大鼠原位肝移植术近期并发症的预防

目的:探讨如何预防大鼠原位肝移植术的近期并发症.方法:在Kamada等用袖套法吻合血管的基础上,进行改进,供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注,肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合,胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法,共施行大鼠原位肝移植术360次,供体手术时间为(31.2±5)min,受体手术时间为(45±5.5)min,无肝期为(20±2.5)min.结果:术后近期主要并发症有:出血12例,肝下下腔静脉血栓8例,袖套扭转或脱落4例,胆管梗阻3例.结论:娴熟的显微外科技术、细致的手术操作是预防术中和术后并发症的先决条件.受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键.     

三袖套法金黄地鼠至大鼠肝移植模型术式改进及并发症预防措施

目的；探讨大鼠原位肝移植法模型的术式改进方法及其并发症的预防措施。方法：应用改良Ｈａｒｉｌａｒａ氏三袖套法－用袖套法吻合肝上下腔静脉（ＳＶＣ），肝下下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）及门静脉（ＰＶ），应用塑料胆汁引汉支架行胆总管（ＢＤ）或胆囊胆总管吻合法重建胆道连续性，建立金黄地鼠至大鼠原位肝移植模型，结果：成功施行金黄地鼠至大鼠原位肝移植术２１例，其中供肝手术３６例，供体手术，血管袖套准备及受体手术时间分别为５     

大鼠原位肝移植模型的手术操作技巧探讨

目的 建立一个稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型,探讨其手术技巧。方法在Kamada“二袖套法”的基础上进行改良。供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注;肝上下腔静脉用连续缝合法吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合．胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果共施行大鼠原位肝移植140例,无肝期平均11min．手术成功率为97％,大鼠1周存活率为95％。结论改良的两袖套法具有操作简便、无肝期短、手术成功率高、大鼠术后存活时间长的优点,是大鼠原位肝移植的理想术式。娴熟细致的外科操作、受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键。     

120例大鼠原位肝移植报道

目的建立一个稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型,探讨其术中和术后并发症的预防。方法在Ka-mada“二袖套法”吻合血管的基础上进行改良。供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注;肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合,门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合,胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果共施行大鼠原位肝移植120例,手术成功率为96.7%。大鼠1周存活率为95%,3月存活率达90%。结论娴熟细致的外科操作提高了手术成功率,受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键。     

豚鼠至大鼠肝移植肝下下腔静脉套管方法的改进

目的探讨豚鼠至大鼠异种原位肝移植中应用改进的肝下下腔静脉套管方法的手术效果。方法豚鼠和SD大鼠各30只分别作为供、受体,并随机配对分为实验组和对照组。实验组采用改进的肝下下腔静脉套管进行肝下下腔静脉袖套管法吻合。对照组采用常规方法进行肝下下腔静脉袖套法吻合。比较两组的供肝切取时间(切、修肝时间)、受体手术时间、无肝期时间、手术成功率、肝下下腔静脉袖套吻合口附近出血发生率以及术后生存时间。结果实验组和对照组的供肝切取时间分别为(32.2±3.5)min、(45.4±5.7)min,修肝时间分别为(14.5±2.1)min、(9.2±1.8)min,切、修肝总时间分别为(46.7±4.8)min、(54.6±6.9)min,比较差异均有统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组受体的手术时间分别为(52.7±6.1)min、(53.2±6.5)min,无肝期分别为(16.8±2.1)min、(17.2±2.5)min,比较差异没有统计学意义(均为P0.05)。实验组与对照组的手术成功率分别为93%、53%,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的肝下下腔静脉袖套吻合口附近出血发生率分别为0、38%,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组手术成功的动物的术后生存时间分别为(115±24)min、(95±29)min,比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论应用改进的肝下下腔静脉套管方法进行豚鼠至大鼠原位肝移植,手术成功率高,可用于豚鼠至大鼠原位肝移植实验研究模型的制作。     

