Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of chronic adenoid disease in children

Bacterial cultures from nasopharyngeal swabs of children after adenoidectomy and from the removed adenoid tissue in the same patient group were compared. At the same time, the colony-forming unit, as a measure of viable bacterial cells and the composition of isolated bacteria were also determined in the case of adenoid tissue. Our findings showed that the culture results of nasopharyngeal swabs and inner part of the adenoid tissue are in close correlation. Polymicrobial aerobic-anaerobic flora was present in all instances. The predominant aerobic isolates in all two groups were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Anaerobic bacteria most commonly recovered in the adenoid were Peptostreptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., and Fusobacterium spp.     

腺样体肥大儿童合并慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的临床调查及相关性分析

目的了解腺样体肥大儿童合并慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的情况,计算腺样体肥大儿童中慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发生率,并分析腺样体肥大与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的相关性。方法调查128例确诊为腺样体肥大儿童,详细了解其临床表现及治疗现状,收集相关数据并对数据进行统计学分析。结果128例腺样体肥大儿童,年龄3~16岁,平均(8.1±3.5)岁,其中男85例,女43例。并发慢性鼻-鼻窦炎54例(42.2%,54/128),年龄3~16岁,平均(8.4±3.9)岁,各鼻窦受累情况为上颌窦54例,前组筛窦24例,后组筛窦8例,额窦14例,蝶窦6例。54例儿童腺样体肥大程度与鼻-鼻窦炎Lund-Mackay CT评分的秩相关系数为0.485。结论腺样体肥大儿童合并慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发生率为42.2%,腺样体肥大堵塞鼻咽部并影响鼻腔正常引流是慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发病机制之一,对于儿童慢性鼻-鼻窦炎合并腺样体肥大者,优先考虑行腺样体切除手术治疗。     

Relation of mean platelet volume with obstructive adenoid hypertrophy in children

Objective

Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common etiology of chronic upper airway obstruction. Upper respiratory tract obstruction may cause chronic alveolar hypoventilation and pulmonary vasoconstriction. In one previous study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), it has been claimed that mean platelet volume (MPV), an indicator of platelet activation is increased and that MPV has an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in our study if MPV can be used as an indicator of obstruction due to adenoid hypertrophy.

Methods

Our study includes 61 children that underwent adenoidectomy with a mean age of 7.12 (±2.373). White blood cell, platelet count, MPV, platelet crit and platelet distribution width levels were measured before and 3 months after adenoidectomy. Children’s symptoms for upper airway obstruction (UAO) (presence of snoring, mouth breathing or difficulty in breathing during sleep, obstructive breathing or apnea during sleep) were questioned in the preoperative and postoperative period by a standardized questionnaire.

Results

There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean values of MPV, hemoglobin, platelet count (p > 0.05). White blood cell levels were significantly higher in the preoperative period values compared with postoperative period values (p < 0.05). Preoperative UAO scores were significantly higher than the postoperative UAO scores. After stratification of the degree of obstruction (as mild, moderate and severe) there was no significant difference in between groups in terms of MPV values.

Conclusion

There was no significant relation between MPV levels and obstructive adenoid hypertrophy.     

Identification of adenoid biofilms with middle ear pathogens in otitis-prone children utilizing SEM and FISH

Objectives

Biofilms have been implicated in the development of several chronic infections. We sought to demonstrate middle ear pathogens in adenoid biofilms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Methods

Comparative micro-anatomic investigation of adenoid mucosa using SEM and FISH with confocal scanning laser microscopic (CLSM) imaging from patients with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM).

Results

All otitis-prone children demonstrated biofilm surface area presence greater than 85% by SEM. FISH accompanied by CLSM imaging also demonstrated patchy biofilms All biofilms contained middle ear pathogens and were frequent in polymicrobial distributions: 4 of 6, 4 of 6 and 3 of 6 samples contained Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively.

Conclusions

Dense adenoid biofilms may act as a reservoir for reinfection of the tubotympanum. Aspiration of planktonic middle ear pathogens existing in resistant adenoid biofilms during a viral upper respiratory tract infection may be an important event in the development of RAOM.     

