解剖性双心室流出道重建技术:双根部调转手术

目的 总结双根部调转术治疗合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和左心室流出道狭窄的心室大动脉连接异常的中期结果.方法 2007年12月至2013年9月,78例患者接受双根部调转手术.男55例,女23例;年龄0.3～22.0岁,中位年龄3.0岁.涤纶补片修补VSD,主动脉根部调转时进行冠状动脉再植,用带单瓣的牛颈静脉或同种血管片重建肺动脉.随访2～ 98个月,中位随访时间56个月,超声心动图评估双侧心室流出道功能.结果 院内死亡3例,占4.4％,死因分别为肾功能衰竭、低心排血量综合征和脓毒血症.随访期间无再次手术;2例死亡,原因分别是心功能衰竭和猝死.术后超声心动图提示患者重建后的双心室流出道血流动力学满意,心功能正常.左心室流出道压差接近正常,提示左心室流出道疏通满意;平均右心室流出道压差10.4 mmHg(1.38 kPa),多数患者的肺动脉仅少到中量反流.结论 采用带单片的补片和自体肺动脉重建的右心室流出道,保持通畅性和生长潜能.双根部调转手术中期随访结果良好,从心脏血流动力学的角度来看,此方法是对合并室间隔缺损和左心室流出道狭窄的大动脉转位和右心室双出口这一疾患的真正意义上的解剖学矫治.     

异种牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建右室流出道研究

目的 观察去细胞牛颈静脉带瓣管道( BJVC)重建猪右心室流出道后的细胞生长特性、抗钙化性能及血流动力学性能.方法 应用经去细胞、鞣制、改性(B组,n=8)及未去细胞(A组,n=8)的BJVC分别进行猪肺动脉与右心室连接,行光镜及电镜观察宿主内皮细胞及肌成纤维细胞生长特点,原子火焰法检测组织钙含量,超声心动图检测 BJVC 血流动力学参数.结果 术前A组BJVC试片表面无内皮细胞,术后12个月内膜表面50％～60％的表面覆盖卵圆形内皮细胞,基质层未见宿主成纤维细胞迁入;术前B组去细胞后BJVC已基本无细胞成分,术后12个月内皮细胞覆盖率约80％ ～90％,宿主肌成纤维细胞已爬行迁移至基质层的1/3.术后A组近端及远端吻合口管壁、瓣膜组织钙含量显著大于B组(P＜0.05),B组上述各项指标均显著大于新鲜BJVC(P ＜0.05).术后当天A组及B组各项血流动力学指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),B组术后当天及术后12月各项指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后12月A组远端吻合口口径显著小于B组(P＜0.05),远端吻合口压差、跨瓣压差、牛颈静脉返流量显著大于B组(P＜0.05).结论 去细胞化后鞣制、改性的牛颈静脉是一种更好的重建右室流道材料,但远期效果需进一步研究.     

