先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进的早期手术治疗

目的探讨先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进的早期手术效果。方法通过对38例先天性外斜视患儿眼位的定性和定量检查,得出水平斜视及垂直斜视的度数,根据检查结果设计斜视矫正手术方案。结果先天性外斜视合并下斜肌亢进病人多有代偿头位。本组病人水平斜视15°～45°,合并单眼下斜肌亢进27例,双眼下斜肌亢进11例,全部病人在手术后水平斜视和垂直斜视得到矫正。结论早期手术可使病人尽快获得双眼单视功能,改善和矫正代偿头位。     

下斜肌前转位术治疗双眼先天性上斜肌麻痹临床观察

目的:探讨下斜肌前转位术治疗双眼先天性上斜肌麻痹伴下斜肌亢进的临床疗效。方法:对28例双眼垂直偏斜角为15△～30△的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者行下斜肌前转位手术治疗,合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,观察手术前后其原在位垂直斜视度、头位变化、下斜肌亢进程度。结果:患者26例垂直偏斜角为15△～25△的患者行下斜肌前转位术,全部治愈,代偿头位消失。1例双眼垂直偏斜角为>25△的患者行双下斜肌前转位术后,残余部分双下斜肌功能亢进,欠矫度为7.8△,行二期双下直肌后徙术后,垂直斜视好转,代偿头位明显改善。1例伴外斜视患者同时行水平肌手术后出现眼球外展轻度受限,能过中线。结论:对伴双眼下斜肌功能亢进,原在位垂直斜视度较大的先天性上斜肌麻痹患者,行双眼下斜肌前转位手术矫正有操作简便、疗效显著、复发率低等优点,且适用于双眼不等量下斜肌功能亢进患者,值得推广。     

先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术方式分析

目的：探讨先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹的手术治疗方法。

方法：本研究回顾分析对68例先天性单侧上斜肌麻痹患者,根据患眼的下斜肌功能亢进程度和原在位垂直斜度大小选择下斜肌切断并部分切除、下斜肌切断并前转位、下斜肌部分切除联合对侧眼下直肌或同侧眼直肌手术。伴有水平斜视者按水平斜视矫正原则一期或分期手术矫正。

结果：治愈58例,治愈率85.3%,好转7例,好转率10.3%,无效3例,无效率4.4%。

结论：根据下斜肌亢进程度、垂直斜视度及水平斜度选择不同手术方式,通过一期或分期手术,可有效获得较高治愈率。     

垂直斜视手术治疗的研讨

目的：观察垂直斜视手术治疗方法的可行性。方法：1．对每一眼位无垂直斜视或垂直斜角小于10^△且合并有下斜肌亢进者，行单侧或双侧下斜肌减弱术；2．手术一般选择在高位眼、非注视眼和麻痹眼上进行；3．对单侧或双侧上斜肌麻痹患者如第一眼位垂直斜视角在大于15^△至35^△之间时，只有在对侧眼无上转受限，才可在一眼上行双上转肌减弱术；4．垂直斜视合并大角度水平斜视者手术应分次做，第一次在手术矫正水平斜视时同时做不定量的下斜肌手术。结果：29例获得双眼正位，其中11例获得功能治愈；未获得矫正的2例，1例为垂直斜视合并内斜，术后近期正位，6周随访时仍内斜15^△并出现头位，另1例术后2周仍下斜视10^△一15^△。结论：上述手术方法对治疗垂直斜视是可行的。     

V型斜视的手术治疗

目的探讨V型斜视的手术治疗效果及术后双眼单视功能状况。方法对48例V型斜视按下斜肌功能状况分为四组:Ⅰ组V型外斜视伴有下斜视肌功能亢进17例;Ⅱ组V型外斜视无明显下斜肌功能亢进10例; Ⅲ组V型内斜视伴下斜肌功能亢进14例;Ⅳ组V型内斜视无明显下斜肌亢进7例;对Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组行内外斜视矫正同时行单(双)侧下斜肌后徙术,对Ⅱ和Ⅳ组行内外斜视矫正同时行水平直肌附着点垂直移位术。结果Ⅰ组患者术后原在位眼位-8△-+3△向上与向下注视时斜视角差≤4△。Ⅱ组原在位眼位-10△-+5△向上与向下注视时斜视角差≤8△。Ⅲ组原在位眼位-4△-+6△向上与向下注视时斜视角≤4△。Ⅳ组原在位眼位-5△-+10△,向上与向下斜视角差为7△。结论采用两种术式矫正V型斜视疗效确切,下斜肌后徙较水平直肌附着点垂直移位效果明显,并且有希望建立双眼单视功能。     

