“I”型部分胸骨切口行心内直视手术15例

目的 介绍经“Ｉ”型部分胸骨切口行心内直视手术的体会。方法 取下１／２～２／３胸部正中皮肤切口,纵劈下２／３胸骨呈“Ｉ”型,体外循环直视下行心内直视手术１５例,其中法乐四联症矫治７例,室间隔缺损修补５例,房间隔缺损修补３例。结论 本组病例无手术死亡及并发症。疤痕长度仅为胸骨正中切口的６０％左右。结论 “Ｉ”型部分胸骨切口可安全有效地完成大部分心脏疾病的手术,创伤的程度及术后美容效果明显优于胸骨正中     

“Y”型部分胸骨切口行心内直视手术12例

目的 介绍经“Y”型部分胸骨切口行心内直挽手术的体会。方法 取下1/2-2/3胸部正中皮肤切口,纵劈下2/3胸骨呈“Y”型,体外循环直视下行心内直视手术12例,其中二尖瓣置换5例,二尖瓣成形1例,法乐四联症矫治6例。结果 本组病例无手术死亡及并发症。疤痕长度仅为胸骨正中切口的60％左右。结论 “Y”型部分胸骨切口可安全有效地完成大部分心脏疾病的手术,创伤的程度及术后美容效果明显优于胸骨正中切口,手术适应症的范围明显大于右胸小切口。     

经右胸体外循环心脏不停跳下行房室间隔缺损修补术的手术配合

心房间隔缺损(ASD)、心室间隔缺损(VSD)均为常见的先天性心脏病,以往手术多采用胸骨正中切口,在低温体外循环下行心内直视修补术,手术损伤复杂,创伤较大,并发症较多。我院自1997年10月～1998年8月采用右胸切口常温体外循环心脏不停跳下行修补术56例。现将手术配合体会介绍如下。 一、资料和方法:1.临床资料:本组病历中ASD 32     

胸骨正中下段小切口在成人心脏外科的应用

目的 探讨胸骨正中下段小切口(inferior partial median sternotomy,IPMS)在成人心脏外科的应用.方法 采用胸骨下部正中劈开,至胸骨角下方2-3cm处向左上或右上方横断胸骨,在体外循环或非体外循环下完成成人心脏直视手术,其中各种先天性心脏病62例,心脏瓣膜病32例,缺血性心脏病20例.结果 全组患者经胸骨正中下段小切口成功实施了心脏直视手术,术后无纵膈感染、胸骨哆开,随访106例(93%),随访(38.6 ±12.6)月,无死亡病例.结论 胸部正中下段小切口心内直视手术具有切口隐蔽美观、手术创伤小、胸骨稳定性好、操作简单易行等优点,安全性高,可以获得良好的手术及美学效果.     

右腋下直小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础与临床应用

目的  探讨右腋下直小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础及临床应用。  方法　2002年1月始至2010年12月我们使用右腋下直小切口行体外循环心脏直视手术,切口上端起自腋中线第2肋间,下端至腋前线第5肋间,切口呈一直线,观测术中显露主动脉、肺动脉、右心及左心范围及效果。  结果　全部1837例患者中,死亡4例（0.22%）,二次开胸止血17例（0.93%）,切口愈合不良13例（0.7%）。右腋下小切口与胸骨正中切口相比平均体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间无显著性差异。  结论　右腋下直小切口心内直视手术显露能达到手术要求,创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快,具有安全性及极好的美容效果。尤其适合于婴幼儿以及年轻女性患者。     

胸骨下段小切口心脏不停跳心内直视手术587例

目的：探讨胸骨下段小切口联合心脏不停跳微创技术在心内直视手术中应用效果。方法：1999年10月至2008年9月,采用胸骨下段小切口联合心脏不停跳微创技术行心内直视手术共587例。其中各种先天性心脏病459例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病128例。结果：全组患者顺利完成不停跳手术。体外循环时间（78．13±18．52）min,上、下腔静脉阻断时间（61．21±16．51）min,呼吸机辅助时间（12．01±8．83）h。术后并发血红蛋白尿21例、低心排血综合症11例、呼吸道感染5例、灌注肺3例。住院死亡13例,死亡原因为低心排血综合症4例,肺动脉高压危象2例,室颤2例,肾功能衰竭、心脏压塞、脑部气体栓塞、感染性心内膜炎及呼吸衰竭各1例。随访2～108月,发现有3mm以下的室间隔缺损残余分流3例,二尖瓣置换术后抗凝不当脑栓塞2例,无晚期死亡。结论：胸骨下段小切口联合心脏不停跳技术,可安全、有效地应用于大多数心内直视手术,既有外科微创和外表美观的优点,又有良好的心肌保护效果。     

