventy‐two patients received HPN, with 79 implanted CVCs (48 PICCs, 10 Hickman, and 21 ports). Mean catheter‐days were 129.1 for PICCs, 98.5 for Hickman, and 67.7 for ports (P = .685). When analyzing CRBSIs, ports had 44, Hickman had 20, and PICC had 0 episodes per 1000 catheter‐days (P = .078). Only PICCs showed less incidence of CRBSIs vs ports (P = .043). Multivariate logistic regression, correcting by catheter‐days, patients’ age and sex, underlying disease, and type of catheter, showed that only catheter‐days (P = .031) was a predictor for CRBSIs (P = .007, Nagelkerke R= = 0.246). Conclusion: PICCs are similar in terms of catheter‐related complications to other CVCs for the administration of HPN, especially for oncology patients with HPN lasting <6 months.     

Psychosocial complaints are associated with venous access-device related complications in patients on home parenteral nutrition

Background: Complications related to venous access devices (VADs) remain the major drawback of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) support. In addition to technical issues, patients also experience psychosocial problems. The aim of this study is to present an overview of VAD‐related complications in patients on long‐term HPN and to assess whether these adversities are related to experienced psychosocial problems and quality of life (QOL). Methods: Information on VAD‐related complications was collected from the medical charts of 110 adult HPN patients who were followed by the 2 major referral centers in the Netherlands. In addition, a survey was conducted in this group to characterize psychosocial problems and assess their association with technique‐related complications; 75 patients (68%) responded. Results: At the time of survey, the majority of patients (76%) had developed 1 or more episodes of catheter‐related sepsis at some point during their HPN treatment. The overall incidence of VAD‐related blood stream infections (BSIs) was 3 per 1,000 venous access days. The incidence of VAD occlusions was 0.8 per 1,000 venous access days. During the observation period, there was a highly significant association between the incidence of VAD‐related complications and the occurrence of psychosocial complaints (eg, depression, fatigue, social impairment, and decreased QOL). Conclusions: Psychosocial complaints are associated with previously experienced VAD‐related complications in patients on HPN therapy. Although only an association, and not a causal relationship is demonstrated by these findings, our results underscore the need for preventive and therapeutic measures regarding both types of problems in these patients.     

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Bloodstream Infections in a Home Parenteral Nutrition Program

Background: An increasing number of patients with intestinal failure are receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Associated complications include bloodstream infections (BSIs), but data on rates and risk factors for HPN‐related BSIs are scarce. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of patients enrolled in the regional HPN program between 2001 and 2008. Demographic information and data on indication for HPN, duration of PN therapy, type and date of insertion of central venous access device, and blood culture results were recorded. Results: In total, 155 patients (165 courses of HPN) were included for a total of 45,876 catheter days. The mean patient age was 49 years, and 105 (64%) patients were female. A total of 105 organisms were cultured from 93 distinct episodes of BSIs. The rate of BSI was found to be 2.0 per 1000 catheter days, but excluding BSIs with a single positive culture of coagulase‐negative staphylococcus and diphtheroid bacilli, the rate of infection was 1.4 per 1000 catheter days. Male sex and underlying malignancy were significant predictors of BSI, with hazard ratios of 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.60; P = .009) and 2.38 (95% CI, 1.53–3.50; P < .001). Conclusion: In a large heterogeneous group of HPN patients, the BSI rate ranged between 1.4 and 2.0 infections per 1000 catheter days. Isolated organisms were similar to those found in hospitalized patients. Male sex and underlying malignancy were significant risk factors for BSI. These high‐risk patients are likely to benefit from interventions aimed at reducing BSIs.     

中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素调查分析

目的通过对中心静脉导管相关性感染的调查分析,探讨中心静脉导管相关性感染的防治。方法分析2007年1月-2008年12月临床31例中心静脉导管感染病例。结果 31例置管感染患者置管时间最短7 d,最长58 d,平均置管时间23.38 d;感染发生>7 d者29例,占93.55%,其中>2周的22例,占70.97%;20例感染前全身性使用抗菌药物,占64.52%;感染与导管留置时间、置管部位等相关,危重、老年患者是导管相关性感染的易感人群。结论减少导管留置时间,长期留置导管患者需加强导管的监测与管理。