共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视与斜肌功能异常的关系

目的探讨共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视与斜肌功能异常的关系。方法 回顾性病例研究。2008年至2013年在四川大学华西医院眼科接受手术治疗的26例共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视患者纳入研究,分析斜肌功能异常在发病因素中的作用。结果 26例中14例发生了新发的斜肌功能异常,包括上斜肌功能亢进8例次、下斜肌功能不足2例次、下斜肌功能亢进6例次、上斜肌功能不足3例次。继发性外斜合并A-V征的8例,其中合并A征5例,V征3例。结论 共同性内斜视术后发生的继发性外斜视可能与未矫正或新出现的斜肌功能异常相关。     

早期手术治疗先天性内斜视40例临床观察

目的探讨先天性内斜视的手术治疗时机、手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾分析40例先天性内斜视,年龄6个月～7岁,平均（4．47±1．52）岁。戴镜均不能矫正眼位。其中合并下斜肌亢进者16例（40．00％,单眼9例,双眼7例）;合并DVD的9例（22．5％,单眼5例,双眼4例）;合并隐性眼球震颤者6例（15．00％）。高A／C且斜视角在＋30°以内者行单眼内直肌后徙术;存＋40°～＋60°之间者行双眼内直肌后徙术;＋61°～＋80°者行单眼内直肌后徙联合外直肌缩短术;大于＋80°者行双眼内直肌后徙联合非主导眼外直肌缩短术;合并下斜肌亢进者一并手术解决;合并DVD者先行内斜视矫正术,3个月后观察眼位,冉行垂直斜视手术矫正。术后随访6～48个月,平均21个月。结果术后正位32例（≤＋10°）,正位率80．00％,欠矫8例（≥＋10°）,欠矫率20．00％,无过矫者,无任何并发症。15．00％患者不同程度的恢复了双眼视功能。结论先天性内斜视早期诊断,早期手术治疗,有利于视功能的恢复。     

V征斜视的临床特点和手术治疗的远期效果

目的探讨V征斜视的临床特点和手术方法及治疗效果。方法收集63例因V征斜视行下斜肌减弱术和常规水平直肌后退和(或)缩短术患者,回顾性总结和分析手术前、后的斜视度数,上、下注视眼位的斜视度数差,斜肌功能和双眼视功能状态。平均随访时间为8.2个月。结果62例(98.4%)患者合并双眼或单眼下斜肌功能亢进(+2或+3),行下斜肌减弱术和常规水平直肌后退和(或)缩短术;1例患者合并双眼下斜肌功能亢进(+1),仅行水平直肌后退缩短术。术前上、下注视眼位的斜视度数差为25.6△,随访末期为4.5△。48例外斜视V征患者术前水平斜视度数为(外斜)37.2△,随访末期为(内斜)3.4△,其中38例(79.2%)患者的斜视度数<±10△;15例内斜视V征患者术前水平斜视度数为50.6△,随访末期为(内斜)2.4△,其中11例(73.3%)患者的斜视度数<10△。术后21例(33.3%)患者恢复立体视功能。结论V征斜视患者多合并下斜肌功能亢进,减弱下斜肌功能可有效矫治V征斜视,常规斜视矫正方法可有效矫正水平斜视;术后患者立体视功能恢复情况良好。     