牛颈静脉带瓣补片在复杂先天性心脏病患者右心室流出道重建中的应用

目的评价牛颈静脉带瓣补片应用于重建右心室流出道的近期效果。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2010年3月武汉亚洲心脏病医院行牛颈静脉带瓣补片重建右心室流出道60例患者的临床资料,男42例,女18例;年龄5个月～33(6.2±8.9)岁,其中34例<1岁;体重(27.5±24.0)kg。术前临床诊断为法洛四联症38例,右心室双出口合并肺动脉狭窄22例。所有患者均行一期完全修复术,有4例因为侧枝循环较多,术前采取介入侧枝封堵。全组患者肺动脉瓣瓣环直径均小于正常值2个标准差,均采取跨瓣环补片重建右心室流出道。随访时间18～26(21.2±4.6)个月。结果手术无死亡,也无因流出道严重狭窄和严重肺动脉瓣反流需再次手术者。有3例患者术后早期因为侧枝循环较多,拔除气管内插管后出现肺水肿,再次气管内插管;4例患者因出血需二次开胸止血,其他患者术后均顺利康复出院。体外循环时间(84.0±22.0)min,主动脉阻断时间(42.0±12.0)min。术后即刻右心室流出道压力阶差(18.0±4.5)mm Hg,术后最后一次随访的经胸超声心动图检查提示,右心室流出道压力阶差为(19.2±5.4)mm Hg,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后即刻肺动脉瓣反流程度:轻微反流32例(1+),轻度反流28例(2+);术后最后一次随访的经胸超声心动图检查提示,反流程度:轻微28例(1+),轻度27例(2+),中度5例(3+);两者反流程度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。牛颈静脉带瓣补片及瓣叶组织均未见钙化,瓣叶活动良好。无牛颈静脉血栓形成及感染性心内膜炎发生。结论对法洛四联症和右心室双出口合并肺动脉狭窄的患者,牛颈静脉带瓣补片是右心室流出道跨瓣环重建的一种良好材料,无相关的严重并发症发生,近期右心室流出道压力阶差没有明显增加,肺动脉瓣抗反流性能良好;远期效果还需进一步随访观察。     

重建右心室流出道中BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道比较

目的 比较国产牛颈静脉带瓣BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道(Homograft)在右心室流出道重建中的临床效果.方法 2003年1月至2009年7月,使用Homograft管道重建右心室流出道患者10例,使用BalMedic管道重建右心室流出道患者14例.术后1年复查超声心动图,检测移植管道内径、远端吻合口压差、新建肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差、有无血栓形成或瘤样扩张及肺动脉瓣反流程度.结果 Homograft组9例治愈出院,1例因感染性心内膜炎引起多器官功能衰竭死亡,与管道明确相关;BalMedic管道组13例治愈出院,1例于术后第2天因心力衰竭死亡.两组肺动脉瓣及远端吻合口均未见明显狭窄(压差＜ 20 mm Hg)(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),且组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无血栓形成,且未见瘤样扩张.Homograft组肺动脉瓣轻度反流2例,中度1例;BalMedic管道组轻度反流4例,无中、重度反流.结论 对于右心室流出道重建,两种管道可获相同治疗效果.鉴于BalMedic管道方便获取、易于保存及更加匹配等特点,将有更好的应用前景.     

小儿永存动脉干右室流出道重建

目的 总结小儿永存动脉干(PTA)右室流出道重建治疗经验.方法 2000年1月至2007年12月共行PTA根治手术治疗43例,男26例,女17例.年龄1.5个月～3.8岁;体重3.2～23.0kg.Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型PTA分别为26例、11例和6例.18例PTA的肺动脉直接下拖至右室流出道切口上缘相吻合,前壁再用心包补片扩大;8例用Homograft管道、14例用牛颈静脉管道连接远端肺动脉和右心室,重建右室流出道;3例Ⅱ型者,肺动脉后壁用左心耳壁与右室流出道上缘做吻合,前壁再用心包补片扩大.结果 术后所有病儿均生存,5例表现为右心功能不全,2例右肺动脉(RPA)压差37.5～47.3 mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),术后17d恢复至35.3mm Hg以下.左心室流出道阶差均小于20.3mm Hg.残余VSD(2mm)1例,乳糜胸1例.5例病儿肺血管阻力高,吸一氧化氮(NO)治疗7d左右后好转.随访3个月～3年,2例病儿RPA残余压差24.0～29.3 mm Hg,均无明显右心室或左心室流出道梗阻.结论 肺总动脉后壁直接与右心室切口作吻合重建PTA的右室流出道,早期和远期效果良好.牛颈静脉的带瓣管道的应用,解决了小尺寸同种带瓣管道来源不足的问题,操作简便.     

