同伴教育应用于大学生艾滋病/安全性行为健康教育的效果评价

目的评价同伴教育应用于大学生艾滋病/安全性行为健康教育的效果,为同伴教育应用于大学生性与生殖健康教育的可行性和有效性提供科学依据。方法选取参加"青春健康同伴教育"选修课的120名大学生作为同伴教育组,按照个体匹配,选取其他选修课的学生120名作为对照组。对同伴教育组大学生进行为期4个月的艾滋病/安全性行为健康教育,教育实施前后分别对2组大学生进行内容一致的问卷调查。结果教育前,2组大学生的艾滋病一般知识知晓率均较低,且2组大学生每项题目的知晓率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);教育后,同伴教育组学生的一般知识知晓率均有所提高,且多数题目的知晓率与教育前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。教育前,同伴教育组和对照组大学生对"艾滋病主要传播途径为性传播、血液传播、母婴传播""输入带有艾滋病病毒的血液会感染艾滋病"等5项题目的知晓率均高于90.0%,且教育前后2组学生不同组之间及本组之间知晓率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。教育前,2组学生对艾滋病病毒感染者及患者的相关态度及性行为情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。教育后,愿意与艾滋病病毒感染者及患者身份的同学或朋友继续交往的学生人数比例在同伴教育组达76.7%,高于本组教育前及对照组教育后该人数比例,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。教育后同伴教育组中支持多个性伴侣及一夜情的学生人数比例均较教育前有所下降,而发生性行为时使用安全套的学生人数比例有所上升,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在大学生艾滋病/安全性行为健康教育方面,同伴教育是一种切实有效值得推广的健康教育模式。     

师范院校大学生预防艾滋病同伴教育近期效果分析

目的探讨同伴教育模式对在校大学生艾滋病相关知识认知的干预效果,为制定高校预防艾滋病健康教育策略提供依据。方法甘肃省陇东学院教学系2008级新生,每班各自愿参加和推荐10名男生、10名女生,进行为期2天的同伴教育培训,采用参与式互动教学模式。并对培训后的效果进行评价。结果培训前后,大部分学员知道艾滋病的主要传播途径,但对一般的生活接触能否传播艾滋病和预防措施的认识比较模糊,经同伴教育后各项均有大幅度提高,与培训前比较有显著差异（P〈0.01）。学员艾滋病的基本知识明显提高 学员对艾滋病感染者和病人的态度发生了明显改变,愿意与艾滋病感染者或艾滋病病人正常交往的人数明显增加,并愿意把自己所掌握的预防、控制艾滋病相关知识传授给家人、亲戚、朋友等。结论同伴教育培训模式是提高在校大学生艾滋病认知水平的行之有效的措施。     

高中生预防艾滋病同伴教育2年随访研究

【目的】评价三明市高中学生预防艾滋病同伴教育的即时效果和2年随访效果。【方法】对福建省三明市716名高中学生,其中干预组286人、对照组430人,自2006~2008年分别在同伴教育实施前、结束后和2年后开展3次相关问卷调查。【结果】教育组艾滋病知识得分两年后有所提高,干预后相比差异有显著性(P<0.01),生殖知识和性病知识得分两年后得分较干预后有所下降,但与均显著高于干预前得分(P<0.01)。无论是生殖知识、艾滋病知识还是性病知识,与干预前或干预后相比,对照组2年后得分均有显著性提高(P<0.01)。但同期比较中,教育组各项知识得分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在对待艾滋病病人的态度方面,教育组2年后得分和干预后1个月相比差异无显著性(P>0.05),且都高于教育前的基线水平。而在对待婚前/婚外性行为的态度方面,与教育前和教育后1个月比较,教育组学生2年后态度有趋开放。【结论】预防艾滋病同伴教育对有效提高高中学生艾滋病相关知识、态度是有效的,长期效果比较稳定。     

福建省三明市高中生艾滋病同伴教育效果评价

【目的】目的评价三明市高中学生预防艾滋病同伴教育的即时效果和同伴教育可行性。【方法】从三明市高中学校中随机抽取7所学校并选取981名高一年级学生作为干预组进行预防艾滋病同伴教育,另选1 008人作为内对照组;同时选取另外7所高中学校1079名学生作为同期外对照组。在干预前、后分别对3组学生进行内容一致的问卷调查。【结果】干预后干预组学生各项知识得分较教育前均有显著性的提高(P<0.0 1),知识总得分均分从18.23分上升到27.31分(t=-24.542,P<0.001),与内、外对照组间差异有显著性(F=362.97,P<0.001);更多的干预组学生对艾滋病病人持同情态度(t=7.359,P<0.001)。【结论】预防艾滋病同伴教育对提高高中学生艾滋病相关知识是有效的。     