下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的矫正作用

目的 探讨下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的垂直分离性斜视(dissociated verticaldeviation,DVD)原在位垂直斜视的矫正作用.方法应用下斜肌转位术治疗34例(46只眼)伴有下斜肌亢进DVD患者的垂直斜视,18例合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,手术前后测量原在位垂直斜视度及下斜肌亢进程度,并进行统计学比较.结果原在位垂直斜视度5m远距离平均矫正(13.57±9.74)PD(t=9.450,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.67,16.46)PD.33cm近距离平均矫正(13.28±9.98)PD(t=9.029,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.32,16.25)PD.下斜肌亢进程度从术前平均+2降至术后0(Wilcoxon符号秩检验,Z=5.957,P<0.01),差异均具有统计学意义.结论下斜肌转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的有效手段.合并之下斜肌亢进同时得以消除.     

V型斜视的手术治疗

目的 探讨V型斜视的手术方法及疗效。方法 28例V型斜视手术治疗患者，按术式分为两组：水平直肌垂直移位组(Ⅰ组)5例，下斜肌切断或部分切除术组(Ⅱ组)23例。结果 28例V型斜视患者中，23例行下斜肌切断或部分切除术，5例行水平直肌垂直移位术，术后观察效果良好。结论 下斜肌亢进是V型斜视主要原因。下斜肌减弱术及水平直肌垂直移位术是矫正V型斜视的有效手术方式。在有下斜肌功能亢进的情况下，前者为首选。     

Head tilt-dependent esotropia associated with trisomy 21

OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of patients who used a head tilt to control esotropia. DESIGN: Retrospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven children with esotropia that decreased with their compensatory abnormal head tilt. Six of the patients had trisomy 21. The patients had no other identifiable etiology for their head tilt, including no oblique muscle dysfunction, nystagmus that changed with head tilt, or uncorrected refractive error. INTERVENTION: Six patients underwent horizontal extraocular muscle surgery. Preoperative evaluation in 4 patients included assessment of the change in head position with either monocular occlusion or prisms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ocular alignment in primary position and improvement in abnormal head tilt after surgery. RESULTS: In the 4 patients who underwent preoperative testing, the abnormal head tilt resolved with either monocular occlusion or prisms. The head tilt and esotropia were eliminated or improved in all patients who underwent strabismus surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal head tilt may be used as a compensatory maneuver to improve purely horizontal strabismus. This finding appears to be associated with trisomy 21. Horizontal extraocular muscle surgery may improve the head tilt in such patients.     

Unexplained head tilt following surgical treatment of congenital esotropia: a postural manifestation of dissociated vertical divergence

BACKGROUND: Strabismus surgery for congenital esotropia can be complicated by the development of a postoperative head tilt. PURPOSE: To determine the pathophysiology of acquired head tilting following horizontal realignment of the eyes in children with congenital esotropia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of nine children with congenital esotropia who developed unexplained head tilts following horizontal realignment of the eyes. RESULTS: Shortly after strabismus surgery, each child developed a head tilt in association with asymmetrical dissociated vertical divergence (DVD). Five children maintained a head tilt toward the side of the fixing eye (group 1), which did not serve to control the DVD. Four children maintained a head tilt toward the side of the hyperdeviating eye, which served to control the DVD (group 2). Children in group 2 had earlier horizontal muscle surgery and developed better stereopsis than those in group 1, suggesting that the higher degree of single binocular vision and stereopsis in these children may have led to a compensatory torticollis to control an asymmetrical DVD. CONCLUSIONS: The onset of an unexpected head tilt after congenital esotropia surgery is usually a postural manifestation of asymmetrical DVD. In this setting, a head tilt toward the side of the fixing eye corresponds with a postural manifestation of the underlying central vestibular imbalance that produces DVD, while a head tilt toward the side of the hyperdeviating eye serves to counteract the hyperdeviation and stabilise binocular vision.     