同种带瓣心外管道的临床应用

目的　探讨同种带瓣主动脉和肺动脉心外管道治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床效果。　方法　应用深低温保存同种带瓣主动脉或肺动脉心外管道重建右心室流出道治疗复杂先天性心脏病 31例 ,其中 ,右心室双出口 6例 ,矫正型大动脉转位 2 1例 ,完全型大动脉转位 2例 ,三尖瓣闭锁 1例 ,感染性心内膜炎合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 1例。应用同种主动脉 2 7例 ,同种肺动脉 4例。　结果　术后同种管道吻合口通畅 ,无压差、无扭曲和受压 ,同种瓣膜活动良好。　结论　同种带瓣主动脉和肺动脉心外管道具有生物活性和完整的瓣膜功能 ,可从解剖学和血流动力学上矫正心脏畸形     

Ross-Konno手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄的临床疗效

目的评价Ross-Konno手术治疗儿童主动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄的早期临床疗效。方法 2018年12月至2019年12月,共12例患儿因主动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄在我科接受手术治疗,其中男8例、女4例,接受手术时中位年龄4岁(11个月~12岁)。Ross-Konno手术11例,单纯Ross手术1例。主动脉瓣重度狭窄8例,主动脉瓣关闭不全2例,狭窄合并关闭不全2例。合并主动脉二瓣化畸形6例,瓣下流出道显著狭窄4例,合并二尖瓣病变4例,合并弓部病变3例。手术采用自体肺动脉带瓣管道移植于主动脉瓣位,同期采用Konno法扩大左室流出道。采用牛颈静脉或带瓣Gore-tex人工血管重建右室流出道,并同期矫治心内合并畸形。所有患者均经多普勒彩色超声心动图定期进行随访评估。结果全组无手术死亡。术后中位随访时间5.5(1~12)个月,1例患儿残余左室流出道中度狭窄,其余患儿无显著左室流出道残余梗阻或复发梗阻,无新主动脉瓣显著反流。1例患儿肺动脉带瓣管道主干中度狭窄,余重建右室流出道血流通畅,无明显瓣膜反流及赘生物形成。结论对于不适合瓣膜成形或置换术的儿童主动脉瓣膜病变,Ross-Konno手术早期结果满意。     

国产牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建右室流出道临床应用

目的总结国产牛颈静脉带瓣管道在右室流出道重建手术中的应用和术后早期临床随访结果。方法2004年2月至2005年3月，14例病人（男6例，女8例；年龄5个月～22岁；体重8～40k）使用了完整牛颈静脉带瓣管道重建右室流出道。记录术后并发症，术后1个月用心脏超声对移植的牛颈静脉进行功能评价。结果住院期间均无栓塞等带瓣管道相关并发症发生，恢复顺利，出院。术后1个月超声检查示重建的右室流出道通畅，4例移植管道存在轻度瓣膜反流。结论国产牛颈静脉带瓣管道易于获取，型号较齐全，移植后早期临床疗效满意，可作为一种右室流出道重建的替代材料，但其中、远期疗效仍须持续随访观察。     

Gore-Tex片作单瓣重建右心室流出道的早、中期疗效

目的评价0.1mm厚的Gore-Tex片作肺动脉单瓣重建右心室流出道(RVOT)的早中期临床效果。方法2002年6月至2006年7月,对48例合并肺动脉狭窄或闭锁的先天性心脏病患者施行矫治手术,术中采用0.1mm厚的Gore-Tex片作肺动脉单瓣的Dacron血管片重建RVOT,其中包括法洛四联症合并肺动脉狭窄33例、型肺动脉闭锁8例、肺动脉瓣缺如3例,右心室双出口合并肺动脉狭窄2例,永存动脉干1例,完全型大动脉错位、室间隔缺损、肺动脉狭窄1例。结果本组无手术死亡。术后血氧饱和度达1.00,右心室/左心室收缩压比值0.22~0.65,右心室与左、右肺动脉压差<10mm Hg。所有患者(100%)均随访3~48个月,无死亡和并发症。彩色多普勒超声心动图检查提示:无肺动脉狭窄,肺动脉瓣轻度反流13例,中度反流5例,Gore-Tex膜具有活动功能40例。结论采用0.1mm厚的Gore-Tex片作单瓣重建RVOT,其早中期临床结果显示有较满意的血流动力学效果。     

