放射疗法与两种药物混合液对瘢痕疙瘩术后防治的临床比较

目的探讨放射疗法、氟尿嘧啶（5-FU ）与曲安奈德混合液两种方法对瘢痕疙瘩术后防治的疗效。方法2002年1月至2012年1月应用放射疗法、5-FU与曲安奈德混合液对126例瘢痕疙瘩术后的预防性治疗；瘢痕疙瘩术后放射治疗组（A组）65例，术后24 h内放射治疗1次，剂量为2～2．5 GY ，24～48 h内放射治疗1次，1周内再放射治疗1次，剂量均为2．5GY，总剂量7～9GY。如3个月后瘢痕疙瘩术后有复发的症状，再加1次放疗，每次剂量一样。瘢痕疙瘩术后5-FU与曲安奈德混合液治疗组（B组）61例，用5-FU与曲安奈德混合液局部注射伤口两侧边缘0．3～0．5cm的真皮及皮下组织，其浓度为0．10～0．25mL/L，每2周1次，连续2个月后改为每4周1次，连续应用4个月，整个疗程为6个月。结果随访6～12个月，A组治愈率83．08％，B组治愈率59．02％，A组明显优于B组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。结论瘢痕疙瘩术后放射治疗是预防瘢痕疙瘩复发有效方法之一。     

多种方法综合治疗皮肤病理性瘢痕的临床观察

目的：观察手术切除、放射治疗、硅凝胶膜贴敷综合治疗皮肤病理性瘢痕的临床效果,探讨理想的治疗方法。方法：对357例皮肤增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩患者进行手术切除瘢痕,术后1—7d即进行放射治疗（直线加速器电子射线的剂量为3Gy／次,5次;或2Gy／次,8—10次,总剂量15～20Gy;γ射线的剂量为5—6Gy／次,2～3次,总剂量15—20Gy）,放射治疗结束、切口拆线后1周内开始运用硅凝胶膜贴敷,每日至少贴敷12h以上,连续1—3个月。术后随访6个月～2年。结果：357例皮肤增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩经综合治疗后痊愈241例（192／49）,占67．5％;显效74例（48／26）,占20．7％;有效23例（14／9）,占6．5％;无效19例（11／8）,占5．3％;综合治疗总有效率为94．7％。7例（2．0％）出现放射性损伤,创面发生溃疡,治疗1个月后溃疡愈合,瘢痕未复发;315例（88．2％）患者治疗部位出现色素沉着,3～6个月自然消失。结论：手术切除、放射治疗、硅凝胶膜贴敷综合治疗皮肤病理性瘢痕效果良好,是一种可行的治疗方法。     

40例瘢痕瘤手术联合放疗临床分析

目的：观察手术联合放疗治疗瘢痕瘤的临床疗效。方法：40例瘢痕瘤患者采用手术切除,经缝合或植皮后在24h内行放射治疗,耳垂部位采用钴～60机治疗,每次4Gy,连续3d,总量12Gy,躯干及四肢采用铱-192后装机表面施源器,单次剂量7Gy,连续3d,总量为21Gy。结果：术后随访5年,治愈35例,显效3例,治愈率87．5％,有效率为95．0%。结论：手术联合术后早期放疗是治疗瘢痕瘤的有效方法。     

放射治疗对美容术后皮肤瘢痕增生抑制效果的临床研究

目的 探讨放射线治疗对美容术后皮肤瘢痕增生的抑制效果的疗效观察。方法 采用浅部X线治疗机及电子直线加速器对106例美容术后皮肤瘢痕增生进行放射治疗。其中单纯放射治疗43例，美容术后瘢痕增生放射治疗63例。单次照射剂量300cGy，每周照射2次，总照射剂量1500-1800cGy。结果 43例单纯放射治疗总有效率72．1％（31／43）。63例美容术后瘢痕增生放射治疗总有效率为77．8％（49／63）（X^2=0．45，P〈0．05）。术后1周内行放射治疗的39例有效率为79．5％（31／39），术后超过1周的24例有效率为62．5％（15／24）（X^2=2．18，P〈0．01），二者差异具有显著性。后加放射治疗组中有14例2～3个月后因治疗效果不满意接受再次放射治疗，美容术后瘢痕增生抑制率为64．3％（9／14）。结论 放射治疗对美容术后瘢痕增生具有明显的抑制效果。     

