血管内栓塞治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘112例疗效观察

目的 探讨颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)血管内栓塞治疗的方法及疗效。方法 对112例CCF患者采用血管内栓塞术治疗，主要应用球囊导管，对较为复杂的病例还使用了游离弹簧圈、电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)等栓塞材料，6例患者采用了静脉入路。结果 本组105例成功闭塞瘘口且保留载瘤动脉通畅，7例闭塞载瘤动脉，10例复发(8．9％)。结论 血管内栓塞是治疗CCF的首选方法，应力争解剖治愈。对复杂的CCF可联合应用球囊、游离弹簧圈及GDC等栓塞。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘血管内治疗及其并发症防治

目的探讨外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)血管内治疗的临床疗效、并发症产生的原因及防治措施。方法 2009年1月至2011年3月收治37例TCCF患者,单纯应用可脱球囊栓塞治疗31例,带膜支架植入治疗5例,1例未治疗自动出院。结果 36例患者全部血管内治疗成功,31例闭塞瘘口并保持颈内动脉通畅,5例行可脱球囊闭塞瘘口同时永久闭塞患侧颈内动脉;术中出现颈内动脉痉挛3例,术后脑缺血1例,高灌注3例,颈内动脉狭窄1例,均经对症治疗后均痊愈;2例术后第3天、第6天复发,再次行可脱球囊闭塞瘘口治愈。本组无手术死亡。术后随访2～6个月,均无瘘口再通,患者均恢复良好。结论单纯可脱球囊栓塞治疗TCCF效果良好,在可脱球囊治疗困难时,选用带膜支架植入治疗也是一个良好的选择;在降低血压情况下颈内动脉闭塞试验是评价能否可闭塞颈内动脉的金标准。预防并发症发生、处理好术后并发症可进一步提高治愈率。     

显微手术联合血管内栓塞治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘1例

血管内栓塞是治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的首选方法,通常情况下,大多数病例经动脉或静脉入路都可以获得满意效果。我们首次报告采用开颅显微手术联合血管内钨丝微弹簧圈栓塞术治疗1例经动脉和静脉途径皆无法栓塞治疗的复发性CCF患者,效果较好。1 临床资料 患者,男性,35岁。2个月前在外院诊断为“左侧CCF”,采用可脱性球囊闭塞瘘口近端的左侧颈内动脉(ICA)。术后     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗策略

目的根据外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)的影像学分型,制定相应的血管内治疗策略。方法自2000年2月至2003年2月我们共收治各型TCCF患者46例,对他们的影像学分型、所采用的栓塞技术及疗效进行回顾性分析。结果Ⅰ型病例:30例行球囊瘘栓塞术,3例行微弹簧圈瘘栓塞术,2例经动脉入路海绵窦闭塞术,1例经岩下窦入路海绵窦闭塞术,1例经面静脉入路海绵窦闭塞术,3例行颈内动脉闭塞术。Ⅱ型病例:经颈外动脉入路海绵窦闭塞术1例,经岩下窦入路海绵窦闭塞术1例,行压颈治疗1例。Ⅲ型病例:3例均分别行双侧球囊瘘口栓塞术。46例患者治疗均获成功,患侧颈内动脉通畅率达94%(43/46)。随访3个月至3年,有2例并发假性动脉瘤形成,1例症状明显行GDC栓塞后治愈,另1例无症状继续随访。本组无死亡及其它并发症。结论经动脉入路可脱性球囊栓塞瘘是治疗TCCF的首选方法;对于球囊无法进入的小瘘口TCCF可选用微弹簧圈栓塞;对动脉入路不能或失败的Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型患者可行静脉入路栓塞瘘口或海绵窦;对上述经动静脉入路栓塞均失败的Ⅰ型患者,才可考虑闭塞颈内动脉。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗及并发症防治

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）的技术要点、并发症及其防治经验，并客观评价其治疗效果。方法56例TCCF患者中54例采用股动脉穿刺入路，另2例采用股静脉-岩上窦入路行海绵窦内栓塞；56例中49例采用可脱性球囊栓塞，2例采用微弹簧圈栓塞，5例采用可脱性球囊加微弹簧圈栓塞。结果49例成功闭塞瘘口且保留颈内动脉（ICA）通畅；7例瘘口及ICA被同时闭塞。本组ICA通畅率为87．5％，无手术死亡，治愈率为100％。随访4个月～12年，均无瘘口再通，术后除1例患眼永久性失明外，病情均恢复良好，无脑缺血及脑梗塞等并发症。结论经动脉入路用可脱性球囊栓塞是治疗TCCF的首选方法，小瘘口TCCF可选择微弹簧圈栓塞；血管内栓塞治疗TCCF疗效可靠。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘合并假性动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）合并假性动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内介入治疗方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院神经外科2012年1月至2015年12月收治的10例TCCF合并假性动脉瘤的临床资料。10例均行血管内介入治疗,其中5例单纯应用血管内可脱球囊治疗,2例联合应用球囊及弹簧圈栓塞治疗,1例行球囊辅助Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞治疗,2例行患侧颈内动脉闭塞术。结果 术后无死亡病例。10例术后DSA证实海绵窦瘘及假性动脉瘤均未显影,未闭塞患侧颈内动脉的8例患侧颈内动脉无分支动脉损伤,保持通畅。术后随访6个月至2年,无再发鼻衄及神经功能障碍。结论 对于TCCF合并假性动脉瘤,血管内介入治疗是理想的治疗方法,首选单纯应用血管内可脱球囊治疗,可脱球囊联合其他栓塞材料或单独使用其他栓塞材料是有效的补充。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨不同类型颈动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid cavernous fistulas, CCF)的介入治疗方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析以眼部症状在眼科首诊、经介入治疗的17例CCF患者临床资料,全部经DSA进一步确诊和治疗.其中15例有明确外伤史,2例为自发性CCF.1例双侧病变,经动脉途径以可脱球囊进行栓塞,行颈内动脉闭塞者2例(2/17),部分病例经颈外动脉、经岩下窦或眼静脉以微弹簧圈填塞海绵窦.结果 单纯以可脱球囊栓塞瘘口、保持颈内动脉通畅者13例;闭塞颈内动脉者2例;1例为硬脑膜动静脉瘘(海绵窦型),行眼静脉切开暴露,经眼静脉途径填塞弹簧圈栓塞瘘口;1例经岩上窦栓塞瘘口.所有患者术后症状消失,无脑缺血、异位栓塞等并发症.结论 可脱球囊栓塞是治疗CCF最有效的方法,但存在一定的复发率和颈内动脉闭塞率.配合微弹簧圈可提高复杂CCF的治愈率.     

