Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy for resectable rectal cancer

Following potentially curative surgery for resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum, the incidence of local failure is 15% to 35% in stages T3N0 and T1N1-2 and 45% to 65% in stages T4N0, T3N1-2, and T4N1-2. In order to determine the impact of pelvic radiation therapy +/- chemotherapy on local failure and survival, we present a prospective analysis of our results of 25 patients treated with this approach. The median follow-up was 30 months (range: 10 to 48 months). For the total patient group the 3-year actuarial survival was 74%. In order to more accurately analyze the patterns of failure, actuarial calculations were performed. The actuarial incidence of local failure as a component of failure was 17%. For patients with node positive disease (T1-4N1-2), the overall survival was 80%, and the actuarial incidence of local failure as a component of failure was 15%. Complications were acceptable and the incidence of small bowel obstruction requiring surgery was 8%.     

Significance of postoperative irradiation for stage III lung cancer

The significance of postoperative irradiation for stage III lung cancer was analyzed in 30 patients. Radiation was given to 15 of the patients and the remaining 15 did not receive any radiation therapy following surgical intervention. A total dose of 40 to 70 Gy was given to the radiation group with a fraction dose of 2 Gy five times a week using cobalt 60 gamma-ray or linac 10 MV X-ray. There was no significant difference of survival time between these two groups. However, in analyzing modes of operation, radiation seemed to improve the survival rate in patients who underwent curative or relatively curative operations (P = 0.1), while the patients who underwent non-curative operations did not receive any benefit from the postoperative irradiation. Some reasons for the ineffectiveness in cases of non-curative operation are discussed.     

Simultaneous adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy for stage I and II breast cancer

The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate treatment outcome after conservative breast surgery or mastectomy followed by simultaneous adjuvant radiotherapy and cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) therapy. Two hundred and sixty eight (268) patients were treated at two Australian and two New Zealand centres between 1981 and July 1995. One hundred and sixty-nine patients underwent conservation surgery and 99 had mastectomies. Median follow-up was 53 months. Conventionally fractionated radiation was delivered simultaneously during the first two cycles of CMF, avoiding radiation on the Fridays that the intravenous components of CMF were delivered. In conservatively treated patients, 5-year actuarial rates of any recurrence, distant recurrence and overall survival were 34.5 +/- 5.2%, 25.4 +/- 4.5% and 75.5 +/- 4.8%, respectively. Crude incidence of local relapse at 4 years was 6.3% and at regional/distant sites was 26.3%. Highest grades of granulocyte toxicity (< 0.5 x 10(9)/L), moist desquamation, radiation pneumonitis and persistent breast oedema were recorded in 10.7, 8.5, 8.9 and 17.2%, respectively. In patients treated by mastectomy, 5-year actuarial rates of any recurrence, distant recurrence and overall survival were 59.7 +/- 7.3%, 56.7 +/- 7.4% and 50.1 +/- 7%. The crude incidence of local relapse at 4 years was 5.6% and at regional/distant sites it was 45.7%. The issue of appropriate timing of adjuvant therapies has become particularly important with the increasing acknowledgement of the value of anthracycline-based regimens. For women in lower risk categories (e.g. 1-3 nodes positive or node negative), CMF may offer a potentially better therapy, particularly where breast-conserving surgical techniques have been used. In such cases CMF allows the simultaneous delivery of radiotherapy with the result of optimum local control, without compromise or regional or systemic relapse rates. Further randomized trials that directly address the optimal integration of the two modalities, such as the one carried out in Boston, are clearly necessary.     

Simultaneous neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin for locally advanced rectal cancer

Background

Phase II trials of neoadjuvant treatment in UICC-TNM stage?II and III rectal cancer with capecitabine and oxaliplatin demonstrated favourable rates on tumour regression with acceptable toxicity.