Binocular visual function in congenital esotropia after bilateral medial rectus recession with loop suture

PURPOSE Our aim was to evaluate the binocular visual function in congenital esotropia after bimedial rectus recession with loop suture and to address the factors that could take part in the attainment of binocular function. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty children with congenital esotropia who were operated on between 12 and 48 months of age were included in the study group. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 2 to 10 years. In order to determine the factors affecting the sensory results in congenital esotropia, we classified our patients into two groups according to their fusion status. We compared the preoperative and postoperative characteristics of patients in these two groups. RESULTS Twenty-one of 40 patients (52.5%) fused the Worth four-dot at near (Group 1), 19 patients (47.5%) did not (Group 2) at the final examination. No patient showed evidence of stereopsis. We found significant differences between these two groups in respect to the final angle of vertical deviation, the age at surgery, the presence of postoperative inferior oblique overaction, dissociated vertical deviation and abnormal head position. Correlation analysis revealed that early alignment of the eyes and the absence of postoperative vertical deviation were associated with increased incidence of achieving some degree of binocular vision. CONCLUSION In congenital esotropia, not all infants may have the potential for normal binocular function owing to yet unknown constitutional factors. We determined that achieving some degree of binocular function may be related to early alignment of the eyes. Additionally, close follow-up and precise treatment of the accompanying vertical deviation, especially inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation,in a timely manner may enhance the attainment of binocular sensory function.     

下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌亢进的临床分析

目的探讨下斜肌减弱手术不同方式治疗下斜肌亢进和V征的临床效果。方法下斜肌亢进122例160眼,包括原发下斜肌亢进20例37眼及继发下斜肌亢进102例123眼,采用不同手术方式,对其手术效果进行比较。结果122例中术前82例有代偿头位(67.21%)者,术后82例中代偿头位消失50例,好转28例,无效4例。下斜肌减弱术的手术方式:断腱术6眼;部分切除24眼;后徙80眼;前转位50眼。术前下斜肌亢进程度 1,21眼; 2,91眼; 3,42眼; 4,6眼;术后残留下斜肌 1,3眼;其余均得到矫正。术前V型斜视48例,术后V征消失38例,好转10例。单纯下斜肌减弱矫正原在位垂直斜度≤15△。结论下斜肌部分切除、后徙及前转位术矫正下斜肌亢进及V征同样安全有效。     

Asymmetric inferior oblique overaction and its association with amblyopia in esotropia.

To evaluate the frequency of asymmetric inferior oblique overaction and its relationship to amblyopia, the authors reviewed the records of all patients who presented to Children's Hospital of Dallas with esotropia over a 2-year period. A total of 368 patients were identified and classified as infantile esotropia, acquired accommodative or partially accommodative esotropia, or acquired nonaccommodative esotropia. Two hundred forty-two patients (66%) had no amblyopia, of which 90% had symmetric inferior oblique activity. One hundred twenty-six patients (34%) had amblyopia; of these patients, 93 (74%) had symmetric inferior oblique action. Amblyopia was strongly associated with increased inferior oblique overaction in the amblyopic eye (P less than 0.001). This finding was consistent for all subgroups. The relative risk for having amblyopia as opposed to normal vision in an eye with increased inferior oblique activity relative to the contralateral eye was 5.6 to 8.6 depending on the eye. Amblyopia should be strongly suspected in patients with esotropia and asymmetric inferior oblique activity, specifically in the eye with more inferior oblique overaction.     

Anteriorization of inferior oblique muscle and downward transposition of medial rectus muscle for lost inferior rectus muscle

A 6-year-old boy who had been treated with bilateral medial rectus muscle recessions 3 years earlier for congenital esotropia was undergoing bilateral inferior oblique muscle recessions to correct inferior oblique muscle overaction. The right inferior rectus muscle was inadvertently cut during this surgery and was irretrievable. To manage this complication, the medial rectus muscle was transposed toward the inferior rectus insertion and the inferior oblique muscle was anteriorized. At the 1 year follow-up visit, no infraduction deficit was present on downgaze and only 8(delta) of left hypertropia was present in primary position.     

Outcome of strabismus surgery in congenital esotropia.

