99mTc-MIBI心肌显像评价犬急性心肌梗塞激光心肌血管重建术治疗的效果

目的:评价心肌灌注显像在激光心肌血管重建术(TMR)治疗急性心肌梗塞(AMI)的作用。方法:心梗犬(n=9)和心梗后即刻TMR犬(n=12)术后24小时行99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注显像,靶心图定量测定缺损分数,与术后24小时以上不同时间的TTC测定的梗塞面积与左室面积之比的比较。同时,进行心肌组织学检查和评价犬的生存率。结果:①所有犬均见左室前壁和心尖区放射性分布明显稀疏或缺损,但激光组所见的缺损范围明显较梗塞组小,心梗组缺损分数DF(0.35±0.05,n=9)高于激光处理组(0.30±0.06,n=12),P<0.05。激光组梗塞面积和左室面积比IS?蛐LV(0.07±0.05,n=11)明显小于心梗组(0.18±0.06,n=8),P<0.05。②HE染色显示心梗组(术后14~90天)均见广泛的陈旧性心梗;激光组(术后30~90天)可见心肌坏死和炎性肉芽及瘢痕形成呈灶性分布,不同时期切片还可见到开放或半开放的陈旧激光管道,伴有内皮形成,腔内和周围心肌间隙均可见较多红细胞。管道周围见丰富的新生小血管。③心梗组生存时间?眼(18.0±2.7)天?演明显短于激光处理组?眼(51.3±3.4)天?演,P<0.05。结论:TMR能有效地增加缺血心肌的血流灌注,减轻AMI后的心肌细胞损害,缩小心梗范围,提高AMI动物的生存率;99mTc-MIBI心肌灌注显像可准确评价犬AMI行TMR后的局部心肌血流灌注状况,并能预测TMR治疗效果。     

经食管超声心动图在激光心肌血运重建术中的应用

目的　探讨经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在激光心肌血运重建术 (TMLR)中监测的应用价值。方法静脉全麻后 ,插入经食管超声探头 ,打孔前再次观察室壁厚度及运动情况 ,测定左室射血分数 (LVEF) ,为调节激光打孔能量及打孔部位提供参考依据。打孔时建立好长轴四腔观图像 ,当孔道穿通时可监测到左室腔内微小气泡产生 ,同时观察心内结构有无损伤。结果　全组 3 4例冠心病患者共打孔 10 67个 ,穿通 10 3 1个 ,通畅率96.6% ,均未见心内结构损伤。结论　TMLR术中常规应用TEE监测 ,对指导激光打孔部位及调节激光能量具有重要价值。     

激光心肌血运重建术治疗冠心病病人的护理

报道36例激光心肌血运重建术病人的术前术后护理。通过术前的心理、生活、用药护理,术后密切观察生命体征,持续心电监护,对抗凝、预防疼痛和感染、术后活动、饮食等进行细致观察和护理,认为良好的护理是促进病人康复的重要环节。     

急性心肌缺血激光打孔心肌内埋植碱性成纤维生长因子缓释栓对心肌存活性影响的实验研究

目的　检测急性心肌缺血犬模型行激光打孔心肌内埋植碱性成纤维生长因子缓释栓后缺血心肌的存活性 ,以评价该方法对缺血心肌灌注的影响。方法　 18条健康杂种犬随机分成 3组 ,即急性心肌缺血组(AMI组 )、激光打孔组 (TMLR组 )和激光打孔联合碱性成纤维生长因子缓释栓组 (bFGF FG组 )。所有实验犬均结扎左前降支中段造成急性心肌缺血模型 ,TMLR组和bFGF FG组在冠脉结扎后 3 0min于缺血区心肌用KTP激光打孔 ,bFGF FG组并于打孔的心肌隧道内埋植碱性成纤维生长因子缓释栓。术后 2个月用多普勒组织成像结合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声评价缺血心肌的存活性。结果　 3个实验组各有 1条犬死亡。静脉输注多巴酚丁胺后 ,AMI组左室前壁及前室间隔增厚率 (ΔT % )、左室前壁运动幅度 (MA)及舒缩速率参数收缩期峰值速率 (s)、舒张早期与晚期峰值速率比值 (e/a)以及二尖瓣瓣环运动速率参数e/a ,随着多巴酚丁胺剂量的增大逐渐降低 ,室壁运动记分指数 (WMSI)逐渐升高 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;二尖瓣瓣环运动速度参数s无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。TMLR组在静脉输注 5 μg·kg-1·min-1多巴酚丁胺后 ,ΔT %、MA、左室前壁及二尖瓣瓣环s和e/a升高 ,WMSI降低 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;当多巴酚丁胺剂量增大到 10 μg·kg-1·m     