三维适形放疗联合替莫唑胺化疗用于恶性脑胶质瘤术后疗效观察

目的探讨三维适形放疗（3DCRT）联合同步替莫唑胺（TMZ）化疗用于恶性脑胶质瘤术后的临床疗效及不良反应。方法40例恶性脑胶质瘤术后,采用3DCRT同步联合TM2（RT-TMZ组）与单纯放疗（RT组）患者对照分析。RT-TMZ组（20例）采取局部放疗同时每天持续口服TMZ化疗（75mg／m^2）以及TMZ化疗（150-200mg／m^2）3～6个周期的辅助治疗;RT组（20例）采取单纯放射治疗（60～72Gy）。结果RT-TMZ组疗效好于RT组,RToTMZ组与RT组比较有效率分别为75．0％和60．0％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。1、2年生存率分别为75．0％、45．0％和40．0％、15．0％差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。中位生存期分别为15．9个月9．8个月。RT-TMZ组不良反应轻微,限于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论放疗联合同步TMZ化疗用于恶性脑胶质瘤术后的疗效优于单纯放疗,而且患者的化疗不良反应无明显增加。     

瘢痕瘤术后放射治疗时机分析

目的分析308例瘢痕瘤术后放射治疗疗效。方法308例瘢痕瘤按手术切除后前来接受放射治疗的时间分为三组：（1）术后24 h内治疗组145例,（2）术后3 d治疗组132例,（3）术后5～7 d治疗组31例。均采用电子直线加速器治疗,能量4～6 MeV,第（1）、（2）组剂量12～16 Gy,2 Gy/次,1次/d,第（3）组剂量18 Gy,3 Gy/次,1次/d。结果随访观察6个月～2 a,治愈率：第（1）组91.0%,第（2）组85.6%,第（3）组71.0%。结论放射治疗对瘢痕瘤术后疗效显著,放射治疗疗效与术后接受治疗的时间有关,时间间隔长,细胞开始修复增生,疗效不理想。实践证明,最佳放射治疗时间应在手术切除后24 h内进行。     

放射线与物理疗法对皮肤瘢痕增生患者关节活动功能的恢复作用

目的观察放射线与物理疗法对皮肤瘢痕增生患者关节活动功能的恢复，以及对瘢痕的抑制效果。方法选取1989—05／2003—07解放军沈阳军区总医院放射治疗科门诊的269例瘢痕增生患者，分为单纯放射治疗组87例，手术加放射治疗组182例。①单纯放射治疗组行放射治疗；手术加放射治疗组行病理性瘢痕切除手术，术后在不同时间进行放射治疗，两组单次照射剂量300cGy，每周照射2次，总照射剂量1500～1800coy。②手术加放射治疗组有46例患者瘢痕增生发生在关节活动区，整形手术切除瘢痕1周后行放射治疗，同时开始物理疗法进行关节功能锻炼，每天一两次，持续30～60min/次。瘢痕增生病变位于手腕关节处可先从群指运动开始，五指合拢、分开，半握掌到握掌，手握小球、圆棍棒等辅助活动工具。瘢痕增生病变位于肩、肘、髋、膝等关节时，术后1周可进行主被动功能练习。结果按意向处理分析，269例皮肤瘢痕增生患者全部进入结果分析。①关节活动区瘢痕增生患者关节活动功能恢复情况：行放射治疗配合物理治疗后，46例患者关节活动功能均恢复良好，与正常人比较无明显区别，有效率100％。②瘢痕增生抑制总有效率比较：手术加放射治疗组明显高于单纯放射治疗组（75．3％，70．1％，X^2=3．478，P〈0．05）。③手术加放射治疗组术后不同时间行放射治疗的患者瘢痕增生抑制有效率比较：术后1周之内明显高于超过术后1周的患者（79．5％，68．5％，X^2=4．96，P〈0．05）。结论瘢痕切除术后进行放射治疗对瘢痕增生具有明显的抑制作用，术后与放射治疗的间隔时间对预后也有影响，术后应尽早放射治疗。对于发生在关节活动功能区的瘢痕增生，放射治疗的同时配合物理疗法有利于活动功能的恢复。     