提高二袖套法大鼠原位肝移植成功率的手术技巧

目的　探讨二袖套法大鼠原位肝移植的手术技巧。方法　在Kamada“二袖套法”基础上进行改良。获取供肝前阻断肝门血供 10min ,再灌注 10min ;分别经腹主动脉和门静脉对肝脏进行双重灌注 ;门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合 ,肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合 ,胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果　共施行大鼠原位肝移植 12 0次 ,手术成功率为 90 .8%。平均无肝期为 ( 2 1.0± 3.5 )min ,受体总手术时间为 ( 4 6 .0± 4 .5 )min ,1周生存率为 87.2 %。结论　良好的手术野暴露 ,娴熟的显微外科技术 ,精细的手术操作和配合有助于缩短受体无肝期及总手术时间和提高受体生存率     

大鼠原位肝移植模型的手术技巧及并发症的预防

目的 探讨建立一个稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型的手术技巧以及术中和术后并发症的预防。方法 在Kamaka用“二袖套法”吻合血管的基础上进行改良。供体改经腹主动脉进行肝脏冷灌注；肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合，门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合，胆总管采用单管内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果 共施行大鼠原位肝移植360次，手术成功率为91．3％。非干预组中，同系移植大鼠1周存活率为86．5％，3个月存活率达80．7％。结论 熟练的显微外科技术、细致的手术操作是预防术中和术后并发症的先决条件。受体无肝期的长短是决定动物存活的关键。     

经升主动脉灌注的无心跳供体大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立

目的 探讨建立一个能灌注更彻底、更易操作、热缺血时间容易控制的原位肝移植动物模型。方法 在Kamada两袖套法的基础上进行改良，供体经升主动脉进行冷灌注，肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合，门静脉和肝下下腔静脉用袖套法吻合，胆总管采用胆管内支架端端吻合的方法。建立无心跳供体的大鼠原位肝移植模型。结果 40例移植后1d大鼠存活率为95．0％(38／40)，1周存活率为85．5％(35／40)。结论 经升主动脉灌注的供肝灌注更彻底、均匀，更易操作，热缺血时间控制更精准，行肝移植后1周存活率较文献报道高。     

大鼠原位肝移植胆道并发症的原因分析

目的研究胆道并发症的发生原因,建立稳定的大鼠原位肝移植模型。方法“二袖套法”行大鼠原位肝脏移植180例,即肝上下腔静脉（SVC）采用连续缝合法吻合,门静脉（PV）以及肝下下腔静脉（IVC）采用袖套法吻合,胆总管采用内支架胆管端端吻合法。结果模型稳定后,供肝冷缺血时间为（50．1±12．0）min,无肝期为（16．0±3．1）min,受体手术时间为（54．4±10．6）min,术后胆道并发症的发生率为40％,主要表现为肝脓肿、肝内外胆管扩张、胆泥形成等。结论胆管内支架管的选择以及手术技巧是影响大鼠肝移植术后胆道并发症发生发展的重要因素。     

改良单人操作大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立

目的探索改良传统手术方法单人操作大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立方法。方法 200只(100对)大鼠建立原位肝移植模型,其中80只(40对)进行正式实验,采用改良的Kamada二袖套法,再对手术中关键步骤进行改良,并对术中及术后恢复情况进行分析。结果本组80只大鼠原位肝移植手术均顺利完成。供体手术时间为(28.5±2.4)min,供肝修整时间为(10.2±1.8)min;肝上下腔静脉吻合时间为(15.3±1.9)min,门静脉吻合时间为(3.4±1.2)min,受体无肝期为(23.8±1.9)min,肝下下腔静脉吻合时间为(5.1±2.1)min,胆道重建时间为(3.1±0.9)min。整个手术过程中供、受体出血量均不足0.5 ml。40只受体大鼠,术后2 d成活率为90.0%(36/40),3只死于肝上下腔静脉缝合处出血,1只死于无肝期过长;术后7 d成活率为82.5%(33/40),3只均死于腹腔内感染。结论在单人操作建立大鼠原位肝移植模型中,通过腹主动脉和下腔静脉整块游离行腹主动脉灌注供肝、精细解剖左隔下静脉三角、术中热凝控制出血等方面的改良可减少手术并发症的发生,保证供肝质量,提高大鼠成活率。     

