阿尔茨海默病脑白质葡萄糖代谢异常分析

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑白质葡萄糖代谢异常的意义。方法纳入33例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第四版(DSM-IV)AD诊断标准的患者和健康对照20名,进行脑正电子发射断层成像(PET)检查。应用SPM软件对PET图像进行分析。结果①与健康对照相比,AD患者有广泛的白质葡萄糖代谢减低,减低较为明显的区域有右侧额叶皮质下白质、左侧额叶上中回皮质下白质(P<0.001);另外,AD患者左侧额叶内侧回皮质下白质、左侧枕叶楔回皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢增强(P<0.001);②与不伴有精神行为症状(BPS)的AD患者(16例)相比,伴有BPS的AD患者(17例)在左右枕叶中回、右侧枕叶楔回、右侧顶下小叶、左侧颞叶梭形回、左侧额叶内侧回等脑区的皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢增强(P<0.001);而左右额叶中央旁回、右侧额叶上回和中回、左侧颞叶上回等脑区的皮质下白质葡萄糖代谢减低(P<0.001)。结论AD有广泛的白质脑葡萄糖代谢异常,有无BPS的AD白质代谢异常不同。     

伴行为和精神症状痴呆患者的脑葡萄糖代谢研究

目的:研究有、无痴呆的行为和精神症状(BPSD)的阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢的不同特点,以探讨AD患者BPSD的病理生理及其与大脑神经病理之间的关系。方法:对13例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的AD患者,其中6例有BPSD(BPSD组),7例无BPSD(NBPSD组),并进行PET检查,对各脑区局部脑葡萄糖代谢率(rCMRglc)及多个核团进行测定,并用统计参数图(SPM)对两组脑PET图像进行像素间比较。结果:①BPSD组的AD患者额叶放射性减低者多于NBPSD组(4/6∶2/7);②应用感兴趣区(ROI)方法进行比较,BPSD组和NBPSD组在所选脑区中的rCMRglc差异无显著性(P>0.05);③应用SPM方法进行比较发现,BPSD组和NBPSD组rCMRglc显著减低的脑区主要分布在前额叶、顶枕交界处和颞下回。BPSD组比NBPSD组rCMRglc减低面积大,左侧额叶上回、右侧颞叶前内部、右侧岛叶前下部葡萄糖代谢减低。结论:AD患者,不管有无BPSD,rCMRglc减低区主要位于前额叶、顶枕叶交界处和颞叶下回;有BPSD的AD患者比无BPSD的患者rCMRglc的减低区面积大,分布广,程度重,提示BPSD可能是AD病程中的一个症状,而并非是另一种AD类型;额叶rCMRglc减低可能与BPSD的发生有关。     

脑网络模块化分析用于阿尔茨海默病、路易体痴呆和帕金森病性痴呆脑葡萄糖代谢特点研究

目的本研究探究脑功能成像的脑网络模块化分析在阿尔茨海默病(AD),路易体痴呆(DLB),帕金森病性痴呆(PDD)脑网络模块参数特点和异同点,寻找疾病相关特异性脑葡萄糖代谢网络模块参数。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属华山医院AD、DLB、PDD组和正常对照组的静息状态18F-FDG PET显像,采用网络模块化分析分别获得4组受试者的脑葡萄糖代谢网络模块化参数,并应用种子点相关分析得到葡萄糖代谢网络连接改变的脑区,比较4组受试者脑代谢网络连接的异同点。结果在稀疏阈值15%时,正常对照组和AD组的网络由4个模块组成,PDD组由6个模块组成,DLB组由10个模块组成。以右侧丘脑为种子点,AD组的颞叶和皮质下脑区连接增强,枕叶和左侧额叶连接减弱。PDD组的额叶、皮质下脑区连接增强,枕叶、颞叶、左侧顶叶的连接减弱。DLB组的左侧额叶和皮质下脑区连接增强,右侧枕叶和顶叶连接减弱。结论 3种不同类型痴呆患者的脑葡萄糖代谢网络具有不同的模块化特性,提示发病机制的差异,为进一步探究其神经机制提供新思路。     

