肝肿瘤化学灭活治疗的初步报告

目的：了解小肝癌和肝转移癌行经皮乙酸注射（简称PAI）的临床效果。方法：5例小肝癌,3例肝转移癌在CT引导下经皮乙酸注射化学灭活术。结果在8例中,除3例在注射时有明显腹痛外,没有其他的临床并发症,随访2－7个月,7例病人的肿瘤病变成为低密度至囊状改变,1例于PAI后1周行部分肝切除术,病检示肿瘤全部坏死。结论：初步结果表明,在小肝癌和1至3个小病灶的肝转移癌中PAI是有效的,它有可能取代部分肝癌切除术。     

CT引导下经皮注射醋酸治疗肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤(附9例分析)

目的 :研究CT引导下经皮注射 5 0 %醋酸治疗肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤的可行性。材料和方法 :对 9例肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤患者进行CT引导下经皮注射醋酸治疗 ,观察治疗前后血压、血醛固酮、血钾的变化。CT平扫或增强扫描 ,观察肿瘤大小和坏死情况。结果 :1血醛固酮水平 :1月后复查血醛固酮 ,9例患者均恢复到正常范围内 ,随访 2月～ 3年 ,6例患者血醛固酮均在正常范围内 ,3例未再查血醛固酮。 2血钾水平 :9例患者 1月后复查血钾均恢复到正常范围内 ,随访 2月～ 3年 ,9例患者血钾均在正常范围内。 3血压变化 :术后用降压药维持血压在正常范围内的数量和剂量减少 ,1月后停服所有降压药 ,7例患者血压一直在正常范围内 ;另外 2例患者 ,术后 1月血压邻近正常 ,服小剂量降压药可维持血压在正常范围内 ,降压药数量和剂量较以前明显减少。 4肾上腺CT扫描 :6例患者进行了肾上腺CT扫描复查。CT表现为原肾上腺肿瘤结节消失或残留一些瘢痕组织。结论 :CT引导下经皮注射醋酸治疗肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤是一种具有简便、微创、安全、费用低的有效治疗方法。     

乙酸化学消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤

目的 评价CT透视引导经皮穿刺乙酸注射(PAI)联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的安全性和疗效.方法 收集我院2005年5月至2007年6月在实时CT透视导向下PAI治疗肝动脉化疗栓塞术后复发肝脏恶性肿瘤78例,其中肝细胞癌70例、转移性腺癌8例.根据病灶大小每次注入50%～60%乙酸2～10 ml,乙酸内加入1 ml对比剂混匀,以了解乙酸在肿块内的弥散程度和范围.注射后1周影像检查,根据情况重复注射1～2次.结果 在实时CT透视下均能准确穿刺到靶点.注入后42例出现轻中度疼痛,无其他并发症.全部病例均经CT随访,3个月时,其中瘤灶缩小32例(41%),肿瘤大小无变化38例(49%),肿瘤增大8例(10%).78例3个月随访,全部生存;48例随访1年,40例生存,8例失访.结论 CT透视引导下经皮乙酸消融联合肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤安全、有效.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺酒精介入治疗肾上腺良性功能性肿瘤

目的 评价CT引导下经皮穿刺酒精注射疗法对肾上腺良性功能性肿瘤的治疗价值。方法 对20例肾上腺良性功能性肿瘤进行CT引导下经皮穿刺酒精注射治疗,其中嗜铬细胞瘤5例、醛固酮瘤15例,观察治疗前后血压、血醛固酮、血钾及尿儿茶酚胺的变化。行CT平扫和增强扫描,观察肿瘤大小、坏死情况。结果 5例嗜铬细胞瘤经治疗后6－19个月随访,未发生阵发性血压增高,尿儿茶酚胺正常。15例醛固酮瘤治疗后5－7d,血醛固酮降至正常,血钾升至正常。其中1例在首次治疗后7个月时,血醛固酮再次升高,血钾再次降低,经再次治疗后血醛固酮、血钾转为正常。治疗后7－15d,13例血压降至正常;1例需口服小剂量降压药使血压维持正常,1个月后不服任何降压药血压降至正常。另1例醛固酮瘤在治疗后血压有较大幅度下降,但仍需服用小剂量降压药才能使血压维持在正常范围。治疗后7－15d CT复查,15肿瘤全部坏死,5例绝大部分坏死。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺酒精注射疗法对肾上腺良性功能性肿瘤具有较好的疗效,且简便、安全、创伤小及费用少。     