同种带瓣主动脉和肺动脉移植在复杂先心病治疗中的应用

目的　研究同种带瓣主、肺动脉移植应用于复杂性先天性心脏病矫治的疗效。方法　制备同种带瓣管道 89根 (主动脉 5 5根、肺动脉 3 4根 ) ,临床应用 3 1例 ,其中主、肺动脉单瓣作右室流出道跨瓣补片术 14例 ,Rastelli手术 11例 ,右心室 -肺动脉连接 (RV -PA) 3例 ,肺动脉瓣置换1例 ,Ross手术 1例 ,改良Fantan手术 1例。结果　主、肺动脉单瓣作右室流出道跨瓣补片组 14例 ,1例术后 3d死于右心功能不全 ,存活 13例 ,随访 ( 4 3± 3 .2 )个月 ,超声心动图检查显示移植后瓣膜启闭功能良好 ,无增厚及粘连。复杂性先天心脏病矫治组 17例 ,死亡 7例 ,存活 10例 ,随访( 3 4.3± 6.3 9)个月 ,管道血流通过顺畅 ,管壁无变薄、钙化。结论　①同种带瓣管道具有管壁弹性好 ,易于缝合 ,术后排斥反应少等优点 ,可广泛应用于复杂性先天性心脏病矫治术 ,左、右室流出道的重建 ;②同种带瓣管道补片既能加宽右室流出道 ,且有良好抗返流作用 ,有利于术后患儿心功能恢复 ,使部分复杂的病例能够一次手术根治     

Is there a correlation between brain naturietic peptide levels and echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in heart transplant patients?

BACKGROUND: Brain naturietic peptide (BNP) elevations have been reported in heart transplant patients both at baseline and during rejection. An association between BNP levels and certain echocardiographic and hemodynamic abnormalities has also been found in nontransplanted heart disease patients. We sought to determine whether BNP values were correlated with echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters among a large cohort of heart transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 71 consecutive heart transplant patients, excluding combined grafts, retransplants, and pediatric cases. We performed 488 BNP determinations during catheterization and within 48 hours of echocardiography. Hemodynamic parameters included mean pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures. Doppler echocardiography parameters were wall thickness, ventricular mass, left and right ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, isovolumic relaxation time, and mitral flow deceleration time. RESULTS: We observed significant correlations between BNP values and left ventricular size, ventricular mass, and a restrictive filling pattern. BNP levels were also significantly correlated with right ventricular size, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricular diastolic and end-diastolic pressures. CONCLUSIONS: In heart transplant patients, BNP levels positively correlated with ventricular diameters and a restrictive filling pattern. An increase in right ventricle and pulmonary artery pressures was associated with elevated BNP values.     