胸骨下部Y形小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础与临床应用

目的：探讨胸骨下部Ｙ 形小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础及临床应用。方法：采用胸骨下半部正中劈开,至胸骨角下方２ ｃｍ 处向左上、右上方剪开胸骨,使切口成Ｙ 形,行体外循环心内直视手术２７ 例,观测皮肤切口、胸骨纵切口、显露主动脉、肺动脉、右心及左心范围。结果：患者全部恢复良好,无手术死亡及严重并发症。全组皮肤切口,胸骨纵切口,显露主动脉,显露肺动脉平均长度分别为８ ．８ ±１ ．８ ｃｍ ,８ ．１ ±２ ．２ ｃｍ 、２ ．５ ±０ ．８ ｃｍ 、１ ．５ ±０ ．６ ｃｍ 。全组平均体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间分别为８５ ±４５ ．４ ｍｉｎ 、３９ ．４ ±３０ ．６ ｍｉｎ 、１８０ ．５ ±５１ ．１ ｍｉｎ 。术后平均呼吸机辅助呼吸６ ．１ ±５ ．６ｈ 、术后第１ 天平均出血量１５０ ±７１ｍｌ,平均输血量１５０ ±１４３ｍｌ,术后住院时间９ ．７ ±１ ．５ 天,术后患者无胸骨畸形,切口疤痕小。结论：胸骨下部Ｙ 形小切口心内直视手术显露好,创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快,具有安全性及较好的美容效果。     

骨蜡与再生氧化纤维素材料在老年女性心内直视术胸骨止血中的应用

背景：再生氧化纤维素已成功应用于神经外科、耳鼻喉科等手术止血中,效果确切,但应用于心脏手术胸骨止血尚未见报道。 目的：对比观察再生氧化纤维素与传统胸骨止血材料骨蜡在减少老年女性心内直视术后胸骨出血中止血及预防胸骨感染效果的差异。 方法：纳入68例60岁以上女性接受正中开胸体外循环下心内直视术患者,分为2组：再生氧化纤维素组胸骨创面及骨髓腔内填充并覆盖再生氧化纤维素,对照组涂抹医用骨蜡。记录手术时间、关胸时间、体外循环时间、术后引流量、输血量、出血再次开胸例数、平均住院时间、胸骨裂开例数、胸骨感染例数、切口拆线时间以及切口感染例数。 结果与结论：两组术后在手术时间、关胸时间、引流量、输血量、出血再次开胸方面,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),再生氧化纤维素组更有优势;其余指标两组差异无显著性意义。提示再生氧化纤维素作为新型胸骨止血材料,可常规用于体外循环后胸骨创面止血,效果确切,近期结果观察显示安全性较高。     

54例超声心动图引导下先天性心脏病封堵治疗回顾分析

目的 探讨超声引导下房间隔缺损(ASD)和室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵的方法、疗效等临床经验。方法 2010年12月至2019年9月,54例先天性心脏病患者行超声心动图引导下介入封堵手术,其中房间隔缺损30例,室间隔缺损24例。14例ASD采取胸骨右缘第4肋间小切口,经右心房途径封堵;16例ASD通过股静脉穿刺,经血管内途径封堵。24例VSD经剑突下小切口右室前壁途径封堵。结果 经胸封堵24例VSD,均顺利。经胸封堵ASD中,有1例在术后7 h发生封堵器移位,紧急开胸在体外循环直视下取出封堵器,修补ASD。16例经股静脉途径封堵ASD中,手术顺利13例,封堵失败3例,封堵失败后改经胸小切口封堵2例,改体外循环下直视手术1例。46例随访3～103个月,平均(21.3±16.2)个月,未见封堵器移位、脱落、明显残余分流以及其他并发症发生。结论 超声引导下经股静脉途径或经胸小切口房间隔缺损及室间隔缺损封堵安全有效,无射线辐射,操作简单易普及。     

34例房室通道缺损的手术治疗

目的：探讨提高房室通道缺损手术疗效的方法。方法：2001年9月～2008年6月间，手术治疗房室通道缺损34例，其中部分型28例及过渡型3例采用补片修补缺损及二、三尖瓣成形术矫治，完全型3例采用“双片法”修补室州隔缺损及原发孔房间隔缺损。结果：痊愈32例，死亡2例（占5．88％），手术后存活病人心功能明显改善。结论：房窀通道缺损手术疗效的关键在于防止传导束损伤及恢复房室瓣的结构和功能；而完全型房室通道缺损的手术疗效的关键还在于避免手术所致的心室流出道狭窄。     