Patients and methods

Retrospective evaluation of 34 patients treated from 2005–2008 outside clinical trials (CTR) with neoadjuvant irradiation (45–50.4?Gy) and simultaneous capecitabine 825?mg/m² b.i.d. on days 1–14 and 22–35 and oxaliplatin 50?mg/m² on days 1, 8, 22 and 29 (CAPOX). Twenty-six (77%) patients received one or two courses of capecitabine 1,000?mg/m² b.i.d. on days 1–14 and oxaliplatin 130?mg/m² on day 1 (XELOX) prior to simultaneous chemoradiotherapy.

Results

UICC-TNM stage regression was observed in 60% (n?=?20). Dworak’s regression grades 3 and 4 were achieved in 18.2% (n?=?6) and 15.1% (n?=?5) of the patients. Sphincter-preserving surgery was performed in 53% (n?=?8) of patients with a tumour of the lower rectum. Within the mean observation of 24 months, none of the patients relapsed locally, 1?patient had progressive disease and 5?patients (15%) relapsed distantly. Toxicity of grade 3 and 4 was mainly diarrhoea 18% (n?=?6) and perianal pain 9% (n?=?3). Nevertheless, severe cardiac events (n?=?2), severe electrolyte disturbances (n?=?2), and syncopes (n?=?2) were observed as well.

Conclusion

Treatment efficacy and common toxicity are similar to the reports of phase?I/II trials. However, several severe adverse events were observed in our cohort study. The predisposing factors for these events have yet to be studied and may have implications for the selection of patients outside CTR.     

特殊体模及膀胱充盈状态对直肠癌术后辅助放疗的影响

目的 比较特殊体模及膀胱充盈状态对直肠癌术后放疗剂量分布及正常组织受照射体积的影响,探讨直肠癌术后适形放疗较理想的治疗模式。方法 共有23例直肠癌患者入选。8例和15例患者分别采用膀胱充盈条件下常规或特殊体模固定的俯卧位3野照射,处方剂量50 Gy。15例患者CT定位同时还扫描膀胱排空状态下的图像。运用三维计划系统比较3种照射方式的靶区和正常组织体积-剂量关系、适形指数(CI_PTV)、特殊体模及膀胱充盈状态对不同剂量水平(5~52.5 Gy)小肠受照射体积影响以及小肠急性放射性反应与受照射体积的关系。结果 3种照射模式中靶区和股骨头体积-剂量分布及适形指数均无明显差异(P>0.05)。但采用特殊体模照射时,小肠在高剂量区内体积(V₂₀~V_52.5)均显著减少(P<0.01),且在膀胱充盈时更加明显,而低剂量区受照射体积(V₅~V₁₅)则减少不明显(P>0.05);膀胱充盈状态下使用特殊体模还可显著降低不同剂量水平(20~52.5 Gy)膀胱受照射体积(P<0.01)。照射过程中患者腹泻程度(RTOG 0~1和≥2)与低剂量区内(5~30 Gy)小肠受照射体积均显著相关(P<0.05)。结论 膀胱充盈状态下特殊体模固定的俯卧位照射方式明显降低了小肠和膀胱的受照射剂量,减少了小肠急性放射反应的发生。     

T1 stage breast cancer: adjuvant hypofractionated conformal radiation therapy to tumor bed in selected postmenopausal breast cancer patients--pilot feasibility study.

PURPOSE: To explore the feasibility of a short course of hypofractionated conformal radiation therapy to the tumor bed as part of a breast preservation protocol in postmenopausal patients with nonpalpable pT1N0 stage breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The tumor bed was imaged at computed tomography (CT) in the prone position on a dedicated table. The same table and position were used for treatment with a 4-MV linear accelerator. The planning target volume was the tumor bed plus a 1-2-cm margin defined at postmastectomy CT. A regimen of five fractions was tested in this pilot dose study. Cosmesis was assessed by patients and physicians before treatment and 36 months after treatment. RESULTS: Ten consecutive patients who were eligible for the study were assigned to one of three dose-per-fraction regimens; nine were treatable with the proposed technique on the basis of CT findings. Patients received five fractions over 10 days (total dose range, 25-30 Gy): Three received 5.0 Gy per fraction; four, 5.5 Gy; and two, 6.0 Gy. At minimum follow-up of 36 months (range, 36-53 months), all patients were alive and disease free with good to excellent cosmesis. CONCLUSION: Hypofractionated conformal breast radiation therapy is feasible. Further studies are warranted.     