兔自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植联合激光心肌血运重建治疗急性心肌缺血

背景:应用骨髓间充质干细胞移植修复坏死心肌,改善心脏功能已受到广泛关注.最近有报道指出激光具有促进骨髓间充质干细胞治疗心肌缺血的作用.目的:观察兔自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植联合激光心肌血运重建治疗急性心肌缺血的效果.设计、时间及地点:随机对照动物实验,于2006-01/07在安贞医院外科实验室完成.材料:成年雄性新西兰大白兔32只,随机分为4组:模型对照组、细胞移植组、激光组、联合组,8只/组.方法:造模前3 d,经兔双侧胫骨穿刺抽取骨髓,经密度梯度离心和换液法分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞,并行BrdU标记.各组兔均在全麻下结扎冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌缺血模型,2周后,模型对照组在标记部位分3点注射0.6mL α-MEM培养基:细胞移植组同法注射等量第4代骨髓间充质干细胞悬液,细胞总数约3×106个;激光组应用高功率CO2治疗仪进行激光心肌打孔3个,功率为5 J;联合组在标记点先行激光打孔,再在孔道周围心肌中层注射等量细胞悬液.主要观察指标:治疗4周后取出心脏,采用抗BrdU及抗肌钙蛋白T双重免疫组化染色检测骨髓间充质干细胞在梗死区心肌存活及分化情况,采用抗CD146免疫组化染色测定毛细血管密度,通过超声测定左室射血分数,通过计算心尖部位位移趋势及运动速度(应变)评价心肌阶段运动功能.结果:细胞移植组、联合组均检出岛状分布的双染阳性细胞,胞核呈黑色、胞浆呈棕色.与模型对照组比较,细胞移植组、激光组、联合组治疗区血管密度均显著增加(P均<0.05),且联合组增加幅度明显高于细胞移植组、激光组(P均<0.05),细胞移植组、激光组血管密度基本相似.与治疗前比较,治疗后4周细胞移植组、联合组左室射血分数、心尖段位移和应变值均明显改善(P<0.05),且与模型对照组、激光组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论:兔自体骨髓间充质干细胞可在心肌微环境内存活并分化为心肌样细胞,移植后联合激光心肌血运重建在增加心肌毛细血管密度方面优于单纯细胞移植或激光心肌血运重建治疗,在提高心脏功能方面的优势尚需进一步分析.     

Improved neoangiogenesis in transmyocardial laser revascularization combined with angiogenic adjunct in a pig model