右前外侧切口心脏不停跳下心内直视手术15例报告

目的 介绍经右交外侧切口浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳下心内直视手术的经验。方法 经右前外侧第三肋间进胸,浅低温体循环,不阻断升主动脉,不冷灌,心脏空跳慢跳下行为心内直视手术１５例,继发孔房间隔缺损４例,缺损直径〈１．０ｃｍ的膜周部室间隔缺损３例,左房粘液瘤１例,风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全６例,主动脉瓣狭窄伴半闭不全１例。结果 本组病例无手术死亡及并发症,体外循环时间与标准术式相近。     

小儿Denis Browne微创小切口心内直视手术对肺功能的影响

目的观察小儿体外循环心内直视手术采用右腋下Denis Browne微创小切口径路对肺功能的影响。方法选择2004年3月至2006年5月间60例小儿先天性心脏病患者,按切口方式分为右腋下Denis Browne微创小切口径路组（右侧切口组）和正中切口组,每组各30例。均在体外循环下完成心内直视手术,根据在麻醉诱导后、体外循环转流前、主动脉开放心脏复跳时、关胸前、术后30min、4h、2h7个时间点的血气分析结果及给氧浓度计算氧合指数（Oxygenation index,OI）、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差（Alveolararterial oxygen tension gradient,P（A-a）O2）、呼吸指数（respiratory index,RI）,并观察呼吸机辅助时间、气管导管拔除后呼吸情况的改变,包括自主呼吸频率、有无呼吸困难、肺部哕音、紫绀以及动脉氧血红素饱和度、脉动氧血红素饱和度变化。结果两组均在体外循环下完成心内直视手术,无手术死亡,无严重并发症,术后均恢复良好。两组患儿OI均较术前降低,P（A-a,O2、RI较术前升高,两组患儿间无统计学意义;呼吸机辅助时间、气管导管拔除后呼吸情况的改变两组患者间无统计学意义。结论小儿体外循环心内直视手术采用右腋下Denis Browne微创小切口不加重术后肺功能的损伤。     

Outcome of patients undergoing open heart surgery at the Uganda heart institute,Mulago hospital complex

Background

Heart disease is a disabling condition and necessary surgical intervention is often lacking in many developing countries. Training of the superspecialties abroad is largely limited to observation with little or no opportunity for hands on experience. An approach in which open heart surgeries are conducted locally by visiting teams enabling skills transfer to the local team and helps build to build capacity has been adopted at the Uganda Heart Institute (UHI).

Objectives

We reviewed the progress of open heart surgery at the UHI and evaluated the postoperative outcomes and challenges faced in conducting open heart surgery in a developing country.

Methods

Medical records of patients undergoing open heart surgery at the UHI from October 2007 to June 2012 were reviewed.

Results

A total of 124 patients underwent open heart surgery during the study period. The commonest conditions were: venticular septal defects (VSDs) 34.7% (43/124), Atrial septal defects (ASDs) 34.7% (43/124) and tetralogy of fallot (TOF) in 10.5% (13/124). Non governmental organizations (NGOs) funded 96.8% (120/124) of the operations, and in only 4 patients (3.2%) families paid for the surgeries. There was increasing complexity in cases operated upon from predominantly ASDs and VSDs at the beginning to more complex cases like TOFs and TAPVR. The local team independently operated 19 patients (15.3%). Postoperative morbidity was low with arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction and re-operations being the commonest seen. Post operative sepsis occurred in only 2 cases (1.6%). The overall mortality rate was 3.2 %

Conclusion

Open heart surgery though expensive is feasible in a developing country. With increased direct funding from governments and local charities to support open heart surgeries, more cardiac patients access surgical treatment locally.     

Use of a new venous cannula for minimally invasive cardiac surgery

Interest in minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for cardiac disease continues to increase, because it causes less surgical trauma and produces a better cosmetic appearance. We introduced the transxiphoid approach without sternotomy for correction of congenital heart defects. To improve exposure of the cardiac lesion during MICS, we developed a new venous cannula that is made of wire reinforced silicone, with an inflatable balloon attached at the tip. The advantages of this cannula are its extreme flexibility and that a tape does not need to be placed around the vena cava. During a period of 12 months, eight children underwent closure of atrial septal defects. The approach consisted of a 4 to 5 cm low midline incision with division of the xiphoid only. The new venous cannula was used as the superior vena cava cannula, all the patients survived the operation. This new venous cannula provided better exposure during cardiac surgery through a limited incision and is beneficial for minimally invasive cardiac surgery.     