The results of squint surgery in 40 children with congenital esotropia are analysed. A 'favourable outcome' was achieved in 23 (57.5%) children. The factors affecting the final outcome including ocular alignment in the immediate postoperative period, age at the time of surgery, amblyopia, associated inferior oblique overaction, dissociated vertical deviation, latent or manifest latent nystagmus, and the surgical procedures used are discussed.     

Effect of graded anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle on versions and vertical deviation in primary position.

INTRODUCTION: There are various methods for weakening the inferior oblique muscle; here we describe the results of a graded anterior transposition. METHODS: Charts of 21 children (37 eyes) who underwent graded anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle were reviewed. Graded anterior transposition consisted of reinsertion of the inferior oblique muscle at various points along the temporal aspect of the inferior rectus muscle; the more severe the overaction, the more anterior the placement of the new insertion. In all cases the new inferior oblique insertion line was oriented parallel to the inferior rectus muscle axis. We analyzed the preoperative to postoperative change in inferior oblique overaction (versions) and vertical alignment in primary position. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 18 of 21 patients had normal versions, 2 patients had -1 underaction of 1 eye, and 1 patient had +1 overaction of both eyes. Eleven patients (15 eyes) had a preoperative vertical deviation in primary position of 4 PD or more. Three of these patients had unilateral congenital superior oblique palsy and a preoperative hypertropia of 20 PD. They underwent unilateral graded anterior transposition with a mean postoperative vertical change of 18 PD. Three patients had asymmetric primary inferior oblique overaction with true hypertropia, 1 patient had amblyopia and primary inferior oblique overaction, and 4 patients had dissociated vertical deviation associated with inferior oblique overaction. All patients had improvement after surgery, with no significant vertical deviation in primary position. CONCLUSIONS: Graded anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle is effective in normalizing versions and correcting vertical deviations in primary position.     

Treatment of inferior oblique paresis with superior oblique silicone tendon expander.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with inferior oblique eye muscle paresis may show hypotropia and apparent superior oblique muscle overaction on the side of the presumed weak inferior oblique (IO) muscle. We report 8 such patients successfully treated using unilateral silicone superior oblique (SO) tendon expanders. METHODS: Eight consecutive cases over the course of 6 years from the authors' private practice are described. None had a history of head trauma or a significant neurologic event. All patients showed IO paresis by 3-step test, with incyclotorsion and SO overacton of the hypotropic (paretic) eye. Forced ductions of the hypotropic eye were normal in all cases, and the vertical strabismus was treated with placement of a 7- mm silicone SO tendon expander in the hypotropic (paretic) eye. RESULTS: Mean preoperative primary position hypotropia was 6.5 prism diopters (PD); mean postoperative was 0.5 PD. Seven of 8 patients had resolution of primary position hypotropia, whereas the eighth was reduced. Mean preoperative SO overaction was 3+; all patients had postoperative resolution of SO overaction. Of 4 patients with preoperative ocular torticollis, mean preoperative head tilt was 9.3 degrees; mean postoperative tilt was 2.9 degrees. Two patients' head tilts had resolved, the other 2 showed improvement. All patients showed preoperative incylclotorsion of the hypotropic (paretic) eye; inclyclotorsion resolved in all patients after the placement of a SO tendon expander. CONCLUSION: The silicone SO tendon expander effectively restores ocular alignment in IO paresis with apparent SO overaction. Associated ocular torticollis can also be improved.     

Bilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection in the treatment of congenital esotropia

In a retrospective study of 36 patients with congenital esotropia treated surgically by bilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection, we found that 22 patients (61%) had not required further surgery and that 14 patients (39%) had required further corrective surgery. Seven of these 14 patients had overcorrections and seven had undercorrections. Patients who required a second operation were significantly younger (mean age, 12 months) than those who did not (mean age, 23 months). The most common second surgical procedure was bilateral tenotomy or disinsertion of the inferior oblique muscle. Bilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection is useful in severe (50 prism diopters or more) congenital esotropia. The surgical success rate may be improved with bilateral inferior oblique muscle disinsertions or tenotomies in patients with inferior oblique muscle overaction. Accurate preoperative examinations in patients old enough to cooperate may help avoid overcorrection and undercorrection.