Novel technique for suprahepatic vena cava reconstruction in rat orthotopic liver transplantation

In previous studies, the suture technique and the cuff method were applied to anastomoses of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. However, the anastomosis of SHVC is difficult during transplantation because of the short length of the SHVC. Here, we developed a novel method for anastomoses of SHVC, using a veno-lined stent technique. The veno-lined stent for SHVC anastomosis was prepared after the donor operation. The special veno-lined stent was a 4.0-mm-long polythene tube in which a venous segment from the donor was lined. During the recipient operation, the donor SHVC was anastomosed end-to-end to the recipient SHVC, using the veno-lined stent. Anastomoses of the portal vein and infrahepatic vena cava were performed using a cuff technique. Continuity of the bile duct was established using a stent. The hepatic artery was ligated, and the graft was not arterialized. As controls, the unlined stent, the suture technique, and the cuff method were also used for SHVC anastomoses, respectively, as three control groups with the identical procedures above. In total, 30 orthotopic liver isografts were performed using the veno-lined stent technique. The survival rate was 90% (27/30) after 1 week and 70% (21/30) after 2 months, with normal hepatocellular function. The SHVC anastomosis using a veno-lined stent took 10 +/- 2 (mean +/- SD) min. The anhepatic phase, recipient operative time, and complete operation time were about 14 +/- 2 min, 40 +/- 5 min, and 120 +/- 10 min, respectively. However, in the nonlined stent control group, a total of 20 orthotopic liver isografts used the nonlined stent for SHVC anastomoses, and all failed because of venous thrombosis in SHVC; none survived over 1 week. In the suture technique control group, 40 orthotopic liver isografts were performed using a suture technique for SHVC anastomoses. The results showed no significant difference with those of the veno-lined stent method. But in the cuff method control group, of all 20 orthotopic liver isografts performed using the cuff method for SHVC anastomoses, 10 failed because of failed ligation on the anastomostic site. The survival rates at 1 week and 2 months postoperatively were significantly different from those of the veno-lined stent method. The veno-lined stent technique provides a novel, simple, and reliable method for SHVC anastomoses. It avoids bleeding during suture and the ligation difficulties found with the cuff method. The operation's success rate is satisfactory. This model is successful, and could be applied in various experimental studies.     

A modified technique of orthotopic transplant of the kidney in rabbits

In this study kidneys were harvested from bred-for-research cats weighing 4 to 5 kg. General principles of donor bilateral nephrectomy en bloc with aorta, vena cava, renal vessels, and ureters were followed. After the harvest the grafts were placed in lactated Ringer slush. A cuff was prepared on the renal vein over a 10 French plastic tube. The aorta was divided and left in connection with the renal artery at each side. Twenty female checkered Flemish giant rabbits weighing 4.0-6.0 kg served as recipients. After premedication with 40 mg/kg of ketamine, anesthesia was maintained with repeated doses (every 10-15 min) of a 0.1-mL mixture of 5 parts ketamine and 1 part acepromazine diluted 50% in a normal saline. Arterial pressure, CVP, blood gases, and temperature were monitored. Through a limited midline incision a native left nephrectomy was performed. The venous anastomosis was performed with a cuff technique without clamping the vena cava (which causes severe hemodynamic instability); the anastomotic time was 2-3 min. The arterial anastomosis was performed with an end-to-side aorta-to-aorta anastomosis; the anastomotic time was 5 to 7 min. There were no episodes of venous or arterial thrombosis. The donor procedure took approximately 40 min, and the backtable preparation of the graft an additional 45 to 60 min. Preparation of the recipient for the anastomosis took 15 min and the anastomotic time (warm ischemia) was 13 +/- 5 min. In this model suitable for xenograft research the duration of the surgery in the recipient has been greatly reduced because of (1) the previous backtable preparation of the graft, and (2) the cuff technique used for venous anastomosis. The present anesthesia regimen and careful hemodynamic monitoring were also important in the success of this model.     