Post-thoracotomy wound separation (DEHISCENCE): A disturbing complication

OBJECTIVES:

We described the treatment of dehiscence of thoracotomy incisions in patients who underwent thoracic surgery in the present study.

METHODS:

Twenty-four patients with either partial or complete dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions were included in the study from 2005 to 2010. The patients were evaluated regarding their age, sex, indication for thoracotomy, and surgical approaches. We also described our method of re-closure.

RESULTS:

The male/female ratio was 17/7. The youngest and oldest patients were 15 and 75 years old, respectively, and the mean age was 43 years. Among the indications for thoracotomy, empyema was the most common reason (determined in eight [33%] patients), followed by vertebral surgery (determined in six [25%] patients). Bacterial growth was detected in the wound site cultures from 13 (54%) patients. For the patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions, an en block approximation technique with debridement was performed under general or local anesthesia in 16 (66%) and eight (33%) of the cases, respectively. Three patients exhibited an open thorax with dehiscence of the thoracotomy incision. Thoracoplasty was required in two patients. Using this method, successful closure was obtained in 91.7% (n = 22) of the patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions.

CONCLUSION:

Dehiscence of the thoracotomy incision is an important complication that causes concern in patients and their thoracic surgeons and strongly affects the success of the surgery. An en block approximation technique with significant debridement that enables removal of the necrotic tissues from the wound site can successfully be applied to patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions.     

Preoperative transcatheter closure of congenital muscular ventricular septal defects

BACKGROUND. Surgical repair of muscular ventricular septal defects, particularly those associated with complex heart lesions carries a higher risk of reoperation and death than the repair of membranous defects. Closing a muscular defect through an incision in the systemic ventricle may cause late ventricular dysfunction. In a collaborative approach to this problem, we undertook preoperative transcatheter closure of muscular ventricular septal defects remote from the atrioventricular and semilunar valves, followed by the surgical repair of associated conditions. METHODS. In 12 patients selected jointly by a cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon, we attempted preoperative transcatheter umbrella closure of 21 defects. Half the patients had associated complex heart lesions; the others had had pulmonary-artery banding to reduce the amount of left-to-right shunting. Half had severe ventricular septal deficiency. RESULTS. All 21 defects were successfully closed without major complications. Subsequent cardiac surgery for associated conditions in 11 of the 12 patients resulted in a mean pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio of 1.1, indicating minimal residual left-to-right shunting; 1 patient awaited surgical repair. No deaths, reoperations, or late complications have occurred after a follow-up of 7 to 20 months. CONCLUSIONS. A collaborative approach using transcatheter closure followed by the surgical repair of associated cardiac lesions may decrease rates of operative mortality, reoperation, and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with muscular ventricular septal defects.     

Ventricular assist device implantation using a right thoracotomy

Most patients needing implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) require repeated sternotomy; some after cardiac surgery, and others later for heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to establish the right thoracotomy technique as an alternative for VAD implantation to reduce repeated sternotomy-related morbidity and mortality. We performed a right thoracotomy in animals, preclinical cadaver fitting tests, and a clinical case. A total of 20 various animals underwent right thoracotomy for implantation of bi-VAD (BVAD, n = 17) and left VAD (LVAD, n = 3). The right chest cavity was entered through the fourth intercostal space with partial resection of the fifth rib. There was no procedure-related morbidity or mortality, except for one calf with right anterior leg paralysis. Preclinical fitting tests were performed on 7 human cadavers to observe the anatomical feasibility of BVAD cannulation from the right side of the heart. In humans, the ascending aorta, interatrial groove, right atrium, and main pulmonary artery were identified as optimal cannula insertion sites for BVAD implantation. A patient with cardiogenic shock underwent a right thoracotomy for implantation of an external LVAD. Cardiac function recovered after 3 weeks, and the device was successfully explanted through a repeat right thoracotomy. In conclusion, a right thoracotomy can be an alternative method to the standard median sternotomy for patients who need repeated sternotomy because of previous cardiac surgery, transplantation at a later date, or those with mediastinal infections.     

右腋下小切口在常见先天性心脏病中的应用

目的探讨右腋下小切口治疗常见先天性心脏病的方法和效果。方法应用右腋下施行心内直视手术22例，其中室间隔缺损（VSD）5例，房间隔缺损（ASD）14例，VSD＋ASD3例。结果全组无手术死亡。术后发生腩栓塞1例，右肺不张2例，术后随访21例，随访半个月～32个月，无残余漏发生，患者均恢复良好。结论应用右腋下小切口剖胸治疗常见先天性心脏病安全可靠，创伤小、恢复快、切口隐蔽、美学效果好。