轻度认知障碍及阿尔茨海默病脑葡萄糖代谢改变的统计参数图的PET研究

目的应用氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层扫描(18F-FDG PET)探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)、遗忘型轻度认知障碍(aMCI)患者脑部葡萄糖代谢改变的特点。方法对27例轻度AD患者(AD组)、10例aMCI患者(aMCI组)和21例年龄匹配正常老年志愿者(对照组)行18F-FDG PET成像,对扫描获得的18F-FDG PET图像进行预处理后应用统计参数图(SPM8)对脑葡萄糖代谢进行基于体素水平的组间t检验的统计学分析。结果①与对照组比较,AD组脑葡萄糖代谢减低的脑区包括后扣带回(BA23、31)及楔前叶(BA19)、双侧顶叶(BA40)、双侧颞叶(BA20、21、22、37)、双侧额叶(BA6、9、10)等(P<0.001,未校正,K≥50像素);②AD组与aMCI组比较,脑葡萄糖代谢相对减低的脑区包括后扣带回(BA23、31)及楔前叶(BA19)、颞顶叶(BA40、20、21、22、39)及额叶(BA6、8、9)等(P<0.001,未校正,K≥50体素);③AD组和aMCI组葡萄糖减低的体素数目(12 413个)要少于AD组和对照组的体素数目(17 592个);④aMCI组葡萄糖代谢与对照组比较,仅右侧枕叶的舌回(BA17)减低(P<0.05,未校正)。结论 SPM8可用于诊断和区分AD患者的脑葡萄糖代谢模式。     

阿尔茨海默病18F-FDG PET显像诊断的研究☆

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)脑葡萄糖代谢及其18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层扫描(18F-FDGPET)显像的影像学特征和PET诊断标准.方法静脉注射18F-FDG后行脑断层显像,检查13例AD、13例非AD痴呆及13例正常人.获得纹状体、丘脑、黑质、顶叶、颞叶、额叶、枕叶、海马单位面积放射性计数与小脑计数的比值(Rcl/cb),进行半定量分析,并与MR进行对照.结果AD患者PET异常率为100%,MR异常者占10/13.PET显像特征①对称性双侧颞顶叶及海马伴额叶或枕叶代谢减低占9例(9/13);②双侧颞叶对称性代谢减低伴海马或额叶代谢下降占3例(3/13);③双顶叶对称性代谢降低1例(1/13).12例(12/13)非AD痴呆表现为不对称、多发性代谢降低,降低区位于黑质、纹状体、丘脑及脑皮质区,MR异常率为11/13.结论在除外脑内结构特异性损害基础上,PET发现对称性双颞顶叶、海马或颞叶、顶叶,伴或不伴枕叶、额叶代谢下降,可诊断AD.PET对AD早期诊断及鉴别诊断具有临床意义.     

阿尔茨海默病正电子发射计算机断层扫描和神经心理测定的初步研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的脑葡萄糖代谢、神经心理学特点及AD的正电子发射计算机断层扫描(positron emission photography,PET)诊断。方法 对13例AD患者和11例年龄、性别和文化程度相匹配的健康对照者(HC)进行PET检查、简易智能状态检查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)、韦克斯勒记忆量表测定(wechsler memory scale,WMS)和日常生活能力量表(activity of daily living,ADL)测定。结果 ①AD组MMSE、WMS分值明显低于HC组(P<0.01)。②肉眼读片,AD组存在脑萎缩,尤其是颞叶萎缩;大脑皮层放射性分布不均匀;健康老人可出现顶叶局部脑葡萄糖代谢率(regional cerebral metabolism rate of glucose,rCMRglc)的减低,但程度较轻;AD组全脑rGMRglc减低,以顶叶为最明显,其次为颞叶,再次为额叶。③AD组在双侧额叶上、中、下回、眶回、直回、颞叶中下回、顶上小叶、缘上回、前扣带回、尾状核、岛叶、丘脑,左侧角回、左侧杏仁核等脑区rCMRglc半定量指标降低较明显,与健康对照组相比,差异具有显著性或高度显著性((P<0.05-P<0.001);AD组病人额叶上中下回葡萄糖代谢半定量指标降低最为明显,其次为丘脑和尾状核。④相关分析表明,MMSE评分与性别呈负相关(P=0.025);右侧顶上小叶和右侧丘脑的rCMRg     

阿尔茨海默病~(18)F-FDG PET显像诊断的研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）脑葡萄糖代谢及其18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层扫描（18F-FDG PET）显像的影像学特征和PET诊断标准。方法 静脉注射18F-FDG后行脑断层显像,检查13例 AD、13例非AD痴呆及13例正常人。获得纹状体、丘脑、黑质、顶叶、颞叶、额叶、枕叶、海马单位面积放射性计数与小脑计数的比值（Rcl/cb）,进行半定量分析,并与MR进行对照。结果AD患者PET异常率为100％,MR异常者占10/13。PET显像特征:①对称性双侧颞顶叶及海马伴额叶或枕叶代谢减低占9例（9/13）;②双侧颞叶对称性代谢减低伴海马或额叶代谢下降占3例（3/13）;③双顶叶对称性代谢降低1例（1/13）。12例（12/13）非AD痴呆表现为不对称、多发性代谢降低,降低区位于黑质、纹状体、丘脑及脑皮质区,MR异常率为11/13。结论 在除外脑内结构特异性损害基础上,PET发现对称性双颞顶叶、海马或颞叶、顶叶,伴或不伴枕叶、额叶代谢下降,可诊断AD。PET对AD早期诊断及鉴别诊断具有临床意义。     