Recent research has revealed neoangiogenesis as a basic phenomenon in transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR). Theoretically, myocardial neoangiogenesis could be further enhanced by the addition of angiogenic growth factors. Triads of TMLR channels were created in the lateral wall of the left ventricles of 12 pigs (mean body weight 73+/-5 kg), using a holmium:yttrium-aluminium garnet (YAG) laser. The animals were allocated randomly either to receive an injection of 100 microg of a bovine bone-derived growth factor mixture within the triads (n=6), or to a control group (n=6). Animals were killed 1 month later. Capillary and arteriolar densities were determined by computed morphometric analysis of histological sections of the triads. The capillary density of myocardial areas within the triads was significantly greater in the group receiving the bovine bone-derived growth factor mixture than in the control group (14.3+/-3.5/mm(2) and 5.7+/-1.4/mm(2) respectively; P<0.001). The difference was also significant when considering arteriolar density (0.7+/-0.4/mm(2) and 0.2+/-0.1/mm(2) respectively; P<0.001). For comparison, capillary and arteriolar densities of the TMLR channel scars were 48.7+/-9.7 and 1.9+/-0. 5/mm(2) respectively in the angiogenic group, and 46.3+/-13.7 and 2. 3+/-1.3/mm(2) respectively in the control group (no significant differences). These results demonstrate that the addition of angiogenic factors to TMLR stimulates neoangiogenesis significantly in the areas adjacent to the channels, but not within the channel scars. The latter are themselves strongly vascularized. Hence this combined approach, potentiating the effect of TMLR by establishing vascular connections between the neovessels of the channel scars, has the potential for improved clinical outcome.     

KTP激光心肌血运重建术对急性心肌梗死犬左室功能的影响

目的：研究KTP激光心肌血运重建术（TMLR）对急性心肌梗死犬心脏功能的影响。方法：家犬12只，随机分为TMLR组和对照组，每组6只，结扎左前降支中段，造成急性心肌梗死模型，TMLR组在梗死区以KTP激光行TMLR。术后动物饲养2－3个月。以超心动图经体表检测左室射血分数（EF）、搏出量（SV）、心输出量（CO）、室壁运动指数（WMSI）作为左室收缩功能的指标。测量二尖瓣口Ve,Va及E／A作为左室舒张功能的指标。以局部室壁收缩增厚度（△T%）和心肌运动速度（S、E和A峰）代表梗死局部心肌的功能。结果：超声心动图检查发现，反映动物心脏整体收缩功能和整体舒张功能的指标，两组之间比较差异均无显著性意义。而反映梗死区局部收缩和舒张功能的指标。TMLR组明显好于对照组，两组之间差异有显著性意义。结论：KTP激光TMLR对梗死局部心肌功能有改善作用。但对心脏整体功能则无明显作用。     

超声心动图在倍频Nd:YAG/532激光心肌血运重建术实验研究中的应用

目的　应用超声心动图技术评价倍频Nd :YAG/5 3 2 (KTP)激光心肌血运重建术 (TMLR)对急性心肌梗死犬心脏功能的影响。方法　家犬 12条 ,随机分为TMLR组和对照组 ,每组 6条 ,结扎左前降支中段 ,造成急性心肌梗死犬模型 ,TMLR组在梗死区以KTP激光行TMLR。术后动物饲养 2～ 3月 ,以超声心动图经体表检测左室射血分数 (EF)、左室短轴缩短率 (FS)、室壁运动指数 (WMSI)、心输出量 (CO)作为左室收缩功能的指标。测量二尖瓣口舒张早期和舒张晚期血流速率 (Ve ,Va)及E/A作为左室舒张功能的指标。以局部室壁收缩增厚率 (ΔT)和心肌运动速率 (S、E和A峰 )代表梗死局部心肌的功能。结果超声心动图检查发现 ,反映动物心脏整体收缩功能和整体舒张功能的指标两组之间比较差异均无显著意义 (均P >0 .0 5 ) ;而反映梗死区局部收缩和舒张功能的指标 ,TMLR组明显好于对照组 ,两组之间差异有显著性意义 (均P <0 .0 5 )。结论　KTP激光TMLR对梗死局部心肌功能有改善作用 ,但对心脏整体功能则无明显作用     

超声心动图在激光心肌血运重建术前后的诊断价值及临床意义

总结超声心动图（ＵＣＧ）在５０例激光心肌血运重建术（ＴＭＬＲ）围术期及随访期应用的经验与体会。方法术前均采用ＨＰ－ＳＯＮＯＳ－２０００型超声分析仪通过体表超声（ＴＴＥ）重点观察壁运动,左室收缩与舒张功能及二尖瓣反流等情况。比较３６例心血池和ＵＣＧ所测左室身血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）。术中通过食道超声（ＴＥＥ）二维图像出现激光汽化心肌组织所产生的气泡证实打孔有效。术后分别于３、６、１２个月复查ＵＣＧ,并采用     