膨体聚四氟乙烯片作单瓣重建右室流出道术后早期并发症及处理

目的：评价膨体聚四氟乙烯片（Gore-Tex片）作肺动脉单瓣重建右室流出道（RVOT）的近期疗效。方法：2002年6月-2011年11月对75例先天性心脏病合并肺动脉狭窄或闭锁的患者旋行矫治手术,术中采用厚度0．1mm的Gore—Tex片作肺动脉单瓣重建RVOT,其中男42倒,女33例。法洛四联症合并肺动脉狭窄57例,l型肺动脉闭锁10例．肺动脉瓣缺如4例,右心室双出口台并肺动脉狭窄2例．完全型大动脉转位1例,室间隔缺损1例,肺动脉狭窄1例。结果：术后血氧饱和度为96％～100％。动脉血氧分压82～207mmHg,右室／左室收缩压比值0．22～0．70,右室与左、右肺动脉间的压力阶差小于10mmHg。左室射血分数（LVEF）0．53～O．80,右室射血分数（RVEF）0．52～071,左室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDI）0,28～0．62ml／m2。术后早期并发症：心包积液7例,低氧血症（氧合指数〈150）6例。心律失常5例,低心排血量综合征4例．残余室间隔缺损4例。术后随访3～48个月,无死亡和并发症的发生。其中62~Gore-Tex片作肺动脉单瓣重建右心室流出道（RVOT）早期瓣膜活动功能正常,13例单瓣固定在开放状态：72倒均无肺动脉单瓣狭窄．3例单瓣轻度狭窄;21倒肺动脉瓣轻度返流．5例中度返流。结论：采用厚度0．Imm的Gote-Tex片作单瓣重建RVOT,可获得满意的lI缶床和血流动力学效果．近期效果良好。膨体聚四氟乙烯片作单瓣重建右心室流出道术后早期并发症应引起高度熏视,加强术后监护及综合治疗措施,及时纠正术后低心输出量综合征．积极防治术后心律失常等均为提高手术成功率的重要因素。     

Pulmonary artery counterpulsation to improve right ventricular function after heart transplantation

The effectiveness of pulmonary artery counterpulsation in improving right ventricular function after heart transplantation was evaluated in a pig model. The balloon catheter was introduced through the anterior wall of the pulmonary artery distal to the pulmonary valve. A Millar catheter with a distal high-fidelity pressure transducer was placed in the right ventricle, where the peak rate of pressure rise, dP/dT, was measured. Pulmonary artery counterpulsation significantly improved right ventricular function, increasing both dP/dT and systolic pressure. A diastolic dip in pulmonary artery pressure and a fall in the early portion of the right ventricular pressure curve were seen. Inflation of the balloon caused a second (suprasystolic) wave in that curve. Improved right ventricular function was also seen when normal pig hearts were counterpulsated after occlusion of the right coronary artery and following increased afterload due to occlusion of a main pulmonary artery. There were no changes in central venous or systemic pressure. The results indicate that pulmonary artery counterpulsation may be valuable when the transplanted heart has a poorly functioning right ventricle.     

Valved jugular vein segments for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in young sheep

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the degeneration and calcification of valved bovine jugular vein segments for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in juvenile sheep. METHODS: Seven valved bovine jugular vein conduits (Contegra model 220; VenPro Corporation, Irvine, Calif) and 3 control conduits (MH100; Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) were implanted in the pulmonary artery in young sheep. After 20 weeks the conduits were explanted and qualitatively analyzed by epicardial echocardiography, gross examination, x-ray analysis, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Calcification was determined quantitatively by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: Two Contegra conduits could not be analyzed because of endocarditis. All other Contegra conduits functioned well, with preserved structure and minimal calcification. The control MH100 conduits exhibited extensive fibrous sheathing, with calcification of the aortic wall portion and the commissural part of the Hancock valve. CONCLUSIONS: The Contegra conduit's performance was clearly superior to that of the control MH100 conduit when implanted in the pulmonary artery position in juvenile sheep for 5 months.     

Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in native pulmonary outflow tract using the Edwards SAPIEN? transcatheter heart valve

Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) is now an accepted alternative option to conventional surgery for patients with dysfunctional conduits between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. PPVI will reduce the total number of repeat operations in such patients. However, surgery remains the primary option in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot patients with severe pulmonary regurgitation who underwent transannular patch reconstruction of their right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Traditionally, an RVOT patch is considered a relative contraindication to PPVI, however, in selected patients PPVI was successfully performed. We report the case of a 12-year-old patient after neonatal repair of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, who developed advanced liver disease and severe pulmonary regurgitation. In this patient, the risk for surgical valve replacement was considered too high and he was treated with percutaneous implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN? transcatheter heart valve.     