Diagnostic accuracy of the nasal obstruction index in detecting adenoid hypertrophy in children without allergy

Objective

We have previously compared the capacity of the nasal obstruction index (NOI) and nasal fiberoptic endoscopy (NFE) to detect adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children and found no agreement between them. However, the prevalence of false positive results was significantly higher in children with allergic rhinitis (AR), thus suggesting that AR may be a possible causative factor. The aim of this study was to verify the diagnostic accuracy of the NOI in detecting AH by comparing NOI scores with NFE findings in a selected series of non-allergic children affected by nasal obstruction.

Methods

This prospective study was carried out at the Outpatient Clinics of the Departments of Specialist Surgical Sciences and Maternal and Pediatric Sciences of the University of Milan, Italy, and involved 154 non-allergic children aged 3-12 years in whom otological diseases and/or perceived nasal obstruction led to the suspicion of adenoid obstruction. The diagnostic accuracy of NOI was tested at all of the thresholds obtained by combining all of the cut-off points of NFE and NOI.

Results

Sixty-two percent of the children had otological diseases. The choanal opening was completely blocked by the adenoids in 40% of the children, whereas NOI indicated severe clinical obstruction in only 16%. The analysis of diagnostic accuracy showed that sensitivity and specificity were respectively 17-96% and 15-91% depending on the threshold, with no simultaneously acceptable sensitivity and specificity values at any threshold and AUC values of ≤0.7 at all thresholds.

Conclusions

In comparison with NFE, the NOI seems to be inaccurate in detecting AH in non-allergic children with nasal obstruction.     

鼻内镜手术联合鼻用糖皮质激素治疗腺样体肥大性

目的 探讨鼻用糖皮质激素辅助鼻内镜下腺样体切除术治疗腺样体肥大性小儿鼾症的临床效果及安全性。 方法 选取腺样体肥大性小儿鼾症患者98例为研究对象,采用随机平行对照法将其分为2个组各49例。对照组给予鼻内镜下腺样体切除术,以及口服头孢克洛颗粒、雾化吸入地塞米松等常规治疗。观察组在对照组基础上给予鼻用糖皮质激素喷鼻。比较两组治疗有效率、不良反应发生率、治疗前后鼻咽侧位片A/N值、呼吸暂停低通气指数、睡眠质量、免疫与炎症因子水平的差异。 结果 观察组总有效率为89.80%(44/49),对照组为73.47%(36/49),观察组显著高于对照组(χ2=4.356, P=0.037)。观察组出现鼻出血1例,鼻前庭干燥感1例,发生率为4.08%,对照组未见鼻出血及鼻前庭干燥感发生,两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前,两组鼻咽侧位片A/N值、呼吸暂停低通气指数及睡眠质量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组鼻咽侧位片A/N值、呼吸暂停低通气指数及睡眠质量均改善,且组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组IgE、LTE4、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,两组IgE、LTE4、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8均降低,且组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 对腺样体肥大性小儿鼾症患者,给予鼻用糖皮质激素辅助鼻内镜腺样体切除术治疗能够通过抑制炎症因子释放,改善打鼾、鼻塞等临床症状,且风险较小,患儿睡眠质量较高,值得推广应用。     

电子鼻咽喉镜在小儿腺样体肥大诊治中的应用

目的 探讨电子鼻咽喉镜在小儿腺样体肥大诊治中的应用。方法 对578例具有上气道阻塞症状的患儿（病例组）采用电子鼻咽喉镜检查，分析腺样体增大程度与上气道阻塞的关系及其可行性。结果 ①本组病例中，411例能主动配合，119例稍有哭闹，仅48例是在协助固定体位下进行。②14例因鼻中隔偏曲导致一侧后鼻孔和鼻咽部无法检查，5例因双侧鼻腔狭窄无法检查，其余559例均可检查。③559例均有不同程度的腺样体增大。④29例在检查中出现鼻黏膜少量出血，未引发其他并发症。结论 电子鼻咽喉镜检查适合于小儿，该法直观、准确、安全，是判断小儿腺样体肥大最有效、最直观的检查方法。Ⅳ°腺样体是小儿上气道阻塞的主要病因，是手术治疗的适应证。     