经皮血管腔内栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘

目的 回顾性分析外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）经血管内途径栓塞治疗的方法、疗效和并发症的处理。方法 25例患者均为外伤后出现不同程度的搏动性患侧突眼等症状，术前常规行CT／CTA或MR／MRA检查．并均经DSA造影证实。20例患者行经颈内动脉途径栓塞治疗，栓塞材料包括可脱球囊和（或）可控脱弹簧圈；2例患者行经眼上静脉途径采用微弹簧圈栓塞治疗；3例患者经颈内动脉途径应用可脱球囊和（或）可控脱弹簧圈栓塞失败后，经颈内动脉途径置入带膜支架成功闭塞瘘口。结果 25例患者均为单侧CCF，其中22例为Ⅰ型CCF．3例为Ⅱ型CCF。眼上静脉为主要的扩张引流静脉，其他的静脉引流还有基底静脉、侧裂静脉、眼下静脉、岩上窦、岩下窦以及对侧海绵窦等。术后造影见所有25例患者的患侧颈内动脉均保持通畅。20例经颈内动脉途径栓塞治疗的患者中14例栓塞治疗后瘘口完全闭塞，4例患者瘘口残留．1例术后经压颈试验1周瘘口完全闭塞．另2例患者1个月后再次经颈内动脉途径使用DCS成功栓塞瘘口，仅1例瘘口残留患者术后第2天出现硬膜下出血和颅内高压症状，后转入神经外科行开颅减压和结扎止血治疗。2例患者术后2个月复发，再次经颈内动脉途径采用可脱微弹簧圈栓塞后瘘口完全闭塞。2例患者行经眼上静脉途径应用弹簧圈栓塞治疗，其中1例患者栓塞后瘘口少量残留，1个月后再次经颈内动脉途径使用可控脱微弹簧圈（DCS）成功栓塞瘘口。3例患者经颈内动脉途径带膜支架植入术治疗．CCF瘘口完全闭塞。术后造影见所有25例患者的患侧颈内动脉均保持通畅。结论 经血管腔内栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘具有创伤小、疗效可靠和可重复操作的特点，是目前治疗CCF的首选方法：及时、有效地处理术后复发可避免严重并发症的发生。     

应用水膨胀式微弹簧圈栓塞治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的总结水膨胀式微弹簧圈（HydroCoil）栓塞治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的初步体会，对HydroCoil治疗CCF的有效性作出评价。方法选取我院2006年1月以来应用HydroCoil栓塞系统治疗14例外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）病人，男9例，女5例，平均26．5岁。脑血管造影显示6例瘘口位于右侧颈内动脉海绵窦段，8例位于左侧颈内动脉海绵窦段。结果14例病人CCF术后均不再显影，患侧颈内动脉通畅，所有病人术前的颅内杂音、突眼和球结膜充血等症状在1周内恢复正常，视力也有不同程度的恢复。8例病人术后获得1—3个月脑血管造影随访，CCF均未见复发。没有神经系统并发症发生。结论血管内介入治疗已经广泛应用于颈动脉海绵窦瘘，可脱球囊栓塞仍为首选方法。当病人不能耐受或不允许闭塞患侧颈内动脉时，可以选用HydroCoil。HydroCoil治疗CCF安全、有效、稳定，颈动脉保持通畅率高，长期临床效果仍有待于进一步研究。     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

目的 探讨外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗的技术特点。方法 对于不同的病例采用了不同的方法．包括海绵窦瘘口球囊栓塞，保持颈内动脉通畅，以及连同瘘口闭塞的颈内动脉闭塞术。对于动脉途径难以进行的病例采取了经静脉途径弹簧圈的栓塞结果 53例球囊闭塞瘘口且保持颈内动脉通畅。14例连同瘘口闭塞颈内动脉。3例通过静脉途径栓塞满意。结论 外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘应首选血管内栓塞治疗。一般情况下海绵窦瘘均表现为良性过程．应力争解剖治愈，不可轻易牺牲颈内动脉。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.