同伴教育对大学生艾滋病认知及行为影响效果评价

目的探讨同伴教育对在校大学生艾滋病（AIDS）认知及行为的影响效果,为制定高校预防AIDS策略提供依据。方法选择西安市5所高校实施AIDS同伴教育,半年后对1109名学生进行问卷调查。按照学生是否接受过同伴教育将学生分为2组,即干预组（实施同伴教育组）和对照组。比较2组间对AIDS的认知及性行为和人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）检测情况。结果未接受过同伴教育的大部分学生知道AIDS的主要传播途径,但对一般的生活接触能否传播AIDS认识比较模糊,经同伴教育半年后对AIDS的认知明显提高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。接受过同伴教育的学生首次性行为和最近1次性行为使用安全套的比例高于对照组（51．3％和57．1％;59．0％和78．6％）,但是差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;同伴教育组大学生最近1年接受过HIV检测的比例为6．7％,大大高于对照组的1．1％,差异有统计学意义（χ2=25．3,P〈0．01）。结论对大学生及早实施同伴教育不仅能提高AIDS认知并能提高安全套使用率和HIV抗体检测率,对预防AIDS有重要意义。     

重庆市中学生预防艾滋病同伴教育近期效果评价

目的评价在中学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育活动的近期效果,探索预防和控制艾滋病健康教育的有效方法。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样法,在重庆市选择沙坪坝和江津2个区分别抽取2所中学,在每所学校整群抽取8个班级,并随机分配为干预组和对照组。干预组进行以班级为单位的预防艾滋病同伴教育,对照组不进行教育。结果学生对艾滋病三大主要传播途径掌握较好,教育后,各项艾滋病相关知识知晓率均有不同程度的提高,特别是在艾滋病的非传播途径及预防控制方面,效果尤为明显,且干预前后组内和干预后组间差别均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);干预前后学生对HIV/AIDS态度认同率改变,干预后学生对艾滋病病人的态度表现得均较为积极,且干预前后组内和干预后组间比较差别均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。对照组2次调查结果基本无明显变化(P值均>0.05)。结论预防艾滋病同伴教育活动近期效果明显,对预防与控制艾滋病具有重要意义。     

某校专科一年级学生预防艾滋病同伴教育效果分析

目的探索在专科一年级学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育的可行性。方法抽取某高校新校区两个系的专科一年级学生分别为干预组、内对照组,老校区一系为外对照组,对干预组进行预防艾滋病同伴教育。结果教育后干预组的艾滋病知识水平及正向态度信念率较干预前明显提高(P<0.01),并显著高于同期内外对照组(P<0.01)。结论在专科一年级学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育是可行且有效的。     

某高校大学生艾滋病预防知识健康教育干预效果评价

目的 对某高校在校大学生艾滋病预防知识的健康教育干预效果进行评价,为提高大学生艾滋病预防知识水平提供依据.方法 选择某高校442名不同专业的在校大学生,通过以班级为单位发放宣传册的方式,对442名学生进行健康教育.采用问卷(传播途径、预防措施、基础知识等)在干预前后进行调查,评价干预效果.结果 干预前医科学生得分最高(74.82分),文科学生得分最低(65.47分),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在传播途径、预防措施、基础知识的得分方面,理科、医科、工科学生在干预后均较干预前有显著改善(P值均<0.01).文科学生仅基础知识项得分在干预后明显提高(P<0.01),而传播途径、预防措施得分无明显改善(P>0.05).结论 健康教育能够提高大多数在校大学生的艾滋病预防知识水平.应根据不同专业学生的不同接受取向,采用不同的重点宣传手段,以强化健康教育效果.     

艾滋病认知调查并行同伴教育对艾滋病知识、态度、行为的影响研究

目的探讨同伴教育在艾滋病(AIDS)认知及预防中的应用效果。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取不同专业共10个班级的在校生为调查对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组,对照组进行常规干预,观察组在对照组的基础上行同伴教育,观察2组调查对象对艾滋病认识、态度、行为的变化及UNGASS指标正确回答情况。结果共抽取634名在校大学生,观察组和对照组人数各半,2组调查对象的平均年龄和性别构成差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。干预后2组大学生对AIDS问题的认识与交流得分、AIDS相关知识得分、AIDS相关问题的态度、行为及生活技能得分、UNGASS指标的正确率均高于干预前(P0.05或P0.01)。干预后观察组对AIDS问题认识与交流得分、对AIDS相关知识得分、对AIDS相关问题的态度、行为及生活技能得分均高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),3项UNGASS指标正确率高于对照组(P0.01)。结论对大学生进行同伴教育,可有效提高大学生对AIDS基础知识的认识,提高其积极预防艾滋病的意识及自觉性。     

上海市重点高中学生艾滋病同伴教育效果评价

目的评价同伴教育在上海市重点高中学生中预防艾滋病健康教育的效果,为探讨健康教育方法提供依据。方法从上海市33所重点高中随机抽取3所学校,从每所学校各随机抽取2个班级共293人为干预组进行预防艾滋病同伴教育,同时每校另选2个班级共296人为对照组。在教育实施前和实施后分别对2组学生进行内容一致的问卷调查。结果干预组学生艾滋病性病以及性生殖健康知识均分从32.27分上升到39.27分(P<0.01),干预组各方面知识均分均比对照组有大幅提高(P<0.01),干预组对艾滋病病人的态度均分也有提高(P<0.05)。结论预防艾滋病同伴教育能明显提高重点高中学生有关知识水平,同时应加强学生自我保护意识。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.