The utility of transoesophageal echocardiography for estimating right ventricular systolic pressure

With the reduction in use of the pulmonary artery catheter, alternative methods of pulmonary pressure estimation are required. The use of echocardiographically‐derived right ventricular systolic pressure has recently been questioned, but this technique has not been validated in anaesthetised surgical patients with transoesophageal echocardiography. One hundred measurements of right ventricular systolic pressure with transoesophageal echocardiography were compared with the pulmonary artery systolic pressure obtained simultaneously from a pulmonary artery catheter in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Simultaneous right ventricular systolic pressure and pulmonary artery systolic pressure measurements were possible in all patients, and these measurements were strongly correlated (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), with minimal bias and narrow limits of agreement (approximately ?5 to +5 mmHg), across a broad range of pulmonary pressures. Measurement of right ventricular systolic pressure using tranoesophageal echocardiography is readily achievable and closely correlates with pulmonary artery systolic pressure, with minimal bias, in cardiac surgical patients undergoing general anaesthesia and positive pressure mechanical ventilation of the lungs.     

Intraoperative cardiac assessment with transesophageal echocardiography for decision-making in cardiac anesthesia

Transesophageal echocardiography is an invaluable hemodynamic monitoring modality. Extended and anatomically based evaluation of cardiac function with transesophageal echocardiography is essential to prompt and accurate decision-making in anesthetic management during cardiac surgery. Fractional shortening and fractional area changes are indices widely used to assess the global systolic performance of the left ventricle. Monitoring regional function using semi-quantitative scoring has been demonstrated to be a more sensitive indicator of myocardial ischemia. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function should be performed in a systematic way, measuring transmitral flow, pulmonary venous flow, transmitral color M-mode flow propagation velocity, and mitral annulus tissue Doppler imaging. The unique anatomical features of the right ventricle make echocardiographic evaluation complicated and therefore less frequently employed. Right ventricular fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, maximal systolic tricuspid annular velocity with tissue Doppler imaging, and myocardial performance index are indices successfully incorporated into intraoperative right ventricular assessment. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve may develop after cardiac procedures. Transesophageal echocardiography plays a central role in prevention as well as diagnosis of systolic anterior motion. Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely useful not only for detecting and locating intracardiac air, but also for guiding and evaluating the procedures to remove air. Air is likely to persist in the right and left superior pulmonary vein, left ventricular apex, left atrium, right coronary sinus of Valsalva, and ascending aorta. Accurate evaluation of cardiac function depends on performing TEE examination properly and obtaining optimal images.     

Endovascular stent implantation for the management of postoperative right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: clinical efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Extracardiac conduits between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries commit patients to multiple reoperations. We reviewed our experience with stent implantation in obstructed conduits. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1997, stents were implanted across 43 conduits. The median age at procedure was 6 years (0.5-17 years), and the median interval between conduit insertion and stent implantation was 2.4 years (0.3-14 years). RESULTS: Mean systolic right ventricular pressures and gradients, respectively, decreased from 71 +/- 18 mm Hg and 48 +/- 19 mm Hg before to 48 +/- 15 mm Hg and 19 +/- 13 mm Hg after stent placement. Mean percentage of predicted valve area for body surface area increased from 26% +/- 12% to 48% +/- 17% after stent placement. Fifteen patients underwent a second transcatheter intervention (dilation or additional stent), and 2 patients, a third, allowing further postponement of surgery in 8 patients. One sudden death occurred 2.8 years after stent placement. Surgical conduit replacement has occurred in 20 patients. Body growth was maintained during follow-up. Freedom from surgical reintervention was 86% at 1 year, 72% at 2 years, and 47% at 4 years. Higher right ventricular pressure and gradient before and after stent placement and lower percentage of predicted valve area for body surface area after stent placement were associated with shorter palliation. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stent placement across obstructed conduits is a safe and effective palliation that allows for normal body growth.