Experience with epidural anesthesia during myocardial revascularization operations

The paper presents the results of 213 myocardial revascularization using epidural anesthesia. The used anesthesiological protocol combining intravenous proforol sedation and epidural naropine block proved to be effective and safe and ensured adequate anesthesia that made possible myocardial revascularization both without using extracorporeal circulation (transmyocardial laser revascularization, mini-invasive myocardial revascularization) and with complex repairs of the geometry of the left ventricle and cardiac valvular apparatus and provides a means for the activation of patients and extubation on the operating table in the absence of surgical complications, hemorrhages, and extracorporeal circulation procedures even after reconstructive surgery.     

Clinical and histological evaluation of laser myocardial revascularization

Studies exploring methods to revascularize the ischemic myocardium through increasing the collateral circulation were conducted by many investigators before the advent of myocardial revascularization by aortocoronary bypass grafting. Present alternatives, including surgical intervention, balloon angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, and medical management, are the treatment of choice for the majority of patients. There are, however, a number of patients who do not respond to conventional management strategies. A clinical protocol was designed to assess the efficacy of transmural revascularization by creating CO2 laser channels in the ischemic areas of the left ventricle. Channels were made from the epicardial surface of the heart, through the ventricle, to the endocardium. Patients entered in the study were candidates for bypass grafting, but because of the pathology of the coronary artery system, bypass grafting alone would have resulted in incomplete revascularization. Postoperative thallium stress tests and left ventriculography indicate that channels have remained patent and that they perfuse the myocardium. Myocardial revascularization by laser channels may offer a viable adjunct in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.     

Late results of myocardial revascularization.

Data are presented on 1,400 consecutive patients who had myocardial revascularization at our institution. The patients ranged in age from 33 to 80 years. Coronary bypass was done with an associated noncardiac procedure in 70 patients and with an associated cardiac procedure in 73 patients. The hospital mortality was 2.0%. Left ventricular function was a primary determinant of hospital mortality. With a 98% follow-up, survival was 93.1% at a mean of three years (range, six months to seven years). Ventricular function was the prime determinant of the overall long-term survival. These data indicate that myocardial revascularization, either alone or with an associated cardiac or noncardiac procedure, can be done with a low operative mortality. Because of the excellent five-year survival in our group of patients followed up for this length of time, we believe these data support the hypothesis that myocardial revascularization extends the life expectancy of patients with coronary artery disease.     

KTP激光心肌打孔联合血管内皮生长因子转染对犬心功能的影响

目的探讨在KTP激光心肌打孔(TMLR)基础上联合血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)基因转染治疗对急性心肌梗死犬心功能的影响。方法家犬18只,随机均分为单纯心肌梗死组(SMI组)、TMLR组和TMLR+转VEGF基因组(TMLR+VEGF组)。结扎左前降支中段造成急性心肌梗死,TMLR组在梗死区以KTP激光行TMLR,TMLR+VEGF组在TMLR后于孔道边缘心肌内注射PAdTrack/VEGF165裸质粒2mg。术后8周,应用M型、二维及多普勒组织成像(DTl)技术检测左室局部和整体功能。结果①反映左心室整体收缩功能的指标,在SMI组、TMLR组和TMLR+VEGF组依次增大(P<0·05),并且TMLR+VEGF组分别与SMI组、TMLR组比较,差异均有显著性(P<0·05);②反映左室局部功能的主要指标,在以上三组依次增大(P<0·05);③反映心脏舒张功能的指标,在以上三组依次增大,但三组之间无统计学差异意义(P>0·05)。结论KTP激光心肌打孔联合VEGF165基因治疗,能增强KTP激光心肌打孔血运重建的疗效,进一步改善梗死心肌局部功能和整体收缩功能,但对整体舒张功能无明显影响。     

