子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结转移的特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结转移的特点及危险因素,为临床选择术式提供依据.方法收集1986年1月～1998年12月行广泛性全子宫双附件切除加腹膜后淋巴结清扫的148例子宫内膜癌病例,分析临床病理因素与淋巴结转移的关系及淋巴结转移的特点.结果盆腔淋巴结转移率为22.97%(34/148),最常见的转移部位为髂内和髂外淋巴结;腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为28.00%(14/50),最常见的转移部位是骶前和相当于肠系膜下动脉起始处高度的淋巴结.子宫内膜腺癌、腺鳞癌和浆液性乳头状腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移率分别为16.70%、40.00%、52.17%(P＜0.05);腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率分别为14.81%、50.00%、50.00%(P＜0.01).当子宫外有病灶时盆腔淋巴结转移率为74.10%、腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为44.40%,子宫外无病灶时盆腔淋巴结转移率为11.60%,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为8.70%,前后相比P＜0.001.细胞分化Ⅲ级者盆腔淋巴结转移率为57.14%;腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为56.52%与细胞分化Ⅰ、Ⅱ级相比P＜0.001.子宫旁脉管有浸润者盆腔淋巴结转移率为84.21%,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为26.92%,与宫旁无脉管浸润相比,前者P＜0.001;后者P＞0.05;肿瘤浸润子宫肌层超过其厚度的1/2、盆腔和腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率分别为58.30%和37.14%(P＜0.001、P＜0.05).当肿瘤位于宫体下段时,盆腔和腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率分别为34.00%和36.40%,前者P＜0.05;后者P＞0.05.结论腺鳞癌、浆液性乳头状腺癌、子宫外有转移灶和肿瘤细胞分级是腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的主要危险因素;宫旁脉管浸润是盆腔淋巴结转移中最重要的,独立的危险因素.原发病灶部位、肌层浸润深度主要影响盆腔淋巴结转移.对有高危因素的子宫内膜癌应行根治性子宫切除术加系统的腹膜后淋巴结清扫术.这不仅能切除阳性淋巴结,提高生存质量,而且可以准确分期、指导治疗和判断预后.     

子宫内膜癌患者盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的临床意义

目的 分析子宫内膜癌患者盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的临床意义.方法 选取子宫内膜癌患者71例为研究对象,行盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术,分析患者术后临床特征,以及影响患者盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的危险因素.结果 对盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结患者行切除术后淋巴结转移率较低,分别为21.2%和23.9%,且患者术后并发症较少,仅为7例;线性回归分析提示,影响盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素有肿瘤中低分化、深度肌层浸润、临床分期及脉管浸润,而影响腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的独立危险有肿瘤低分化、非子宫内膜样癌、深度肌层浸润、盆腔淋巴结转移及淋巴管浸润;71例患者随访1年生存率为87.32%,且发生盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移患者的生存率明显低于无淋巴结转移者.结论 盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除,有利于提高子宫内膜癌患者的临床治疗效果,而且安全性较高,值得临床推广应用.     

子宫内膜癌临床病理特征与盆腹腔淋巴结转移的相关性分析

目的:探讨子宫内膜癌临床病理特征与盆腹腔淋巴结转移的相关性。方法:选取162例子宫内膜癌患者,分析临床病理资料,探讨盆腹腔淋巴结转移的相关因素。结果:162例子宫内膜癌患者中,9例发生盆腔淋巴结转移,7例发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移。非内膜样腺癌、FIGO Ⅲ 期、脉管浸润、治疗前CA125高于正常水平的患者盆腔淋巴结转移率高,差异有统计学意义;FIGO Ⅲ 期、脉管浸润、肿瘤直径>2 cm、治疗前CA125水平高于正常及盆腔淋巴结阳性的患者腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率高,差异有统计学意义。多因素COX回归分析:FIGO分期、病理类型、脉管浸润为淋巴结转移的高危因素。结论:非子宫内膜样腺癌、FIGO分期、脉管浸润、治疗前CA125高水平与子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移存在相关性,FIGO分期、脉管浸润、肿瘤直径、治疗前CA125水平、盆腔淋巴结与子宫内膜癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移存在相关性。     

系统性淋巴结清扫在Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌治疗中的价值

目的:探讨系统性淋巴结清扫在Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌治疗中的价值.方法:对2006年1月-2013年1月在我院行系统的腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的286例Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者进行回顾性分析.结果:286例患者中31例出现淋巴结转移,转移率为10.8％,盆腔淋巴结转移率为8.7％,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为4.9％,其中所有淋巴结转移的患者中19.4％的患者未经盆腔淋巴结而直接转移至腹主动脉旁淋巴结.组织学分化程度、病理类型、肌层浸润深度、淋巴血管间隙浸润与淋巴结转移情况相关(P＜0.05).21例患者因淋巴结转移而分期升级,术后需要辅助化疗和/或放疗.结论:全面的分期手术可以明确淋巴结转移情况,准确提供预后相关信息,指导术后辅助治疗.     

宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的高危因素分析

目的:探讨宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的高危因素,为个体化治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析了经根治术并行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术的298例宫颈癌患者的相关危险因素。结果:298例患者共清除淋巴结6 691枚,99例(326枚)有淋巴结转移,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移26例,转移率为8.7%,髂总淋巴结转移33例,盆腔淋巴结转移97例。其中腹主动脉旁淋巴结单一转移2例,合并髂总转移20例。单因素分析提示,脉管癌栓(χ2=4.198,P=0.040)、治疗前血清SCC-Ag水平(χ2=4.452,P=0.035)、髂总淋巴结转移(χ2=92.942,P=0.000)和盆腔淋巴结阳性个数(χ2=51.230,P=0.000)与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移有关。Logistics回归多因素分析示,髂总淋巴结转移(P=0.000)和盆腔淋巴结阳性个数(P=0.001)为腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移独立的危险因素。结论:宫颈癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移与髂总淋巴结转移及盆腔淋巴结转移个数相关,对于有上述2个危险因素的宫颈癌患者可能存在腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的风险,需认真评估,指导个体化治疗。     

早期宫颈癌髂总淋巴结转移相关因素及预后临床分析

目的 探讨Ⅰ B1～ⅡA2期宫颈癌髂总淋巴结转移的相关因素及预后,为指导临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析1997-06 12-2013-06-30山东省肿瘤医院收治的行广泛子宫切除+盆腔淋巴清除术284例Ⅰ B1～ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者的临床病理资料.结果 在284例患者中有盆腔淋巴结转移82例,转移率为28.9％.其中髂总淋巴结转移率为5.3％(15/284),腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为2.8％(8/284).单因素分析显示,淋巴血管间隙浸润、盆腔其他淋巴结转移是髂总淋巴结转移的危险因素,P＜0.05.多因素分析显示,盆腔其他淋巴结转移为髂总淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,OR=35.41,P=0.001.髂总淋巴结阳性患者5年总生存率为21.2％.多因素分析显示,淋巴血管间隙浸润(OR=2.6,P=0.01)及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移(OR=9.3,P＜0.01)均为早期宫颈癌髂总淋巴结转移患者5年生存率的独立影响因素.结论 早期宫颈癌髂总淋巴结转移率较低,盆腔其他淋巴结转移是其独立高危因素,而且髂总淋巴结转移患者预后较差.若术后病理显示髂总淋巴结转移患者,在补充放化疗时,建议采用调强适形放疗,同时建议其靶区勾画的范围上界达到腹主动脉旁.     

子宫内膜癌115例临床病理与预后分析

目的探讨子宫内膜癌的临床,病理特点以及影响预后因素。方法对我院1997年~1999年间初治为手术治疗的115例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性的分析。结果平均发病年龄56.7岁,在获访的90例中,手术病理分期Ⅰ期5年生存率97.6%,Ⅱ期的5年生存率90.9%,Ⅲ期61.9%,Ⅳ期0。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期与Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的5年生存率差异有显著性(P<0.05)。病理分级Ⅰ级的盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为3.1%,(1/32),Ⅱ级为5.6%(3/54)Ⅲ级为33.3%(6/20),Ⅰ,Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级淋巴结转移的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论子宫内膜癌手术病理分期能客观判断预后,组织学分级与盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移相关。     

腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫治疗早期子宫内膜癌的疗效评价

目的 探讨腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫治疗早期子宫内膜癌的疗效及安全性.方法 选取早期子宫内膜癌患者62例作为研究对象进行回顾性分析.根据淋巴结清扫范围的不同将其分为A组(盆腔淋巴结清扫)及B组(盆腔淋巴结清扫+腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫).比较2组患者手术情况、性激素水平、复发转移率及1年生存率、并发症发生情况.结果 B组患者手术时间长于A组,淋巴结清扫数量多于A组(P<0.05),但2组术中出血量及住院时间无统计学差异(P>0.05).2组手术前孕激素及雌激素水平均无统计学差异(P>0.05);手术后2组孕激素水平明显上升,雌激素水平明显下降,以B组变化幅度更为显著(P<0.05).A组患者复发转移率明显高于B组(P<0.05);B组患者1年生存率略高于A组,但组间差异不明显(P>0.05).A组患者并发症发生率低于B组,但差异不明显(P>0.05).结论腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫有利于淋巴结全面清扫,可刺激性激素水平改善,能有效降低早期子宫内膜癌患者复发转移率,安全性尚可.     

早期子宫内膜癌盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术的作用

关于子宫内膜癌的手术范围和模式至今尚无统一的意见,尤其是对系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫的必要性和清扫范围仍然存在较大争议。早期低危子宫内膜癌可以通过前哨淋巴结检测进行局部淋巴结选择性切除,从而降低手术风险。但在中-高危子宫内膜癌患者中,腹膜后淋巴结活检不能代替系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫。腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫术不会增加重大脏器损伤、二次手术及重度肠梗阻的风险。系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫可以提高子宫内膜癌患者的生存率并改善预后。     

ⅠB2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者的手术治疗方案研究

目的探讨ⅠB2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的价值。方法选择2007年1月至2012年12月手术治疗的ⅠB2~ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者70例,其中33例行宫颈癌根治术加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术作为观察组,37例行宫颈癌根治术作为对照组,比较2组术后并发症发生率、复发率及生存率。结果 2组患者术中出血量、手术时间及并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移与盆腔淋巴结转移个数有关,盆腔淋巴结转移>1个更容易发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移(P<0.05),2组患者复发率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),生存率比较差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论宫颈癌根治术加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除安全可行,可以降低患者术后复发率,但不能明显改善患者的生存率。     

子宫内膜癌淋巴取样术的临床意义

目的：探讨子宫内膜癌盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴取样的临床意义。方法：分析1995年1月～2002年12月本院手术治疗的311例子宫内膜癌患者,其中,197例行淋巴取样或淋巴清扫。手术方式根椐手术切除淋巴结情况分为二组。1）取样组,筋膜外全子宫双附件切除/次广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔/腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样术114例;2）清扫组,次广泛/广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔淋巴结清扫/腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术83例。结果：取样组切除淋巴结中位组数5组,中位切除淋巴结15枚,淋巴结转移8例。清扫组切除淋巴结中位组数8组,中位切除淋巴结27枚,淋巴结转移6例。5年生存率分别为90.2%和90.9%。结论：子宫内膜癌淋巴取样术可准确了解淋巴结转移情况,适宜手术分期,并不影响生存率,是避免过度治疗的方法。     

Lymphatic spread among women with primary peritoneal carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our knowledge regarding the pathologic lymphatic spread pattern of primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) is limited. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence and the pathologic patterns of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases among women with PPC and those with papillary serous ovarian carcinoma (PSOC). METHODS: We conducted a prospective study over the last 4 years among women with FIGO stage III and IV PPC and PSOC who had optimal primary cytoreductive surgery (<1 cm residual). The same surgeon performed pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy on all the patients using a similar technique. The same pathologist reviewed all lymph nodes and recorded nodal involvement with cancer, diameter of the largest nodal tumor, capsular integrity, and pattern of immune response (lymphocyte predominant, germinal cell predominant, unstimulated, or lymphocyte depletion). Both groups were compared in their characteristics, FIGO stage, tumor grade, number of lymph nodes, proportion of lymph nodes with metastases, and the pathologic characteristics of the positive lymph nodes. RESULTS: Eleven women had PPC and 27 had PSOC. Patients with PPC were older than those with PSOC (mean age: 63.2 years +/- 11.0 vs. 57.4 +/- 13.4, P = 0.181). There was no difference in FIGO stage or tumor grade between both groups. There was no difference among the mean numbers of pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes between women with PPC and those with PSOC (10.8 +/- 7.3 vs. 11.0 +/- 6.7 and 3.0 +/- 3.3 vs. 3.4 +/- 2.1, P = 0.768 and 0.706, respectively). The incidences of pelvic, para-aortic, and pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node metastases were similar among women with PPC and those with PSOC (72.7% vs. 66.6%, P = 0.701, 72.7% vs. 48.1%, P = 0.172, and 72.7% vs. 77.8%, P = 0.736, respectively). Similarly, pelvic and para-aortic nodal tumor size, capsular integrity, and immune response were similar in both groups. The incidence of significant complications related to lymphadenectomy was low among women with PPC and those with PSOC (9.1% vs. 7.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: PPC and PSOC exhibit similar pathologic lymphatic spread patterns. Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy should be considered among women with PPC in whom the tumor could be optimally cytoreduced.     

Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Sampling in Endometrial Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical significance of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node sampling in endometrial carcinoma.METHODS Data were analyzed from 311 patients who received surgical treatment in our hospital during the period from January 1995 to December 2002.Among the patients,197 underwent lymph node sampling or lymph-adenectomy.The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the nature of their lymph node dissection,i.e.a)The sampling group included 114 patients with an extrafascial hysterectomy or modified radical hysterectomy plus pelvic or paraaortic lymph node sampling of the abdominal aorta;b)The dis-section group,included 83 patients with a radical or modified radical hyster-ectomy plus systemic pelvic lymph node clearance or paraaortic lymph node dissection of the abdominal aorta.RESULTS The median of the sampling sites for lymph node removal was 5 in the sampling group,and the median of the lymph nodes removed was 15 per case.Lymph node metastasis was found in 8 cases.In the dissection group,the median of the cases for lymph node removal was 8,and the me-dian of the lymph nodes removed was 27 per case.Lymph node metastasis was found in 6 cases.The 5-year survival rates were 90.2% and 90.9% in the 2 groups,respectively.CONCLUSION Lymph node sampling of endometrial cancer is a good way of precisely finding lymphatic metastases,and is suitable for surgical staging without causing immoderate surgical treatment and without affecting the survival rate.     

Metastasis to deep obturator and para-aortic lymph nodes in 649 patients with cervical carcinoma

Objective

The extent of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for early stage cervical cancer remains debatable. Our study aimed to investigate the incidence of metastases in deep obturator lymph nodes (DOLNs) and para-aortic lymph nodes (PALNs) and its association with clinicopathological factors in cervical carcinoma.

Method

Six hundred and forty-nine patients with stage IB to IIB cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The incidence and distribution of metastases in retroperitoneal lymph nodes and the associated factors were analyzed.

Results

Metastases in pelvic lymph nodes (PLNs) were found in 175 patients. Of the 175 cases with positive PLNs, 15 had DOLN metastases. Only two cases without PLN metastases had positive DOLNs. There was no significant correlation between DOLN metastasis and tumor histology, differentiation or capillary lymphatic space involvement. PALN metastasis occurred in 19 of 137 patients with cervical lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter. Eighteen of the 19 patients also had PLN involvement. Logistic regression analysis showed that PLN metastasis and larger tumors were independent risk factors for metastasis to PALNs.

Conclusion

DOLN metastasis is not common and may be secondary to metastasis to other PLNs. Routine removal of DOLNs might be unnecessary when PLNs are negative. Para-aortic sampling or lymphadenectomy should be considered when the PLNs are positive or/and the cervical lesion is larger than 2 cm.     

淋巴结切除术对子宫内膜癌的临床意义

手术治疗是子宫内膜癌的主要治疗方式,通过手术治疗可以明确诊断、病理分级、临床分期,并为术后的辅助治疗提供充分的临床资料。对于子宫内膜癌患者是否常规进行淋巴结切除仍存在较大争议,特别是对于低危的子宫内膜癌患者而言,因为低危患者淋巴结转移发生率非常低,且不影响患者的预后,但目前没有全面的划分淋巴结转移危险因素及其危险程度的统一标准。本文就子宫内膜癌的淋巴结转移特点,影响淋巴结转移的因素,淋巴结切除的并发症,淋巴结切除术对预后的影响,淋巴结切除的临床意义及淋巴结切除的发展方向等方面加以综述,我们认为对于内膜癌患者应选择个体化的治疗方案,注重术前的全面评估,对于G3,透明细胞,浸润肌层≥1/2,病灶>2cm,宫颈受累等应进行包括腹主动脉旁淋巴结在内的系统淋巴结切除术。     

A case of minimal uterine serous carcinoma with distant lymph node metastasis without peritoneal dissemination

A 61-year old woman underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection under the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Although pelvic lymph nodes were positive for adenocarcinoma with psamomma bodies, no other lesion that was a primary lesion was verified. A postoperative study revealed the existence of para-aortic lymph node and supraclavicular lymph node metastases. Therefore, the endometrial biopsy specimen was reviewed. With the findings of p53 positivity by immunohistochemistry in the papillary part, the final histopathological diagnosis was changed to endometrial serous adenocarcinoma. Postoperative chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy for supraclavicular lymph node metastasis achieved complete response. This type of tumor must be considered in a differential diagnosis when metastatic papillary serous carcinoma is detected, but the primary site remains unknown.     