Testicular radiation dose after multimodal curative therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of the current work was to prospectively measure the influence of testicular radiation dose on hormone levels, quality of life (QoL), and sexual functioning following multimodal therapy (neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy) for rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From November 2007 to November 2009, 83?male patients were treated at the University of Goettingen with radiochemotherapy (RCT) for locally advanced rectal cancer [total dose 50.4?Gy, concomitant chemotherapy with two cycles of 5-fluorouracil (FU) or 5-FU and oxaliplatin]. Testicular radiation doses were analyzed and correlated with hormone levels [luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone and free androgen index (FAI) serum levels], QoL, and sexual functioning, which were determined before and up to 1?year after RCT. RESULTS: Mean dose at the testes was 3.9?Gy (range 0.28-11.98?Gy). It was higher for tumors located 相似文献   

Electronic brachytherapy for postsurgical adjuvant vaginal cuff irradiation therapy in endometrial and cervical cancer: A retrospective study

PurposeA new platform for brachytherapy called electronic brachytherapy (EBT) has been developed, which uses a miniature X-ray source to generate low-energy radiation. A retrospective study of adverse events and clinical outcomes in patients treated with EBT to the vaginal cuff, either as monotherapy or in combination with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), was conducted.Methods and MaterialsMedical records were reviewed from 16 patients treated with postoperative EBT for endometrial (n = 13) or cervical cancer (n = 3) between February 2009 and November 2010. Patients received either intracavitary vaginal EBT alone or EBT in combination with EBRT. The radiobiologic effectiveness of EBT was assumed to be one.ResultsMedian follow-up was 20.5 months (range, 7–36 months). When EBT was used alone (n = 5), the median dose per fraction, number of fractions, and total dose delivered were: 6 Gy (range, 5.5–6.2 Gy), 5 fractions (range, 5–6), and 30 Gy (range, 30–34 Gy), respectively. When EBT was combined with EBRT, the EBT component median dose per fraction, number of fractions, and total dose delivered were: 5 Gy (range, 4.5–7 Gy), 2 fractions (range, 2–4), and 14 Gy (range, 9–20 Gy), respectively. The median EBRT dose was 45 Gy (range, 45–49.2 Gy). Our local control rate, locoregional (pelvic) control rate, and overall survival rate were 94%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. Of the 16 patients, 4 patients reported Grade 2 or greater toxicity (25%); however, there were no Grade 4–5 adverse events. Gynecologic, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal adverse events accounted for 57% (n = 4), 43% (n = 3), and 0% (n = 0) of all Grade 2 or greater side effects. No Grade 2 or higher toxicities were noted in patients treated with EBT alone.ConclusionEBT is an acceptable means of delivering postoperative vaginal brachytherapy and appears comparable with other methods; as the sole method of treatment, the toxicity rates of EBT are low.     

Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer after previous mantle radiation for Hodgkin's disease

There is an increased incidence of breast cancer in female patients who have previously undergone mantle radiation for Hodgkin's disease. Lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation is generally considered to be contraindicated in such patients owing to the high cumulative radiation dose to the breast. Mastectomy is therefore recommended as the preferred treatment option in these women. We report two cases of breast cancer occurring in women previously treated with mantle radiation for Hodgkin's disease. Both women declined mastectomy and requested breast-conserving treatment.     