经皮瘤内注射乙酸治疗兔VX2肝种植瘤实验研究

目的　探讨经皮乙酸注射 (PAI)的肿瘤灭活机制、疗效及治疗方法。材料与方法　兔VX2肝多发瘤模型8只 ,超声导引下经皮穿刺病灶 ,每只兔肝内 3个瘤灶内分别一次性注射 5 0 %乙酸、无水酒精和生理盐水 ,注射剂量以超声显像病灶被药液完全浸润为度 ,观察注射后 1小时、1天、3天和 14天大体、光镜、电镜下肿瘤病理改变及 14天后肿瘤生长情况。结果　各组肿瘤均有继续增大 ,PAI组肿瘤增长率最小 (2 5 7.39%± 14 0 .6 4 % ) ,坏死率最大(4 6 .2 7%± 16 .30 % ) ,与生理盐水对照组比较均有显著性差异 (P增长率 =0 .0 36 ,P坏死率 =0 ) ,与经皮无水酒精注射(PEI)组比较无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。组织病理学改变 :PAI后 1小时肿瘤细胞即溶解坏死 ;1天、3天肿瘤中央区大片凝固性坏死 ,边缘部呈网格状坏死 ,岛样残留瘤灶内可见扩张血管腔 ,边缘部肿瘤细胞以膜性结构破坏为主 ;14天后肿瘤表现继续扩大的凝固性坏死区 ,边缘残留少量肿瘤组织 ,并见大量纤维肉芽组织增生。PEI组各时段、区域肿瘤组织细胞破坏坏死改变相对PAI组较轻 ,纤维、肉芽组织增生较少、较晚 ,但PEI治疗后肿瘤血管内皮细胞损伤表现较明显。结论　PAI具有肿瘤灭活作用 ,其效力高于PEI。PAI肿瘤灭活效应主要是由乙酸的化学特性决定的 ,其作用途     

CT引导下经皮射频消融治疗肾上腺转移性肿瘤的初步疗效

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗肾上腺转移癌的近期疗效、安全性和不良反应.方法 肾上腺转移癌患者共19例,病灶总数24个,肿瘤直径为1.5-7.8 cm,平均直径3.5 cm.19例患者原发灶来源于肺癌6例,肝癌5例,肾癌5例,结肠癌3例.经RFA治疗3个月后行CT增强扫描评价肿瘤治疗效果.结果 上述24个病灶经消融治疗后,CT增强扫描显示20个肿瘤完全消融;其余4个病灶在治疗后仍有部分残留组织强化区,提示有残留肿瘤,未完全消融.5例患者出现血压波动,6例患者术后出现轻微疼痛,2例患者在术后出现一过性血尿.其余患者无严重并发症.结论 CT引导下RFA治疗肾上腺转移癌是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创治疗方法.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤的临床研究

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤的价值。方法利用国产21G三孔针在CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤6例,术后复查CT,观察治疗前后血压、血钾和血醛固酮的变化。结果6例肾上腺瘤患者的瘤径均<2cm,术后分次复查瘤体缩小,仅残留少许瘢痕组织。5例患者血压于术后5~7d降至正常;1例患者逐渐减少降压药物用量,术后第28天降至正常。所有病人血钾术后5~10d升至正常,血醛固酮于术后5~7d降至正常。结论CT引导下经皮穿刺化学消融治疗肾上腺醛固酮瘤是一种弥散程度高、创伤小、操作简便及费用少的介入方法。     

介入治疗肾上腺腺瘤的疗效评估

目的：评价CT导引无水乙醇注射治疗肾上腺腺瘤的疗效。方法：11例肾上腺腺瘤患者经CT扫描以明确病变大小,位置及与周围组织的关系,尔后选择进针的方向,经皮穿刺使针尖到达瘤体中心处或预定部位,重复扫描确定针尖位置无误后,注入无水乙醇。术前检查血糖及血压情况,术后分析其临床表现并于即刻,24h,48h,1周,1个月,2个月分别测量血糖及血压情况。1个月复查CT,观察病变吸收情况,治疗后进行CT随访。结果：11例患者血压,血糖在治疗前与治疗24h以后比较,统计学上差异均有显著性意义（t值范围5.13-17.16,P值均＜0．01）。2个月后血压,血糖均恢复正常,临床症状缓解,CT观察瘤体明显缩小或消失,CT随访1－3年未见复发。结论：CT导引无水乙醇注射治疗肾上腺瘤对大部分病人可使瘤体完全性坏死,临床症状,血压,血糖可恢复正常,疗效肯定,便于随访观察。     

肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT诊断

目的：研究肾上腺少见和罕见肿瘤的CT表现特征和鉴别诊断。材料和方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的肾上腺少见及罕见肿瘤15例的CT表现特征。结果：15例中,肾上腺神经母细胞瘤、肾上腺囊肿、肾上腺髓样脂肪瘤各3例,肾上腺节细胞神经瘤、肾上腺畸胎瘤各2例,肾上腺脂肪瘤、肾上腺错构瘤各1例。CT表现各具特征,术前确诊12例(12/15)。结论：肾上腺少见肿瘤的CT表现有一定的特征性,大多数肾上腺少见和罕见肿瘤CT能准确诊断。     

肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT及MR诊断

目的：总结肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT、MR表现及鉴别要点。方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的35例肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CF、MR表现。结果：35例肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变中肾上腺腺瘤9例，肾上腺转移癌7例，髓质脂肪瘤5例，腺癌4例，肾上腺囊肿4例，嗜铬细胞瘤3例，肾上腺血肿2例，肾上腺淋巴瘤1例。结论：本组资料对肾上腺肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的CT、MR诊断及鉴别诊断具有一定的参考价值。     

CT导向下经皮穿刺冰醋酸治疗肝脏转移性肿瘤

目的 总结经皮穿刺刺冰醋酸注射治疗（PAI）肝脏转移性肿瘤的效果。方法 搜集1997年1月至1999年6月在CT导向下经皮穿刺冰醋酸注射治疗（PAI）的肝脏转移性肿瘤患者35例（病灶40个），病灶直径2－4cm。经CT定位后穿刺，注入4－10ml的30％冰醋酸，且冰醋酸内中加入1ml对比剂，每个病灶1周注射2次，一般持续2－3周。结果 本组35例共40个病灶，其中肿瘤缩小者为23个，占57.5%；肿瘤大小无变化者12个，占30％；肿瘤增大者5个，占12.5%；决有效率为87.5%。所有患者随访3个月至3年及以上，1年生存22例，生存率达62.9%；2年14例，生存率为40.0%；3年及以上者8例，生存率为22.9%。结论 经皮穿刺冰醋酸注射治疗肝脏转移性肿瘤是1种有效的治疗方法。     

Small hepatocellular carcinoma: safety and efficacy of single high-dose percutaneous acetic acid injection for treatment

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of single high-dose percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) for treatment of small (<3-cm-diameter) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with HCC (22 nodules; diameter range, 1.5-3.0 cm) underwent single PAI. With ultrasonographic or computed tomographic (CT) guidance, 4-11 mL of 50% acetic acid was slowly injected into the center of the nodule through a skinny multiple-side-hole needle. Follow-up was performed with helical contrast material-enhanced CT. Complications of high-dose PAI were recorded. RESULTS: Seventeen nodules showed no local recurrence (follow-up, 6-29 months) after single PAI. At a mean follow-up of 15.6 months, mean tumor diameter was 2.1 cm and mean injected volume was 6.4 mL. Four nodules showed residual tumor (mean tumor diameter, 2.6 cm; mean injected volume, 5.8 mL). The mean ratio of injected to estimated volume of acetic acid was 1.21 in cases of successful single PAI and 0.72 in cases of local recurrence (P < .001). One patient with preexistent right portal venous thrombosis died of hepatic failure 37 days after PAI. Other complications included severe pain (11%), high fever (4%), and segmental wedge infarction (4%). CONCLUSION: Single high-dose PAI is safe and effective for treatment of small HCC.     

Small functional adrenal cortical adenoma: treatment with CT-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection--report of three cases.

Two patients with Conn syndrome and one patient with Cushing syndrome underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided tumor ablation with a total of 5-11 mL of 50% acetic acid injected into their adrenal nodule (1.3-3.3 cm in diameter). No major complications were encountered during or after the procedure. All patients were symptom free with normal laboratory test results for at least 1-year follow-up. CT images showed complete cystic change with tumor size regression. Our preliminary results suggest that percutaneous acetic acid injection is a safe and effective alternative for treatment of small functional adrenal cortical adenoma.     