癫(癎)患者磁共振弥散张量成像及其与智能损害的关系

目的 采用磁共振弥散张量成像技术研究癫(癎)患者智能损害的相关脑区及病理改变,探讨其可能的发生机制.方法 对44例癫(癎)患者和20名健康人进行韦氏成人量表和磁共振弥散张量成像检查.结果 癫(癎)组患者的全量表智商(FIQ,98.19±17.76)、语言智商(VIQ,100.52±17.63)、操作智商(PIQ,95.10±16.72)均显著低于对照组(VIQ:109.77±13.54、PIQ:108.11±12.17、FIQ:109.81±10.57).癫(癎)智能缺损患者胼胝体膝部平均扩散率(MD值)高于癫(癎)智能正常组,双侧内囊前肢、左侧内囊膝部、左侧外囊、双侧枕叶白质和双侧壳核的各向异性(FA)值低于癫(癎)智能正常组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相关分析发现,右枕叶FA值与FIQ呈正相关;右侧额叶MD值与VIQ呈负相关;右侧枕叶FA值与VIQ呈正相关;两侧枕叶FA值均与PIQ正相关.结论 本组癫(癎)患者在FIQ、VIQ、PIQ均存在损害.癫(癎)患者伴有智能缺损的胼胝体膝部平均扩散率增加,双侧内囊前肢、左侧内囊膝部、左侧外囊、双侧枕叶白质和双侧壳核各向异性减低;枕叶的各向异性减低与FIQ减低有关,额叶平均扩散率增加与VIQ减低有关,皮质下白质在认知中可能起较重要的作用.     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病的影像学特征

目的　探讨海洛因海绵状白质脑病 (HSL E)的 CT、MRI和 PET特点。方法　对 2 9例患者的CT、MRI以及 4例患者的 PET资料进行分析。结果　 (1) CT和 MRI显示病变位于双侧小脑、内囊后肢、枕顶叶深部等部位白质 ,病灶广泛且对称 ;(2 ) CT示界限清楚的低密度病灶 ,MRI呈长 T1 WI、长 T2 WI异常信号 ,无水肿 ,快速反转恢复序列 (FL AIR)和增强扫描提示血脑屏障无破坏 ,PET显示为低代谢或无代谢病灶 ;(3)未治疗患者内囊后肢、枕叶和小脑白质无代谢 ,康复期患者代谢明显减低 ;(4 )临床症状改善者和未治疗者小脑皮质代谢降低 ,临床症状明显改善者代谢正常。结论　 HSL E患者的 CT和 MRI改变多局限于白质 ,极为相似。 PET显示病变部位低代谢或无代谢 ,小脑皮质和白质代谢的恢复对 HSL E患者的临床转归非常重要 ,故判断 HSL E患者的转归 ,PET较之 MRI更有价值     

不同类型痴呆脑代谢改变图型:~(18)F-FDG PET显像

目的探讨不同类型痴呆患者基于像素水平的脑代谢图型特点。方法对最终临床诊断为阿尔茨海默病(20例)、额颞叶痴呆(20例)、路易体痴呆(10例)、进行性核上性麻痹(7例)、原发性进行性失语(3例)、皮质基底节变性(1例)和多系统萎缩(1例)等认知功能障碍患者的18F-FDG PET显像资料进行回顾分析,描述各种神经变性疾病脑代谢降低区域和程度。结果 SPM分析表明,各种神经变性疾病引起的痴呆18F-FDG PET显像均表现为皮质代谢降低,但其代谢图型变化明显不同:阿尔茨海默病组以双侧颞顶叶和额叶皮质代谢降低为主,基本感觉运动皮质、枕叶、基底节和丘脑活性保留;额颞叶痴呆组额叶和颞叶皮质不对称性代谢降低,伴部分顶叶皮质和基底节、丘脑等皮质下核团不同程度代谢降低;路易体痴呆组枕叶、视皮质和双侧颞上回前部代谢降低;进行性核上性麻痹组双侧前额叶背外侧、颞叶前外侧、中脑和双侧尾状核代谢降低;原发性进行性失语组左侧额叶Broca区、左侧颞叶皮质(除左侧颞上回后部)和右侧颞叶内侧皮质代谢降低;皮质基底节变性组双侧中央沟周围额顶叶皮质(右侧显著)、右侧基底节代谢降低;多系统萎缩组双侧小脑背外侧皮质和左侧壳核代谢降低。结论神经变性疾病所致痴呆在18F-FDG PET显像中表现出各自特征性脑代谢降低图型,18F-FDG PET显像有可能成为痴呆鉴别诊断的一种辅助手段。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.