Monitoring of fibrinolysis parameters during myocardial revascularization according to type of procedure.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of cardiothoracic surgery on the dynamics of plasminogen, D-dimers and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-I) during the first 24 h after surgery. The study included 14 patients operated with (on-pump) and 14 without (off-pump) the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Blood sampling was carried out on induction of anesthesia (timepoint 1), on introduction of heparin (point 2) and protamine (point 3), at the end of surgery (point 4), and the next morning (point 5). Relative to point 1, the utilization of plasminogen at point 2 was 24% and 17% in the on-pump and off-pump groups, respectively (p=0.001 both). Increased D-dimer concentration from the baseline was more pronounced in the on-pump group (p=0.001). At point 5, D-dimer concentrations were comparable in both groups and different from baseline levels. PAI-I activity showed within-group differences from baseline at point 5 in the off-pump group (p=0.001), and at points 3 and 5 in the on-pump group (p=0.002 and 0.001, respectively). At point 5, the activity of PAI-I was comparable in both groups, yielding p=0.001 vs. baseline. Fibrinolysis was more pronounced and more dynamic in the on-pump group due to activation of the systemic inflammatory response induced by the use of ECC. In the off-pump group, fibrinolysis was a normal physiological response to the surgical procedure.     

定量组织多普勒评价急性心肌梗死自体骨髓干细胞移植联合激光血运重建术的实验研究

目的应用定量组织多普勒观察自体骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）移植联合激光血运重建术（TMLR）治疗急性心肌缺血效果。方法建立32只新西兰大白兔急性心肌梗死模型，分为对照组、MSC移植组、TMLR组及联合治疗组，于心肌梗死前、心肌梗死后及治疗后测定射血分数（EF）、室间隔基底段及心尖段的位移（D）和应变（S）。治疗后4周处死动物行双重免疫组化染色检查及测量毛细血管密度。结果心肌梗死后EF、梗死部位D及S值显著下降。治疗后，MSC移植组及联合治疗组EF、梗死部位D及S值治疗后显著改善，病理学检查可见双染阳性细胞；其余两组未见双染阳性细胞，治疗后心功能无改善。联合治疗组毛细血管密度高于其他各组。结论MSC移植能够改善急性心肌梗死后心肌收缩功能，TMLR未增强MSC移植疗效，定量组织多普勒能够敏感评价心肌功能变化。     

多普勒组织成像技术对心肌梗死患者血运重建术前后心功能的评估

目的　应用常规超声心动图及多普勒组织成像技术 (DTI)对心肌梗死患者血运重建术前后整体及局部心功能进行评估 ,探讨血运重建术对心肌梗死患者心功能的作用。方法　应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪 ,对 49例心肌梗死患者血运重建术前后心脏整体功能及心肌梗死局部室壁功能进行定量检测分析。结果　心肌梗死患者血运重建术后 ,局部室壁功能改善发生在心脏整体功能改善之前。结论血运重建术是心功能改善的重要因素之一。     

Endoscopic treatment of the hypopharyngeal diverticulum with the CO2 laser

Diathermic coagulation and cutting in the endoscopic treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula was replaced by CO2 laser evaporation. Endoscopic laser surgery was performed in 37 patients, with complete or almost complete relief in all cases. The rate of complications is low.     

Low-energy density CO2 laser as deep tissue stimulator: a comparative study

A series of experiments on 12 pigs to verify the tissue penetrating capacity of a LED CO2 laser have been conducted to confront its effects with those of a infrared (IR) diode laser. The tissue target was the external femoral condilus of the right hind limb knee. The right knee was taken as control. After a series of laser radiations with both lasers for up to 60 days it was verified that the LED CO2 laser, contrary to what has been reported by physicists, can produce very active tissue stimulation on deep tissues with significant results. The authors suggest that the definition of physical properties of lasers should be redesigned in order to better understand their biostimulating effects on tissues.