纤维鼻咽镜检查在评价儿童腺样体肥大中的价值

目的：探讨纤维鼻咽镜检查在评价腺样体肥大中的价值。方法：随机选取门诊就诊打鼾患儿130例及无打鼾患儿30例,采用纤维鼻咽镜检查鼻腔及鼻咽部,同时行X线头颅侧位片检查,并记录检查结果。结果：腺样体大小与打鼾程度呈负相关关系（P〈0．01）,较大的腺样体其持续型打鼾的发生率明显高于间断型和缺如型（均P〈0．01）;腺样体大小与A／N比率呈正相关关系（P〈0．01）,较大的腺样体其病理性肥大的发生率明显高于中度肥大和正常大小者（均P〈0．01）。结论：纤维鼻咽镜与X线头颅侧位片评价腺样体大小有高度的一致性,应用纤维鼻咽镜检查患儿鼻腔和鼻咽部,在诊断腺样体肥大及选择腺样体切除术时有重要的临床价值。     

An analysis of the incidence of adenoid hypertrophy in allergic children

INTRODUCTION: The adenoidectomy is the most often made operation in small children but the reasons of adenoid hypertrophy are not completely explained. Some researches show that in part of children, allergy can be a risk factor for adenoid hypertrophy. The main aim of this study was the analysis of adenoid hypertrophy in children with different allergic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two separate groups of children were examined. The study group consisted of 436 children between 4 and 9 years old with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma and/or atopic dermatitis hypersensitive to house dust mites (interview, positive skin-prick test results). The control group consisted of 229 non-atopic children (negative interview and skin-prick tests) in the similar age. In the both groups we examined the incidence of adenoid hypertrophy and its dependence of the kind of allergic disease, age, sex, infections, results of skin-prick test and other sensitization. RESULTS: The probability of adenoid hypertrophy was statistically more significant (logistic regression analysis) only in children from the study group with allergic rhinitis. There were no differences in adenoid hypertrophy incidence between children with other allergic diseases and the control group. The children from the study group with adenoid hypertrophy were more often hypersensitive to pollen and moulds allergens than the children without adenoid hypertrophy (chi square test). But there were no differences in the incidence of infection, age, sex and results of skin-prick tests. CONCLUSION: The result of our study suggests that the chance of adenoid hypertrophy in allergic children hypersensitive to dust mites is greater only in them with allergic rhinitis.     

Sensitivity and specificity of nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy in the diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy in children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy as a diagnostic test of adenoid hypertrophy in children with nasal obstruction. METHODS: One hundred and thirty consecutive children aged 2-12 years were examined from May to October 2005. A questionnaire answered by parents or guardians was used to obtain a symptom score. Adenoid size was measured on radiographs of the nasal cavity using the Cohen and Konak method, and by nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy using the Wornald and Prescott classification. The criterion standard was the adenoid size demonstrated on radiograph. RESULTS: The sensitivity of nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy was 92% (95% CI, 0.90-0.93), and specificity, 71% (95% CI, 0.70-0.72). The area under the ROC curve was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.90) at a p<0.001 level of significance. Kappa values were 0.94 (p<0.001) for interobserver agreement, 0.95 (p<0.001) for intraobserver agreement, and 0.54 (p<0.001) for agreement between tests. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that nasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy is a highly accurate diagnostic method. This examination can be performed easily in cooperative children; it is safe, objective and dynamic, and helps to establish diagnoses in difficult cases.     

Effect of adenoid hypertrophy on the voice and laryngeal mucosa in children

Introduction

The adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphatic tissue localized at the mucous layer of the roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx.Dysphonia defined as perceptual audible change of a patient's habitual voice as self judged or judged by his or her listeners.The diagnosis of dysphonia relies on clinical judgment based on phoniatric symptoms, auditory perceptual assessment of voice (APA) and full laryngeal examination.

Patients and methods

Our study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adenoid hypertrophy on voice and laryngeal mucosa. The study sample composed of sixty children, forty of them had adenoid hypertrophy (patient's group) and twenty healthy children (control group). Patient's group composed of 17 boys (42.5%) and 23 girls (57.5%), while control group consists of 8 males (40%) and 12 females (60%). All patients and control group subjected to history taking, clinical examination, lateral soft tissue X-ray on the nasopharynx, APA based on the modified GRBAS scale and full laryngeal examination. The data are collected and analyzed statistically by using software SPSS.