膀胱癌术后放疗与第二原发直肠恶性肿瘤的关联性研究:一项基于大队列的回顾性研究

目的 探讨膀胱癌术后放疗与发生第二原发肿瘤直肠癌风险的关系。方法 从美国国立癌症研究所肿瘤监测、流行病学和结果数据库(SEER)(1975—2017)中纳入符合标准的膀胱癌患者75 120例。第二原发肿瘤定义为膀胱癌治疗后5年以上发生的直肠癌,第二原发肿瘤直肠癌的累积发病率通过Fine-Gray竞争风险回归进行估计。用泊松回归评估放疗患者与未放疗患者中直肠癌的相对风险。结果 在75 120例患者中,70 045例(92.4%)为白人,中位年龄65.8岁(54~74岁)。2 236例(3%)接受了术后放疗,72 884例(97%)仅接受了手术治疗。在放疗和非放疗患者中,30年随访期间直肠癌的累积发生率分别为0.93%和0.43%(P=0.004)。在竞争风险回归分析中,接受放疗与发生直肠癌明显相关(HR=1.86;95%CI 1.26~2.74,P=0.009)。直肠癌放疗相对风险(RR)随着直肠癌诊断时间越早增加越显著(1975—1985 v.s.1985—1994:RR=2.59;95%CI 1.20~4.86,P＜0.001),放疗时年龄越小发生第二原发肿瘤的概率越大(≤50岁vs.＞50岁:RR=7.89;95%CI 2.97~21.30,P＜0.001);使用泊松分布计算放疗患者直肠第二肿瘤相对风险均更高(RR=2.20;95%CI 1.45~3.18,P＜0.001),诊断日期调整后,放疗患者直肠第二肿瘤风险仍更高(RR=1.77;95%CI 1.17~2.57,P=0.009)。结论 膀胱癌放疗后发生直肠癌的风险增加,应积极随诊检查尽早发现膀胱癌放疗后相关的第二原发肿瘤直肠癌。     

宫颈癌术后限定骨髓剂量盆腔调强放疗的临床研究

目的 观察宫颈癌患者术后限定骨髓剂量的盆腔调强放疗(BMS-IMRT)与非限定骨髓剂量的盆腔调强放疗(IMRT)联合化疗的近期疗效及不良反应。方法 本院宫颈癌术后患者70例,用抽签方法随机分为BMS-IMRT组34例和IMRT组36例,行盆腔外照射调强放疗联合化疗,计划靶体积剂量45 Gy分25次。BMS-IMRT组勾画骨盆并给予单独限量:骨盆V₃₀≤50%;70例患者同期每周40 mg/m²顺铂化疗。结果 除3例因重度骨髓抑制未完成化疗外,67例患者顺利完成治疗。两组2年的局部控制率及生存率、下消化道及泌尿系统不良反应差异无统计学意义,BMS-IMRT组血液学不良反应较IMRT组轻,差异有统计学意义(χ²=14.355,P<0.05)。结论 宫颈癌术后行盆腔同步放化疗患者,BMS-IMRT组较IMRT组血液学不良反应减轻,近期疗效及其他放疗不良反应无明显差异。     

Difference in prognostic factors between stage IB and II uterine cervical carcinoma patients treated with radical hysterectomy and postoperative radiation therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the difference in prognostic factors between stage IB and II uterine cervical carcinoma patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 1988 and May 1998, a total of 94 patients including 47 patients with stage IB and 47 patients with stage II uterine cervical carcinoma were treated with postoperative radiation therapy at Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital. All patients were treated with 10 MV X-rays using an anterior-posterior parallel opposed field which covered the whole pelvis. Fractionation was 2 Gy per day, five fractions per week, to a total dose of 50 Gy. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival rates of stage IB and II were 89.4% and 79.3%, respectively. In multivariate analysis for all patients, lymph node status, histology, and surgical margin status were recognized as prognostic factors. Limited to stage IB patients, lymph node status was the only independent prognostic factor. However, for stage II patients, tumor histology was also an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic factors of stage IB and II were different. Tumor histology was only associated with stage II patients. These findings suggested that tumor histology might have played a different role as tumor stage progressed. However, further studies with large numbers of patients will be required to confirm these results.