犬自体睾丸移植模型术式的改进

目的探讨建立犬自体睾丸移植模型的手术改进方法。方法30只健康成年雄性杂种犬,采用切取带腹主动脉瓣的睾丸动脉和带下腔静脉瓣的睾丸静脉,并将睾丸动脉与髂外动脉、睾丸静脉与髂外静脉端侧吻合的方法进行犬自体睾丸移植术。结果移植成功27只,成功率达90%。其中睾丸热缺血时间(4.5±0.9)min,冷缺血时间(50.0±5.0)min,睾丸血管吻合时间(35.5±5.5)min,总手术时间(3.5±0.5)h。逐步完善了睾丸灌注、带瓣睾丸血管的切取及血管吻合等关键步骤。结论建立了稳定、可行的自体睾丸移植动物模型,为睾丸移植提供了可靠的研究平台。     

A Modified Technique of Orthotopic Transplant of the Kidney in Rabbits

In this study kidneys were harvested from bred-for-research cats weighing 4 to 5 kg. General principles of donor bilateral nephrectomy en bloc with aorta, vena cava, renal vessels, and ureters were followed. After the harvest the grafts were placed in lactated Ringer slush. A cuff was prepared on the renal vein over a 10 French plastic tube. The aorta was divided and left in connection with the renal artery at each side. Twenty female checkered Flemish giant rabbits weighing 4.0-6.0 kg served as recipients. After pre-medication with 40 mg/kg of ketamine, anesthesia was maintained with repeated doses (every 10-15 min) of a 0.1-mL mixture of 5 parts ketamine and I part acepromazine diluted 50% in a normal saline. Arterial pressure, CVP, blood gases, and temperature were monitored. Through a limited midline incision a native left nephrectomy was performed. The venous anastomosis was performed with a cuff technique without clamping the vena cava (which causes severe hemodynamic instability); the anastomotic time was 2-3 min. The arterial anastomosis was performed with an end-to-side aorta-to-aorta anastomosis; the anastomotic time was 5 to 7 min. There were no episodes of venous or arterial thrombosis. The donor procedure took approximately 40 min, and the backtable preparation of the graft an additional 45 to 60 min. Preparation of the recipient for the anastomosis took 15 min and the anastomotic time (warm ischemia) was 13 ± 5 min. In this model suitable for xeno-graft research the duration of the surgery in the recipient has been greatly reduced because of(1) the previous backtable preparation of the graft, und (2) the cuff technique used for venous anastomosis. The present anesthesia regimen and careful hemodynamic monitoring were also important in the success of this model.     

大鼠颈部心脏移植中动脉套叠吻合的应用

目的探讨采用动脉套叠吻合结合套管连接技术,制作大鼠颈部心脏移植模型,以简化手术操作,提高成功率. 方法模型通过将供心无名动脉套叠吻合于受体右颈总动脉,供心肺动脉套接于受体右颈外静脉,将雄性SD大鼠(25只)心脏移植于Wistar大鼠(25只)颈部.术后应用环孢霉素A (1.5 mg/kg, q.d.)灌胃治疗,通过视诊和触诊观察移植心存活情况,以存活超过3天为手术成功标准,观察期3个月. 结果正式实验25例,平均手术时间为(48.7±3.4)分钟,手术成功22例,成功率为88%.失败3例为吻合口出血1例,血栓形成2例.观察期内死亡6例,原因为肺部感染、颈部脓肿、肝脏或膀胱肿瘤,其余16例大鼠移植心存活均超过3个月. 结论改进的大鼠颈部心脏移植手术模型具有操作简便,心脏缺血时间短,便于观察等优点.