Results

Our results showed that there is a significant association between adenoid hypertrophy and, degree of dysphonia, leaky voice, pitch of voice and laryngeal lesion.Adenoid hypertrophy did not associate with loudness of voice, as well as character (irregular, breathy and strained). Laryngeal lesions were detected in thirteen children from patient group (32.5%): nodules (n = 6), thickening (n = 5), congestion (n = 2), while one child only out of 20 children of the control group had congestion (5.0%).

Conclusion

Our results showed the importance of the assessment of voice and laryngeal examination in patients with adenoid hypertrophy, also treating the minimal mucosal lesions that results from adenoid hypertrophy should be taken in consideration.     

内镜手术治疗腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎

目的：探讨腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎的诊治方法和手术效果。方法：对37例患儿行内镜下腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术。结果：患儿术后听力均提高,拔管后随访13～17个月未见复发。结论：内镜下腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术对腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎有确切疗效。     

应用声反射鼻腔测量腺样体肥大患儿的鼻及鼻咽气道

目的:研究声反射鼻腔测量对腺样体肥大患儿的诊断与手术疗效评价方面的临床应用价值。方法:对23例正常儿童(正常儿童组)及27例腺样体肥大患儿(腺样体肥大组)进行坐位声反射鼻腔测量。结果:腺样体肥大组术前总鼻气道阻力(NAR)为[(0.44±0.17)kPa.L-1.min-1],较正常儿童组[(0.33±0.17)kPa.L-1.min-1]增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),双侧鼻咽部容积(NPV)为[(14.74±5.01)cm3],较正常儿童组[(19.77±5.77)cm3]减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);腺样体肥大组术后总NAR为[(0.36±0.21)kPa.L-1.min-1],较术前减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),双侧NPV为[(17.93±4.56)cm3],较术前增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:声反射鼻腔测量在腺样体肥大的诊断和疗效判定方面具有重要意义。     

Assessment of pulmonary function and nasal flow in children with adenoid hypertrophy

OBJECTIVE: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of upper airways obstruction in children. The consequences of this disorder were analyzed by many researchers. The aim of the study was the assessment of pulmonary function and nasal flow in children with adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS: The study group covered 30 children treated surgically due to adenoid hypertrophy. Nasometric and spirometric tests were performed before and after surgery. RESULTS: The results revealed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-operative values of nasometric flows and the following spirometric parameters: VC, FVC, PEF, FEV1/PEF and FEV1/FVC. CONCLUSION: The influence of adenoid hypertrophy on pulmonary function in children has been confirmed on the basis of the conducted research.     

腺样体肥大对不同年龄段儿童牙颌面部发育的影响

目的 观察腺样体肥大在不同年龄组儿童牙颌面部发育的临床表现。方法 运用计算机辅助X线头影测量技术,将68例腺样体肥大患儿(a/n≥0.71)分为A组25例(3～4岁,病程2～3年)、B组27例(5～6岁,病程2～4年)及C组16例(7～8岁,病程3～5年);同时选择20例健康儿童(3～8岁)作为对照组,行X线头影测量。结果 A、B、C三组分别与对照组比较,ANB角、上下中切牙角均减小(P<0.01),FH-MP、Y轴角、ABS-PNS值等均增大(P<0.01)。A组与C组比较,ANB、FH-MP、Y轴角、ABS PNS等均减小(P<0.05),上下中切牙角增大(P<0.05)。C组与对照组比较,SNB值减小(P<0.05),L1-NB增大(P<0.05),其余组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论 腺样体肥大对儿童的牙颌面部发育有一定影响,且病程越长影响越明显。     

冰淇淋暗示法对儿童腺样体术后依从性探究

目的探讨患儿采用冰淇淋心理护理慰法对腺样体患儿术后的依从性。方法选取笔者所在科室2019年2月到2020年2月住院行小儿腺样体切除术患儿78名,随机分为实验组和对照组各39名。两组患儿在年龄无差异(P>0.05)。实验组患儿在术前宣教及术后宣教均告知家属给患儿备好冰淇淋,待全麻术后清醒食用,并让患儿自己选择冰淇淋种类,对照组则是采取一般小儿术后饮食。结果从患儿术后哭闹情况进行评估,实验组患儿术后依从性明显高于对照组(P<0.05),结果有统计学意义。结论儿童对疼痛、饥饿耐受性差,加上手术导致的术后持续平卧位及心电监护、氧气吸入。使得患儿在术后哭闹,不配合术后护理。采用冰淇淋心理护理安慰法,可以有效的对患儿起到积极的暗示作用。     