Predictive value of benign percutaneous adrenal biopsies in oncology patients

PURPOSE: Percutaneous CT guided biopsy is accepted as a safe procedure for the diagnosis of indeterminate adrenal masses in oncologic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a 'negative for tumour' adrenal biopsy in the oncologic patient population by assessing subsequent outcome including clinical course, size and imaging characteristics of the adrenal lesions on follow-up imaging studies and pathological findings at re-biopsy or following adrenal mass resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 225 oncological patients (FM, 128;87; age range 33-87 years, mean age 66 years) who had undergone CT guided biopsies of an adrenal mass over a 5-year period was performed. Those patients with a report consistent with 'negative for malignancy' were evaluated by reviewing the medical records for patient demographics, primary malignancy, histology of adrenal tumour, subsequent surgical interventions, repeat adrenal biopsy under image guidance, by open surgery or at autopsy, subsequent abdominal imaging in which the adrenal gland was imaged, and long-term outcome including hospital admissions, or death. RESULTS: Of the 225 CT-guided adrenal biopsies performed, 41 (18%) were negative for neoplasm. The primary neoplasm in these 41 patients included lung cancer (n=32), breast (n=5), renal cell carcinoma (n=2), bladder (n=1), and prostate (n=1). The size of the adrenal lesions ranged from 2.8-5 cm. Of the 41 biopsies, which were negative for tumour; 10 were identified as adenomas and the rest showed benign adrenal cortical cells or hyperplasia on cytopathology and histopathology. Repeat biopsies were obtained in 13/41 (31%) patients; whereas 2/41 (5%) had their adrenal gland analyzed on post mortem examination. None of these 15 repeat evaluations yielded tumour. CONCLUSION: In oncological patients, pathological analysis of tissue samples obtained by CT-guided percutaneous biopsy, suggesting benign aetiology, is reliable and predicts a benign course on long-term follow-up. A negative or benign pathology result for a CT guided percutaneous adrenal biopsy can be regarded as a true negative evaluation in oncological patients with no necessity to repeat the biopsy.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal gland: a preliminary report

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging characteristics of the normal and abnormal adrenal gland were evaluated and compared with findings on computed tomography (CT). Forty-two patients were examined: 36 had normal adrenal glands and 6 had adrenal disease (3 metastatic lesions, 1 pheochromocytoma, and 2 cortical hyperplasia). NMR clearly showed all 42 left adrenals (100%) and 36 right adrenals (86%). In some patients, it appeared to differentiate the adrenal cortex from the medulla. The ability of NMR to detect adrenal disease was similar to that of CT in 6 cases examined. CT demonstrated superior spatial resolution in most cases, but NMR provided superior soft-tissue contrast. Since NMR does not involve ionizing radiation and provides excellent soft-tissue differentiation without contrast material, it has advantages over CT and appears to be a promising modality for imaging of the adrenal gland.     

Percutaneous acetic acid injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: using CT fluoroscopy to evaluate distribution of acetic acid mixed with an iodinated contrast agent

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to evaluate the distribution of acetic acid mixed with iodinated contrast agent during percutaneous acetic acid injection on CT fluoroscopy for hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Monitoring acetic acid distribution on CT fluoroscopy can detect extratumoral diffusion and may optimize the distribution of acetic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma.     

CT demonstration and guided aspiration of unusual adrenal metastases

Certain malignant neoplasms commonly metastasize to the adrenal glands, whereas others do so only infrequently. In the latter circumstance, an adrenal mass is likely to be benign. We report 3 patients with malignant neoplasms (hepatoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva) that do not commonly metastasize to the adrenals in whom computed tomographic (CT) demonstration and guided aspiration of adrenal masses significantly affected patient management. CT guided aspiration of adrenal masses is safe and accurate and is recommended whenever a diagnosis of adrenal metastasis would alter the staging or therapy of the primary neoplasm.     

Combined treatment of radiofrequency ablation and acetic acid injection: an in vivo feasibility study in rabbit liver

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) and either therapy alone for their effects on in vivo rabbit liver tissue. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were included in this study and were allocated to three groups: group A, conventional RFA (n=10); group B, PAI (n=10); and group C, combined RFA and PAI (n=10). Under US guidance, 1 ml of 50% acetic acid was injected into the target area of the liver parenchyma through a 21-G Chiba needle before performing RFA. The RFA was then performed using a 17-G internally cooled electrode with 1-cm active tip, and RF energy (30 W) was applied for 3 min with or without acetic acid injection. After RFA or PAI, contrast-enhanced CT and CT pathologic correlation were performed. The maximum diameters of the thermal lesions in each group were compared. All procedures were technically successful, and a total of 30 lesions (10 lesions for each group) were produced. The mean maximum diameter of the coagulation necrosis in the rabbits of group C (25±9 mm) was significantly larger than the diameters of the other groups: 12.2±1 mm (group A) and 14.3±3 mm (group B; p=0.001). On contrast-enhanced CT scanning, the lesions of group B (7 of 10, 70%) appeared frequently irregular compared with those of groups A (2 of 10, 20%) and C (4 of 10, 40%; p=0.08). There were seven complications (23.3%): a localized hematoma in a group-A rabbit; two hematomas and one chemical peritonitis in group-B rabbits; and a hematoma, a chemical peritonitis, and a burn injury to the stomach in group-C rabbits. Compared with the group-A rabbits (1 of 10, 10%), the group-B (3 of 10, 30%) and group-C rabbits (3 of 10, 30%) showed a tendency toward complications, but the difference was not significant (p=0.48). Under the present experimental condition, combined RFA and PAI was able to increase the diameter of coagulation necrosis up to 2.5 cm without significantly increasing complications.