子宫内膜癌临床病理特征与盆腔淋巴结转移的相关性

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌临床病理特征与盆腔淋巴结转移的相关性.方法 选取100例子宫内膜癌患者为研究对象,分析患者临床病理特征及其与盆腔淋巴结转移的相关性.结果 19例子宫内膜癌患者出现盆腔淋巴结转移,盆腔淋巴结转移与子宫内膜癌病理类型、病理分期、宫颈受累及肌层浸润、脉管浸润等有关(P＜0.05).结论 子宫内膜癌病理类型为非内膜样癌、肌层浸润及脉管浸润程度深、病理分期程度低及宫颈受累与盆腔淋巴结转移存在相关性.     

Y a-t-il un intérêt au curage lomboaortique dans les cancers de l'endomètre opérables ?

The indication and extent of lymph node dissection in the surgical management of endometrial cancer remains controversial especially concerning the para-aortic lymph nodes. The therapeutic benefit of the lymph node dissection is criticized mainly for low-risk patients for extra-uterine spread. Surgically staging patients is the best method to predict node involvement and it allows an optimal decision for adjuvant therapy to be taken. The different prognostic factors for para-aortic lymph nodes metastasis are histological grade and size of the tumour, myometrial wall invasion and lymphovascular dissemination, as well as positive pelvic lymph nodes. However, these elements are not correctly evaluated before and during the surgery. Positive para-aortic lymph nodes can be found without a lymphatic spread to the pelvic area. Even though the prevalence of para-aortic node involvement is weak, it seems legitimate to propose in selected cases of important lymph node involvement, it's complete dissection if a pelvic lymphadenectomy is indicated and if it is surgically possible.     

Indocyanine green guidance for combined robotic pelvic and para-aortic sentinel node mapping in cervical cancer

BackgroundIndocyanine green (ICG) for pelvic sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is well established in endometrial cancer (Persson et al., 2019 Jul). However, the application for para-aortic SLNs is less reported; and the detection rate of para-aortic SLNs, mainly after cervical injection of ICG, varies between 14% and 71% (Rossi et al., 2013 Nov; Kim et al., 2020 Mar; Gallotta et al., 2019 Mar). One recent report differentiates between lower and upper para-aortic SLNs in endometrial cancer (Kim et al., 2020 Mar). Here we describe a technique using ICG for identifying pelvic SLNs, lower and upper para-aortic SLNs in cervical cancer.VideoA 46-year old female presented with high grade cervical dysplasia/carcinoma in situ on cervical smear. Cervical cone biopsy revealed a grade two squamous cell carcinoma (depth of invasion 6.8mm, width 20.8mm). Clinically she was staged as an early FIGO-stage IB2 cervical cancer. NMR revealed bilaterally enlarged iliac lymph nodes. Additional PET-CT revealed FDG-uptake in the enlarged pelvic lymph nodes. In view of the imaging findings a staging Robotic pelvic and para-aortic SLN procedure was planned, prior to select the primary treatment (radical hysterectomy or chemo-radiation). ICG was injected into the cervical stroma, and a robotic pelvic and para-aortic SLN dissection (using Firefly System ®, Intuitive Surgical Inc.) was initiated 15 minutes and 35 minutes, respectively, after cervical injection.ResultsThis video demonstrates the application of ICG for mapping bilateral primary pelvic SLNs, secondary and tertiary para-aortic SLNs in the lower and upper para-aortic region respectively, in cervical cancer. Pathology revealed one metastatic pelvic SLN on the left side, other four pelvic SLNs were negative; both the secondary/lower (n = 3) and tertiary/upper (n = 5) para-aortic SLNs were negative, as well as the non-SLNs (n = 8).ConclusionThe application of ICG for para-aortic SLN mapping should further be investigated and validated in staging surgically locally advanced cervical cancer and those with suspicious lymph nodes on imaging.