30例腺样体肥大患儿口面肌功能训练疗效观察

目的评价口面肌功能训练对腺样体肥大患儿经口呼吸状态以及睡眠质量的影响。方法对本院2018年1月~2018年12月门诊诊治的30例腺样体肥大伴口呼吸患儿进行口面肌功能训练治疗,统计治疗前后经口呼吸状态积分、睡眠质量积分。30例患儿,2例未能完成治疗,干预前后经口呼吸状态的积分秩和检验(Z=-4.34,P<0.05),差异有统计学意义;干预前后患儿夜间睡眠质量情况积分的秩和检验(Z=-4.244,P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论口面肌功能训练可以改善儿童腺样体肥大引起的经口呼吸状态,改善患儿睡眠质量。     

玉屏风颗粒联合鼻用激素治疗儿童中重度腺样体肥大的临床观察

目的总结玉屏风颗粒联合鼻用激素治疗儿童中重度腺样体肥大的临床体会。方法拒绝接受手术治疗的腺样体肥大患儿30例,依据鼻咽侧位片A/N比值评判腺样体大小,包括中度肥大17例,重度肥大13例,予以玉屏风颗粒口服,鼻用激素丙酸氟替卡松或曲安奈德鼻喷剂喷鼻,连续治疗3月。观察比较治疗前后患儿相关症状变化及腺样体体积改变,评价治疗效果,并结合文献复习探讨其病机特点,分析临床疗效。结果经连续3月以上治疗,中度腺样体肥大患儿显效11例(11/17,64.71%),有效3例(3/17,17.64%),总有效率(14/17,82.35%);重度腺样体肥大患儿显效6例(6/13,46.15%),有效4例(4/13,30.76%),总有效率(10/13,76.92%)。经半年以上随访,多数患儿基本维持有效现状,但有5例因病情反复而接受手术治疗(5/24,20.83%)。结论对于中度以及拒绝手术治疗的重度腺样体肥大患儿,可以考虑采用玉屏风颗粒联合鼻用激素疗法治疗观察3~6月,仍无症状改善者,则宜积极考虑手术疗法。     

糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂联合玉屏风颗粒可提高儿童腺样体肥大疗效

目的 探讨糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂联合玉屏风颗粒治疗儿童腺样体肥大的疗效。 方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究,对90例4~10岁腺样体肥大儿童单用糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂或联合玉屏风颗粒口服治疗8周,对比治疗前后患儿临床症状积分,内镜下观察腺样体变化,记录上呼吸道感染次数。 结果 对照组(鼻喷激素)临床症状总积分减少19.5%,鼻咽阻塞程度从82.2%下降到73.6%(P<0.01),上呼吸道感染次数大于1次者占44.19%;试验组(联合用药)临床症状总积分减少31.7%,鼻咽阻塞程度从85.4%下降到71.4%(P<0.01),上呼吸道感染次数>1次者占16.67%。 结论 糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂治疗儿童腺样体肥大有效,联合玉屏风颗粒可进一步提高疗效,并可减少儿童上呼吸道感染的发生率。     

儿童腺样体肥大合并慢性鼻窦炎对分泌性中耳炎发生率的影响

目的探讨儿童腺样体肥大(AH)合并慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)对分泌性中耳炎(OME)发生率的影响。方法对我院2017年至2018年行腺样体切除术或腺样体扁桃体切除术的腺样体肥大患者的临床资料进行统计和分析,包括病史和体征,电子鼻咽镜检查,声阻抗测试以评估腺样体肥大患者分泌性中耳炎和慢性鼻窦炎的患病情况。并使用统计软件SPSS 24.0进行统计分析。结果在208例AH儿童中,有分泌性中耳炎的50例(24%),在学龄儿童(6~12岁)腺样体肥大患者中分泌性中耳炎的发生率最高。腺样体肥大组和腺样体肥大合并慢性鼻窦炎组之间分泌性中耳炎的发生率在统计学上有差异(P=0.001)。结论患有慢性鼻窦炎的腺样体肥大儿童患分泌性中耳炎的风险相应增加,而学龄期的腺样体肥大儿童分泌性中耳炎发生率最高。