子宫颈癌术后放疗90例远期疗效分析

目的分析子宫颈癌术后放疗及各项因素与远期疗效的关系，并与单纯放疗（外照射＋后装腔内治疗），单纯手术的疗效作对比分析。方法1993～1998年对90例宫颈进行了术后放疗＋后装腔内治疗，其中Ⅰ期17例，Ⅱ期72例。鳞癌84例．腺癌6例均为浸润肌层。盆腔有淋巴结转移23例。放疗采用6Mev电子直线加速全盆腔外照射，肿瘤量44～58Gy，加后装腔内放疗，肿瘤量25～30Gy，80例占88．3％。结果生存5年以上者74例，5年生存率为82．5％。年龄．期别，肿瘤大小，舾理类型，手术方式与远期疗效无明显相关。有无淋巴结转移5年生存率分别为63．3％和88．9％（P〈0．01），放疗刑量为44～58Gy。加后装腔内治疗组的5年生存率明显高于该刑量组．未加后装腔内治疗组，分别为91．6％和57．1％（P〈0．05）。结论本组术后外照射加后装腔内治疗与文献中单纯放疗、单纯手术的远期疗效进行比较显示：Ⅰ期、Ⅱa期病例无差异，Ⅱb期单纯放疗加后装腔内治疗为好，术中或术后发现病期较晚者补破疗或后装腔内治疗是必要的。     

三维适形放射治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的疗效

[目的]探讨三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）对60岁以上非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的疗效及毒副作用。[方法]将44例60岁以上老年人NSCLC随机分为治疗组（全程适形放射治疗）和对照组（全程常规放射治疗）,每组各22例。适形放疗为2Gy／次,DT60～70Gy／6～7周,常规放疗2Gy／次,DT60～65Gy／6～7周,其中DT达40Gy后避开脊髓再设野放疗。[结果]观察组总有效率为91%（20／22）,与对照组66％（15／22）比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,观察组1、2、3年生存率分别为45．5％、31．8％、22．7％,与对照组50％,31．8％,18．2％比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,观察组放射性食管炎、放射性肺炎、骨髓抑制的发生率明显低于对照组,且两组差异比较均有显著性（P〈0．05）。[结论]老年人NSCLC采用3D-CRT,可提高肿瘤病灶放射剂量,减少放疗副反应,提高患者生活质量。     

手术切除及电子线放射治疗瘢痕疙瘩250例效果分析

为观察手术联合电子线治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效,选择新疆医科大学第一附属医院整形外科2000-02/2005-05收治的250例瘢痕疙瘩患者,手术切除瘢痕疙瘩后,能直接缝合的创面于术后24h内采用6MeV电子线治疗(使用仪器为瓦里安2300CD电子直线加速器),照射范围为切口及切口外0.5～1.0cm,包括缝线的针眼部位,1次/d,连续5d为1个疗程,每次剂量4Gy,总剂量20Gy;4例中厚皮片移植修复的创面待皮片成活拆线后进行上述治疗。第1个疗程结束后,250例中243例在正常时间内愈合,切口处瘢痕平整,呈线性,没有增生;7例有增生者进行第2个疗程电子线放射治疗后6例愈合,仅1例无效。所有患者随访1.5年,没有复发,没有其他并发症出现。提示瘢痕疙瘩切除术后联合电子线放射治疗是预防瘢痕疙瘩复发的有效方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.